World Development Report 1984
World Development Report 1984
World Development Report 1984
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tion into and out of the country and from rural to These changes were accompanied by legal and<br />
urban areas, as well as by the social unrest con- social measures affecting women: polygamy and<br />
nected with <strong>World</strong> War II, liberation, the partition- repudiation of wives were outlawed, family planing<br />
of Korea, and the Korean War. Increasing edu- ning services were gradually provided, and educacational<br />
opportunities for both men and women tional opportunities for women were expanded, so<br />
and compulsory military conscription also played a that the proportion of girls enrolled in primary and<br />
part. Manufacturing has provided more and more secondary schools rose from 27 to 47 percent durjobs<br />
for women, in a society where factory work ing the 1960s. The president was a strong suphas<br />
been considered incompatible with marriage porter of these reforms and a stern critic of keeping<br />
but quite compatible with continuing to live at women in seclusion. These and other factors, such<br />
home to contribute to the support of parents. as heavy emigration of male workers, contributed<br />
<strong>Development</strong> itself serves to raise the age of mar- to a decline from 42 percent in 1956 to 6 percent in<br />
riage, as does improvement in the status of 1975 in the proportion of women married in the<br />
women. Those governments which have tried to age group fifteen to nineteen.<br />
raise the legal minimum age for marriage have China legislated minimum ages for marriage of<br />
usually done so in conjunction with other meas- eighteen for women and twenty for men in 1950 as<br />
ures that would work in that direction anyway. part of an overhaul of marriage laws and an<br />
Tunisia introduced legal minimums of fifteen for attempt to provide equal rights for men and<br />
women and twenty-one for men in 1956 and raised women. The Chinese considered raising the minithe<br />
minimum age for women to seventeen in 1964. mums again in 1957 but, recognizing the limited<br />
FIGURE 6.5<br />
Accounting for fertility decline<br />
Composite of 31 countries<br />
Total<br />
fertility<br />
rate<br />
7,_<br />
Reduction in<br />
fertility rate i`,r.exntL,oe .ai r,duocnon b%. .:,)rIntnbutng tactor<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
Initial Final<br />
fertility fertility<br />
t-thi ,~ R-cIu.:d h<br />
1<br />
1<br />
.fs'tu we -I kl'rE in.lu,ed 'dl-t. I..<br />
at as pra5 .e tre ~.It,_drng .sntT--_Ph1.-n t.'n .. I,. t<br />
t.<br />
Selected countries and years Percentage of reduction by contributing factor<br />
Initial Final Higher Reduced More use More All<br />
Country fertility fertility age at breast- of contra- induced other<br />
and period rate rate marriage feeding ception abortion factors<br />
India (1972-78) 5.6 5.2 41 -58 114 . . 3<br />
Indonesia (1970-80) 5.5 4.6 41 -77 134 . . 2<br />
Korea (1960-70) 6.1 4.0 50 -38 53 30 4<br />
Thailand (1968-78) 6.1 3.4 11 -17 86 16 4<br />
not available<br />
Source: Bulatao, <strong>1984</strong> b.<br />
115