World Development Report 1984

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Glossary Demographic terms information about, and services for, use of contraception. Fecundity. The physiological capacity of a woman, Amenorrhea. Absence or suppression of menstrua- man, or couple to produce a live birth. tion. Fertility. The reproductive performance, measured Child death rate. The number of deaths of children by number of births, of an individual, a couple, a aged one to four in a given year per 1,000 children group, or a population. in this age group. Infant mortality rate. The number of deaths of Cohort. A group of people sharing a common tem- infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 poral demographic experience who are observed live births in that year. through time. For example, the birth cohort of Life expectancy at birth. The average number of 1900 would be the people born in that year. There years a newborn would live if current age-specific are also marriage cohorts, school class cohorts, mortality were maintained. Life expectancy at later and so on. ages is the average number of years a person Completed fertility rate. The number of children born already at a given later age will live. Life expectalive per woman in a cohort of women by the end ancy at age five and above can exceed life expectof their childbearing years. ancy at birth substantially if the infant mortality Contraception. The conscious effort of couples to rate is high. avoid conception through rhythm, withdrawal, Married women of reproductive age. Women who are abstinence, male or female sterilization, or use of currently married, or in a stable sexual union, gencontraceptives: intrauterine device (IUD), oral con- erally between the ages of fifteen and forty-nine. traceptives, injectable contraceptives, condom, Some analysts count only women between the spermicides, and diaphragm. ages of fifteen and forty-four. Contraceptive prevalance rate. The percentage of mar- Maternal mortality rate. The number of deaths of ried women of reproductive age who are using (or women due to complications of pregnancy and whose husbands are using) any form of contracep- childbirth per 100,000 live births in a given year. tion. Mortality. Deaths as a component of population Crude birth rate. The number of births per 1,000 change. population in a given year. Net reproduction rate. The average number of Crude death rate. The number of deaths per 1,000 daughters that would be born to a woman (or population in a given year. group of women) if during her lifetime she were to Dependency ratio. The ratio of the economically conform to the age-specific fertility and mortality dependent part of the population to the productive rates of a given year. This rate takes into account part; arbitrarily defined as the ratio of the young that some women will die before completing their (those under fifteen years of age) plus the elderly childbearing years. A net reproduction rate of 1.00 (those sixty-five years and over) to the population means that each generation of mothers is having in the "working ages" (those fifteen to sixty-four exactly enough daughters to replace itself in the years of age). population. Family planning. Conscious effort of couples to reg- Parity. The number of children previously born ulate the number and timing of births. alive to a woman. Family planning programs. Programs that provide Popuilation growth rate. The rate at which a popula- x
tion is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year tria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, due to natural increase and net migration, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherexpressed as a percentage of the base population. lands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzer- Population momentum. The tendency for population land, United Kingdom, United States, and Comgrowth to continue beyond the time that replace- mission of the European Communities. ment-level fertility has been achieved because of EC The European Communities comprise the large and increasing size of cohorts of child- Belgium, Denmark, France, Federal Republic of bearing age and younger, resulting from higher Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, fertility and/or falling mortality in preceding years. Netherlands, and United Kingdom. Postpartum. Refers to the time immediately after FAO Food and Agriculture Organization. childbirth. GATT General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs. Rate of natural increase. The rate at which a popula- IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and tion is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year Development. due to a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths. IDA International Development Association. The rate of natural increase equals the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate per 100 people. It IMF International Monetarynd. also equals the population growth rate minus emi- IPPF International Planned Parenthood Federagration. ton. Replacement-level fertility. The level of fertility at NGO Nongovernmental organization. which a cohort of women on the average is having ODA Official Development Assistance. only enough daughters to "replace" itself in the OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operapopulation. By definition, replacement level is tion and Development members are Australia, equal to a net reproduction rate (see above defini- Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, tion) of 1.00. Replacement-level fertility can also be France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceexpressed in terms of the total fertility rate. In the land, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Nether- United States today a total fertility rate of 2.12 is lands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, considered to be replacement level; it is higher Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, than 2 because of mortality and because of a sex and United States. ratio greater than 1 at birth. The higher mortality OPEC The Organization of Petroleum Exporting is, the higher is replacement-level fertility. Countries comprises Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Total fertility rate. The average number of children Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, that would be born alive to a woman (or group of Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, women) during her lifetime if during her child- United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. bearing years she were to bear children at each age UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade in accord with prevailing age-specific fertility rates. and Development. Urbanization. Growth in the proportion of the pop- UNDP United Nations Development Proulation living in urban areas. gramme. UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, Acronyms and initials and Cultural Organization. UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population CPS Contraceptive Prevalence Survey. Assistance. DAC The Development Assistance Committee of WFS World Fertility Survey. the OECD (see below) comprises Australia, Aus- WHO World Health Organization. xi
Page 1: Public Disclosure Authorized Public
Page 4 and 5: Oxford University Press NEW YORK OX
Page 6 and 7: labor markets. And they have a vest
Page 8 and 9: 8 The policy agenda 155 Population
Page 10 and 11: Boxes 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
Page 14 and 15: I I
Page 16 and 17: countries regain their momentum of
Page 18 and 19: 4 Box 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
Page 20 and 21: example. Between 1955 and 1980 inco
Page 22 and 23: ment-all the more so if human skill
Page 24 and 25: etween 1 and 2 percent-moderate com
Page 26 and 27: FIGURE 2.1 directions-with a lag in
Page 28 and 29: 14 Distribution of product among se
Page 30 and 31: TABLE 2.2 Rates of growth in the re
Page 32 and 33: export restraints and orderly marke
Page 34 and 35: Box 2.2 Comparisons between the 193
Page 36 and 37: TABLE 2.6 indebtedness is denominat
Page 38 and 39: TABLE 2.7 Change in export prices a
Page 40 and 41: Burundi, Guinea, Mali, Malawi, and
Page 42 and 43: TABLE 2.9 Exports from developing c
Page 44 and 45: of rapid and painful adjustment for
Page 46 and 47: In many countries internal adjustme
Page 48 and 49: 3 Prospects for sustained growth Wi
Page 50 and 51: TABLE 3.2 Growth of GDP per capita,
Page 52 and 53: TABLE 3.4 Current account balance a
Page 54 and 55: over time. The main focus of indust
Page 56 and 57: TABLE 3.6 Growth of trade in develo
Page 58 and 59: Box 3.3 Delinking from the world ec
Page 60 and 61: nal surplus. The resulting rise in
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Because the public sector in low-in
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developing-country creditworthiness
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themselves and, by caring for young
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fertility in a changing world is a
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nize contraceptive services. As wil
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Economic transformation: Europe, Ja
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scious control of family size, prob
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Box 4.3 The European fertility tran
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FIGURE 4.2 Birth and death rates an
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Box 4.4 Alternative measures of fer
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largest city in 1950, will not even
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FIGURE 4.4 Fertility in relation to
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government goal is a nationwide rat
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North America's population in 2000
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IBox 4.6 Three views of population
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TABLE 4.6 Population size and densi
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Box 5.1 Consequences of population
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implied by a simple division of tot
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and on farms. But the evidence on e
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get in GDP. Alternatively, all or p
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youths, who are presumably able to
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saving because they come from the c
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acre increased from 15.4 million to
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food they need. Although the amount
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is so scarce, they can do so only o
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from rural to urban areas mainly re
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other developing countries suggests
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emigration by providing information
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Box 5.7 Coping with rapid fertility
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6 Slowing population growth Experie
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feTtility; nor is it easy to judge
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the education of mothers increases
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etter education and health services
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TABLE 6.1 Total fertility rates and
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effectiveness of existing laws, ins
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in the 1950s and 1960s, fertility w
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FIGURE 6.6 Fertility dedine within
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Box 6.3 Mleasuring the value of chi
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few births; to encourage spacing, T
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Box 6.4 A deferred incentive scheme
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Box"7.1 Family planning for health
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FIGURE 71 88 in Romania (1979). Res
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132 Box 7.2 Birth planning technolo
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TABLE 7.2 Percentage of married wom
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TABLE 7.3 Discontinuation of contra
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may be delaying a first pregnancy,
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family planning and maternal and ch
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clients may develop can be promptly
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Box 7.6 The impact of service quali
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medical examination was not always
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measuring social acceptability, or
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Box 7.7 Military versus social expe
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costs per user. Public cost per use
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sanguine, however, as soon as one t
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TABLE 8.1 Population policy indicat
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Box 8.2 China's census: counting a
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FAMILY PLANNING. In many countries-
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improving the availability of famil
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Box 8.4 Africa: how much land, how
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Box 8.5 Infertility: a challenge to
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FIGURE 8.2 upper Egypt want no more
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growth. Fertility has declined in t
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Box 8.7 Changing policies and attit
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FIGURE 8.6 childbearing age have un
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able several types of condoms, pill
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housing schemes to parents with onl
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and training, data collection and a
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9 Ten years of experience Much that
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ecause few effective methods are of
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Population data supplement The six
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Table 4. Factors influencing fertil
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190 Births and total fertility =Ice
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Table 1. Population projections Rat
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Table 2. Population composition Low
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Table 3. Contraceptive use and unme
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Table 5. Status of women Number enr
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Table 6. Family planning policy _ _
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Bibliographical note This Report ha
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Background papers Note: Source refe
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-1984. "The Malthusian Case: Preind
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I I
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Table 10. Structure of merchandise
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Key In each table, economies are li
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same order is used in all tables. T
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Population I~~~~ - * S: ~ -- ' X -
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Table 1. Basic indicators GNP per c
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Table 2. Growthi of production Aver
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Table 3. Structure of production GD
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Table 4. Growth of consumption-and
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Tadble 5. Structure of demand Distr
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Table 6. Agriculture and food Value
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Table 7. Industr Distribution of ma
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Table 8. Commercial energy Energy c
Page 248 and 249:
Table 9. Growthi of merchandise tra
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Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Table 12. Origin and destination of
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Table 13. Origin and destination of
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Table 14. Balance of payments and r
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Table 15. Flow of public and public
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Table 16. External public debt and
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Table 17. Terms of public borrowing
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Table 18. Official development assi
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Table 19. Population growth and pro
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Table 20. Demographic and fertility
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Table 21. Labor force Percentage of
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Table 22. Urbanization Urban popula
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Table 23. Indicators related to lif
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Table 24. Health-related indicators
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Table 25. Education Number Number e
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Table 26. Central goverrnment expen
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Table 27. Central government curren
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Table 28. In-come distribution Perc
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Technical notes This edition of the
Page 290 and 291:
difficulties in assigning subsisten
Page 292 and 293:
series in national currencies are a
Page 294 and 295:
Public loans are external obligatio
Page 296 and 297:
estimates, the total fertility rate
Page 298 and 299:
expenditure and current revenue sho
Page 300:
Bibliography of data sources Nation
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World Development Report 1984

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