World Development Report 1984
World Development Report 1984
World Development Report 1984
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Box 6.2 Women's use of and control over their time<br />
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increasing the incentive to educate girls. The pro- Economic dependence on men entails special<br />
portion of girls enrolled in school is low in many risks for these women, risks that go beyond the<br />
countries of the Middle East, where employment natural disasters or the process of aging to which<br />
and other activities outside the home are extremely both men and women are exposed. Widowhood,<br />
limited for women. In other Muslim countries-for divorce, separation, incapacitating illness of the<br />
example, Indonesia-female education and female husband-these are serious threats when women<br />
employment tend to rise together. Once they are have few ways to provide for themselves. The<br />
able to earn an income, women may acquire higher most obvious insurance against the risk of losing<br />
status in the home, thus enabling them to talk the economic support of a husband is to have sevmore<br />
openly about birth control with their hus- eral sons. Such a preference is likely to raise fertilbands.<br />
Although a significant number of women ity, particularly if a target number of sons is conuse<br />
contraception without the knowledge of their sidered essential.<br />
husbands, open discussion leads to longer and In addition to encouraging better education and<br />
* more effective contraceptive use. work opportunities for women, each government<br />
The "status of women" is a phrase covering can lay the groundwork for improvements in<br />
numerous social and economic characteristics that women's status by guaranteeing women certain<br />
affect a woman's life. In northern India, Pakistan, rights-of inheritance, marriage, divorce, litiga-<br />
Bangladesh, and many countries of the Middle tion, and property. In other areas, too-such as the<br />
East, a woman is separated from her own family at right to participate in the choice of a husbandmarriage<br />
and required to develop new allegiances much remains to be done to reshape deep cultural<br />
to her husband's family. This ensures that she will beliefs so that women can play their full part in the<br />
not become a liability to her own family. Her per- economic and social life of their countries. In the<br />
sonal contacts and relations with strangers are lim- process, much will be done to reduce fertility.<br />
ited. Typically, she cannot inherit property from<br />
her husband's family, nor can she pass it on. Urban residence<br />
Often, her chief role is to produce sons; in that<br />
way she most effectively secures her own position Urban dwellers generally enjoy many advantages<br />
in her new family. over their rural counterparts. They have access to