World Development Report 1984
World Development Report 1984
World Development Report 1984
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Box 6.1 Landholding and fertility.|<br />
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income itself, but the changes it brings to people's in breastfeeding not offset by greater use of contralives,<br />
that lowers fertility. ceptives.<br />
The association of income and fertility varies In time, however, the effect of education in<br />
according to absolute levels of income. Below reducing fertility becomes increasingly clear. In all<br />
some minimum income, increases in income are countries, women who have completed primary<br />
associated with higher fertility (see Figure 6.2). In school have fewer children than women with no<br />
the poorest countries of Africa and South Asia, education, and everywhere the number of children<br />
many families are below that threshold. Above declines regularly (and usually substantially) as<br />
that threshold, further increases in income are<br />
associated with lower fertility-for a given increase<br />
in income, the reduction is greater for low-income<br />
groups. Raising the incomes of the rich (be it of Relation between fertility and income per person<br />
rich countries or of rich groups within countries)<br />
reduces fertility less than does raising the incomes<br />
of the poor. There is, however, no good evidence<br />
that the distribution of income has an independent Threshold<br />
effect on fertility; it is influential only to the extent<br />
that poor households usually have higher absolute<br />
incomes ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Increasing<br />
.- Declining<br />
incomes if their share of the total is higher. fertility ferinity<br />
Educating parents<br />
Fertility<br />
More education for women is one of the strongest<br />
factors in reducing fertility. It is true that, in poorer<br />
countries, women with a few years of primary At diminishing rate<br />
schooling have slightly higher fertility than do<br />
women with no education at all, especially in rural Income per person<br />
areas. Some education may be associated with a Source Birdsall,1980<br />
lower rate of sterility, and it often leads to a decline<br />
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