World Development Report 1984

-li, :r,i j hr t d n. ,rl ... ... ,lrr. ... r .. r; :r- .rr ,i, ... pr. :rr'i F.. rrnrl 1,,dirr,.n in . ' r.:, ... :,rn.I ur,
I-
n:ir..rr ,rr.r:rirrd ,Ir. n,r. :- ts r . -rud. In . r,iiz- 1 I .- ur. ,r, .m -r r,.-
r...th, r. if, lh,, r rh,r,-.stlIlt lj,rt ....... ,,, jr. i . l ... ri L ,v.:l trn.~l- ill; t' . pr.,Vd b, 1. iItgiIl )r,d ih r-f. r. ........... Ll.
* B.r ur, ;r.. Lr ,h4 :rrr- :r i1r--.d.. r' ii. . - nrpprr h.f.-r 1,- t p.:r- t..i. . r. - irnr-..,:rcd - p m.rrmrn-ed
11r:! t. 1 t ti , I L rItrr . h,r h t.. L,r c,z r i, I. I.nr i i nrrd Fr.;r n n r..I ; 1 . Li iii 1- , .- O- I I h' uIr r.' n-d
T p .. r. .rr Ir,II . dl IIrT T I-.. rI|r .h..ur p.r .. rn nr I, .: - i h .i. cd ; -- rl Lc7 I-I.. . , ur b .,' . r rm.n. :Ir r. r I t I lh V .ri h,. $ .
* ulLih; .inl , I. ,-int,l .L.,:......,,: -r -r. a.,d tll, Lri,d rh, ?.1 1 1. , l .rl C r. :ii.n,I - .- pii. ar- -s ih
.11 ,rIrsrrtr, ind chii.. n; rrrr rt.- F.r r-.ton'l nil d Ai,,ld hlnr-, - nrr [.,,pn .n ,r r. - r. r u ni_.rrhi.z
If' rn I- Ilt r..r.. 'uld J,.Iir , L n-. n t r: . LLr It I cU,-rr,nl%, Im tr t ,.r. .1 ht.- ..:-rr - pollr.rairnl 1
nln p1 r.. r-I in rI it.. ,i, Phi 1, - i r bar h *.n ru . II tU- LrT,rU .r mr .r,n iTh .- j
. rr rL ihw ihitIF.rpn,- TlI- r it,:i *- *livit.r. 1: riil r ha..- .rchiC- inn- 'ri. r.-uir hv.pr.iir.-.lrz-'r' wrid
.tr- 1- Ir .n r T1 nir .uArn,, Ti.' n.1. &:ma,- r. n,.r...r - irliu. r tintree
. t1 InIrri 3ul ntr..rrrniA nt-. rnut, -n-i.r . Tin, ,rnr kLI. hL.
!.1i.rrmaJ mort31ih; Fxer (ItlhitJL)O Iive birth-.
M1atlab. BangW e.;3h
-
Inl.
'tri-
* ., r::p,d......1. It. r-,r II- hird .-urili . r
cl-rid In I - I rtr ;..11- ._-rpl,
b 1--a t-
.untrri-
&-ri.,r ,; n 11 Z,l 1 r
fh- ,urni,:.r, - :r,r :.tr,dr .-L
hrrrt, ..r.-r.
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r .n,ii n; ri l in 1. I,t nto h .i,nd I ,I,r ..h... ,tl,- . ......... ,Ljlt ,11 n I .Jr sItn3l 1'.c-I .I -t
:-: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I,
1 t, ni. . rL 1;,1-I-
th-.I II -n i- ............ .. -.,nr,; ri.
\ 11-1IL: i't -'1 n[.31.
- r l1:-id 'hrd .h1kd Inn - rt. iIj in I hr.; s ... r. . .5:u-r rh.
r
r. rnnj.r1.-.L h ni.ti.rr. ninr.rtilitr. i ijr..ut . n i'd 4r. pcr,:'nr t all r..r-
;I . - _ r n1,'"' , , uII.I i. lrh- t. r rt., ; g:...J Ir,d riur.rnInr -r -1t L-., 1 1 rhr
irj thid Lrrh [ i-. -L-rr i t -Lr 4;il V-.r r,-r,d ,J. n,- Ir -n; tr. uz t :1- rilr
11111 (IrI
t
hr Ih. r nurtlr :nrd t - h,rril h.-pr .l :1 s A' - I-r n-Ir: iu. n
Th,-v r..Iiiri.- hl..d - -. r; I..; - ilt.,r ir, luc -. h T1 . .- r. n rLn;rrrn!
1 liii ,.-, rI, m ri.- .i hr t-s nrn - ,r Ti-; , -. r ;n.j t rh r dt r..p.trnnn, rn, nunrnL.r .n
t h, t. It i all L.rrh, *r r n.,-ri, In. 1 I.,nr i-,.r-. -r, ar ,: r,. r.-r- [In.- Inr -rn-,
ri n f, F '.. Ir Li- d t,CI.-rtl - rr r.,,l I'i.mr ,d ' r. a nht h I-- .-d .;
'l, '1 d-ln, t- t. h r .- C ^i1 l Ii TIIi ..rrn.ed r l , I,- I r I-ni- l-ar
il_ .... pr.-r-t rt P- Ir,d1.-r. -,, 1,11`.H.. I .rl.hI.jfl tir. [Ii- 4 .runndi, rn-r-n r- r11r1r .rii, trn. mn cr nip;-,
:11,1 4nr- ,rr i si l i niL
,, iir'r- .. -r,n L ,1ik ;,,.1
s. 3w,, r-n- 5-r i r rirx li 11; i r-- -i. t ni.. -
S [r 'I, .- -ri .iir - j d- J . r. r,ir n ,i n :r. ,,ntr rr,r1r.- I r.. ir.. r,n :,- ,.iL.inn.r
rc ir, .... rr rn-.:r.;trr,- … in :Ct -iL-rn -n an............d : .rr 1,f-ll-. it .s\rnrr ..npirrrr :. ul, pr.:-
- -.rrrr,n.,I - -r-.-. . -, -,r * JEt Irn p.-r r, rn_,.1 ri:n r- nr n-n ii, t -,rri r, :, . ..-,pir; u a;nr
________________________________________ rn I rhr, . r. rh .r rt- r. C-n rn .II i ;1 .| Urn
rr.I-
states of India, 35 percent of couples were using These survey-based estimates may underesticontraception
in 1981-82, compared with only 11 mate contraceptive use because they do not
percent of couples in the states of Uttar Pradesh include use among unmarried men or women and
and Jammu and Kashmir. sometimes exclude use among couples in informal
Among countries for which more than one sur- unions. There may also be underreporting by
vey estimate is available, contraceptive use has some women of the use of contraception by husincreased
fastest in East Asia and Latin America bands, and some respondents may be reluctant to
(see Figure 7.1). In Thailand, for example, the pro- admit to using contraception themselves. At the
portion of married women aged fifteen to forty- same time, these figures may overstate the number
four using contraception rose from 15 percent in of people protected by contraception because not
1970, the year the official family planning program all couples using a method are equally protected
was launched, to 59 percent in 1981. Progress in from the risk of pregnancy. Some are using "effi-
South Asia has been slower, with contraceptive cient" contraceptive methods such as sterilization,
use increasing by about 1 percent of couples a year the pill, the IUD, injectable contraceptives, conin
Nepal, more quickly in Bangladesh, but not at doms, spermicidal foam, and the diaphragm. But
all in Pakistan. In Egypt and Kenya contraceptive others are using less effective methods, such as
use has remained unchanged, despite longstand- douche, rhythm, and withdrawal, or are abstaining
public programs. ing (see Box 7.2). In Peru, 53 percent of those using
129