World Development Report 1984

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Box 6.4 A deferred incentive scheme in Bangladesh The; . rnn,,nti 'i Far.azI.d h i.; v,,, ,.,I I rrad.- Thr maruri *alue . i Fhr b:irin, , 4r in rhte ar- a .' er, i IJ-n rlnn.b r.-r, . zdiErre~,r,.r,.ij:. l,riiir; t--nd - . iinId 1:etn 1 - -.n ' nt. ~44 tht tn:n 1- Mhm re ;sx ird -,n)lrar.Ec.u-.1. pr.-.h id .rr.*ml Thi h,nrt ht4 r. 3rir:. nii . t.a n,., r;i .. uld h.i e i. 4Ei cz.idc 40 r. mnid.: n a ,-zan: r- ianr,li.: Th;t t.r.i ..uId 1 t , r, . Ii pr.-. Id- I,! r .c ir. h,- rD- i . P.3, 'Lil 1h e t- n liv efiu:,I n' Ii P,1 .r. .- r .r I : 1 Vo Ir. -.. r r . Ih. E ... .r h . - r r . ri .I .. pI ' F . ch,- I d ,, r i n,: i , ;1, i rr r ..,d J n I ...... r rhrc .,r, rr, n-n .:h.1Ijr,n . pro, dr. ar no,r 1-. - n rh -r a ..-: rE i. .in ih d .ili.e ,_hddr-rn rn; -r - t h,W h,., Irht jt-.:1-i rhc.....:tr. ir ... r-i;;4 - .:t pr-, .... nan.:, t*hcniE . 1I I ; h .: t.ri. r .r . - . n- .. :n i,sJ rhirib r ! .. r .. rrd. i.r T r h.- .r ,nhrr *. .At,i .ul ud- . x h- 3t.di .i , mJ,ll,e.n Thr .- it-;- Th . -. -i .. ,t n ,nnnr r . .ir. . in.r,.I l otr- ;,re .1iI . -.:b-nb'- i. .rher .. Muld rrpr.- mn | b.n..1m.-. nib Iri.. Il d2 p-r iJ drn or. The ,o.:rr,nrnrn i l- .:.- n;,Jrr: p,nri . .i 1 i:,.rrrnnirnr h, r,ur.- .i dr r ,; ih. a lr; d . hj.d ,i- rd,ir.; hr.e-.1er 3nd roi, *. r .- rret ndi,urr r, It. .uld -o~r rh.r g.. rn Th,b L.- 'A -'. if-i nrur, rv, ' ra r_-r *,r. - .;r-. , I., :,-n.l ?:e . n. .i , in.- rr .,. 1,11 . ilm w- mn,.re .r ah-or T .- r-r. 1 \i .in. i,mr .durinn, br-i wrr .5.r rir-i, -3rr ilr.r Marn,- I p.-:ccrr --i 1 '2-_ -.pend,iurt ti rhi; ri. d t,b.. .r.-n c..ldrr -r. hId el. .v . - d.&I,, !rd and bhird b.rih tor e .tr.i: d the ,:h'.. t., : ntr ihc snnire i.. n !t.,,. r. i:.-r. 1. r jn r,r,, l F r .r .rI..ii. .w.- -r V.. .Aii. r, Th,; .uld. :l-ear r-.qui,e an r:,r, 1 ih bnl htnd * . 3iu- lu ! .r ph. z F t - h. rr, -n,I.A niiI L bt nipi.- n, r.p34- r -.-. r r a, rii I. rhr p-.p. iu~ t ru. u jr. ,h p -. ur.l, :. .l 1: i. r r,;nr i-- In r, p 1.'. pr,.i.. .... . . .... .... niD i trIiz, .r- .. r ,- I .llmwn ..i rr,nr,. I n rri .. r p 1 th r h .e.ur,rr;, ,-n [-uli- pU.MP- f ..lir. r rrnr,r, . 1.h c, uliur. r r-, i Ii Iri, p, ra -i ;11 . .
7 Family planning as a service Some eighty-five countries in the developing who are often caught in a vicious circle in which world, representing about 95 percent of its popula- too many children mean too few opportunities for tion, now provide some form of public support to other kinds of activity, and vice versa. By enabling family planning programs. Tremendous progress women to control their fertility, family planning has been made in improving couples' access to frees them to become better educated and to information and services. But in all countries more increase their own and their children's contribucould be done. Nearly all programs still fail to tion to development. reach most rural people; even in the towns and * Family planning offers the greatest potential cities the quality of services is often poor and dis- benefits for the poorest people, whose mortality continuation rates high. In many countries the and fertility rates are usually the highest of any potential of the private sector to provide family group. planning services has hardly been tapped; in oth- For all these reasons, programs to support family ers the gap in services provided privately can be planning deserve a central role in the social and filled only by enlarging public programs. Twenty- economic strategies of governments throughout seven countries have yet to introduce family plan- the developing world. Properly designed, proning programs. Almost half of these are in Africa, grams need not be particularly expensive. But lack where incomes are the lowest in the world, population growth is the highest, and the potential benefits from family planning may be greatest. of finance is one of the reasons family planning is The benefits of family planning, moreover, TABLE 7.1 do not depend on the existence of demographic Percentage of currently married women aged 15 to objectives. 49 using contraception, by region and for selected * Family planning improves the health of moth- countries ers and children. Both infant and maternal mortality in developing countries could be substantially Region and country Total Urban Rural reduced if pregnancies were spaced at least two Sub-Saharan Africa (6)a years apart, and if pregnancies among teenagers Ivory Coast (1980-81) 3 4 2 and women over forty were prevented (see Box 71) C l th to family lannin serv 7.1). wouples witn access to ramlly planmng serv- Kenya (19 77-78 )b Middle East and North Africa Egypt (1980) 7 (22) a 24 12 40 6 12 ices can prevent unwanted pregnancies that might syria (1978) 20 34 5 otherwise result in poorly performed abortions East Asia (65) a and the risk of serious, even fatal, complications. Philippines (1978) 36 47 31 Family planning services were recognized as one Thailand (1981) 57 64 55 of eight essential components of primary health Latin America and Caribbean (40) a care by the International Conference on Primary Colombia (1980) 49 54 37 Health Care in Alma-Ata in 1978. Mexico (1979) 39 51 27 Family planning makes responsible parent- South Asia 419) ((9 36 17 hood easier. Parents can have the number of chil- Sri Lanka (1982) 55 57 54 dren for whom they know they can provide ade- Note: Numbers are based on recent surveys, except for India quate food, health care, and education. and Indonesia, which are based on recent program statistics. * Family planning enlarges the choices available a. Average weighted by population for all countries in region to people, a central purpose of economic and social bw Ever-marred women aged 15 to 50. development. This is particularly true for women, Source: <strong>World</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Indicators, Table 20. 127
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Oxford University Press NEW YORK OX
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labor markets. And they have a vest
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8 The policy agenda 155 Population
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Boxes 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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Glossary Demographic terms informat
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I I
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countries regain their momentum of
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4 Box 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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example. Between 1955 and 1980 inco
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ment-all the more so if human skill
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etween 1 and 2 percent-moderate com
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FIGURE 2.1 directions-with a lag in
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14 Distribution of product among se
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TABLE 2.2 Rates of growth in the re
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export restraints and orderly marke
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Box 2.2 Comparisons between the 193
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TABLE 2.6 indebtedness is denominat
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TABLE 2.7 Change in export prices a
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Burundi, Guinea, Mali, Malawi, and
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TABLE 2.9 Exports from developing c
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of rapid and painful adjustment for
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In many countries internal adjustme
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3 Prospects for sustained growth Wi
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TABLE 3.2 Growth of GDP per capita,
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TABLE 3.4 Current account balance a
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over time. The main focus of indust
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TABLE 3.6 Growth of trade in develo
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Box 3.3 Delinking from the world ec
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nal surplus. The resulting rise in
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Because the public sector in low-in
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developing-country creditworthiness
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themselves and, by caring for young
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fertility in a changing world is a
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nize contraceptive services. As wil
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Economic transformation: Europe, Ja
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scious control of family size, prob
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Box 4.3 The European fertility tran
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FIGURE 4.2 Birth and death rates an
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Box 4.4 Alternative measures of fer
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largest city in 1950, will not even
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FIGURE 4.4 Fertility in relation to
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government goal is a nationwide rat
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North America's population in 2000
Page 90 and 91: IBox 4.6 Three views of population
Page 92 and 93: TABLE 4.6 Population size and densi
Page 94 and 95: Box 5.1 Consequences of population
Page 96 and 97: implied by a simple division of tot
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Page 102 and 103: youths, who are presumably able to
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Page 106 and 107: acre increased from 15.4 million to
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Page 110 and 111: is so scarce, they can do so only o
Page 112 and 113: from rural to urban areas mainly re
Page 114 and 115: other developing countries suggests
Page 116 and 117: emigration by providing information
Page 118 and 119: Box 5.7 Coping with rapid fertility
Page 120 and 121: 6 Slowing population growth Experie
Page 122 and 123: feTtility; nor is it easy to judge
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Page 126 and 127: etter education and health services
Page 128 and 129: TABLE 6.1 Total fertility rates and
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Page 134 and 135: FIGURE 6.6 Fertility dedine within
Page 136 and 137: Box 6.3 Mleasuring the value of chi
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Page 142 and 143: Box"7.1 Family planning for health
Page 144 and 145: FIGURE 71 88 in Romania (1979). Res
Page 146 and 147: 132 Box 7.2 Birth planning technolo
Page 148 and 149: TABLE 7.2 Percentage of married wom
Page 150 and 151: TABLE 7.3 Discontinuation of contra
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Page 154 and 155: family planning and maternal and ch
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Page 158 and 159: Box 7.6 The impact of service quali
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Page 162 and 163: measuring social acceptability, or
Page 164 and 165: Box 7.7 Military versus social expe
Page 166 and 167: costs per user. Public cost per use
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Page 170 and 171: TABLE 8.1 Population policy indicat
Page 172 and 173: Box 8.2 China's census: counting a
Page 174 and 175: FAMILY PLANNING. In many countries-
Page 176 and 177: improving the availability of famil
Page 178 and 179: Box 8.4 Africa: how much land, how
Page 180 and 181: Box 8.5 Infertility: a challenge to
Page 182 and 183: FIGURE 8.2 upper Egypt want no more
Page 184 and 185: growth. Fertility has declined in t
Page 186 and 187: Box 8.7 Changing policies and attit
Page 188 and 189: FIGURE 8.6 childbearing age have un
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able several types of condoms, pill
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housing schemes to parents with onl
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and training, data collection and a
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9 Ten years of experience Much that
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ecause few effective methods are of
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Population data supplement The six
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Table 4. Factors influencing fertil
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190 Births and total fertility =Ice
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Table 1. Population projections Rat
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Table 2. Population composition Low
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Table 3. Contraceptive use and unme
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Table 5. Status of women Number enr
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Table 6. Family planning policy _ _
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Bibliographical note This Report ha
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Background papers Note: Source refe
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-1984. "The Malthusian Case: Preind
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I I
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Table 10. Structure of merchandise
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Key In each table, economies are li
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same order is used in all tables. T
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Population I~~~~ - * S: ~ -- ' X -
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Table 1. Basic indicators GNP per c
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Table 2. Growthi of production Aver
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Table 3. Structure of production GD
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Table 4. Growth of consumption-and
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Tadble 5. Structure of demand Distr
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Table 6. Agriculture and food Value
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Table 7. Industr Distribution of ma
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Table 8. Commercial energy Energy c
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Table 9. Growthi of merchandise tra
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Table 12. Origin and destination of
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Table 13. Origin and destination of
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Table 14. Balance of payments and r
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Table 15. Flow of public and public
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Table 16. External public debt and
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Table 17. Terms of public borrowing
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Table 18. Official development assi
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Table 19. Population growth and pro
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Table 20. Demographic and fertility
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Table 21. Labor force Percentage of
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Table 22. Urbanization Urban popula
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Table 23. Indicators related to lif
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Table 24. Health-related indicators
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Table 25. Education Number Number e
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Table 26. Central goverrnment expen
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Table 27. Central government curren
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Table 28. In-come distribution Perc
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Technical notes This edition of the
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difficulties in assigning subsisten
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series in national currencies are a
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Public loans are external obligatio
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estimates, the total fertility rate
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expenditure and current revenue sho
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Bibliography of data sources Nation
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World Development Report 1984

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