PDF (Ch. 8 & bibliography) - UTas ePrints

me wiifencer for &pixm%rrg, weaving and terrtildi 

manufactwe in prehistofie Greece b a vaxious glerpecta - 

chronological, histsrAcal and tecmnnicaf - am3 each is 

cornplemer~tary to, and m eed pwtial3.y overlape the o~JWF&, 

the conclusfons which mty be reached about the sub~ect arso 

faU. basicdly h t o these categorielj, rwy be matt clearLy 

stated if considered separatsly, 

Die chronologicaS. and ftistoricgtl coacluaiona titre 

closely linked in that they are lwgely depeadmt on WoZs, 

Tools are objects such must fulfil a function, &rdi once a 

form has been developed that is suitable for the purpose 

mind, there is no reason for that f~m t9 alter unlesor a very 

much better one presents itself; and even then, change xwy 

oot occur, for a natural conservatistn militates against aay- 

thing new, Altnough the chief textile tools, spflvdZe wborU 

and loomweigfits, appear in many different there is no 

special form of either that f s outstandf.ng3.y superior to 

the others, It is a matter of persona preference, ornd t2utt 

is U ely to be based upon 10ca;l or ethnic custa. Thw , 

while a chronological framework can certainly be constructed 

for textile tools An Greece, and also for some other asptscu 

of textile production, the resulte nay appear Umpp~iaUaqg 

if it ia hoped to pmvidle clorse dating through such ev%dencs, 

Although there are occasionritj, artifacts Ubct are confined tc, 

a spacff3o pef;fiod, there are others %hat c~ntfnue6 b@ ~ & 4 

for centuries or even a%llenia, there are sorue objects 

that aannot be dated at a3.L on fom alone, Chronulcrgfy8a 

loest however, :'-a hi8toay's gab, for the vedsy f(h~ltors wbieh 

m&e WoXs db#icult to dates W e thm Use Q~XQBU-%

Wkm~ls tbmr objtsotr ~Uch mart aft- wfy at- 

te-ta at dating. Gonlool rtpscls cum% b. 1f.tftsb ba tirw 

or plaos. They we at t-rad~b ~M)P Yiddle blcrotithle Prw)ithi 

to L, H. llIc Perati, -8 are not eiaefFGlad sltbr to tks pm- 

BistorZc period, or to Qreesa. Platn bloonlool and rpherof d 

whorls durr a%-&$ arr hopalerirr a csrs; tgsln, both ag+peru~ 

early 1% tb Neolftbio period, and a i z prbs+at in rlf rfagpr 

of Omgk prehiatory a d later, ths only exataption ocourrlq 

In the Early Bronze Age, wbn btoontcal whorl$ were not; 

favoured in seat-central 3reeaa pnd the Peloponnssr, A har~s 

conical or biconical whorl mag ba fndi~atioe or ftn Early B~oaoe 

Age date, but this is not infallible; and soe3stlmr a whorl 

wry be fomd froar a rocognisablcr fabrio such a.a Umy Wnyul 

ware. Otherwise these twu ~l&slaet# of whorl, artd theby w% tfrr, 

two most ~UUBFOUS claslae1, are useless for dating puppoass, ir 

Other va~ietiea sf wlmrl ma mre helpful. 

flat whorl%, whether truly dfsu-like in profile, oc p2mo- 

convex, biconioal or lanse-shaped, or very low oonical, an@ 

whether incised or plaln, ueually indicate a Neolithic date. 

They are mra likely to be La$* Neolithic fn northern Us~aoar, 

but may be either Lfddls or Late Neelithie in Crete. !f3,&, 

low conirsal who~ls ara also ~e~reasnted in the ParLs Bmtlxrr 

Large domed whorl8 axce allsoet sf thou% lklr xottptioa ef 

Early Brouse Age data, and though ti be^ ue~ur a$ t b vargt W--

PlaU bone whorls, eeptsoially tbae formed fro& feli~ur hsmcb, 

ape alas likely to bslorlg to the Earcfy Bronze Aget althuugh 

a f ew aP63 known from +he final gears of the Neolithic period. 

Biconiua% whorls w ith all-over iaoised decar&tlon, 

cowtion in Lhs earlier part of the Early Bronae Age in kir~atolia, 

wera probably introduced into hacadariia towailpda tfrg and of tkm 

areek Late keolifhie period, and remained in use in tkie r,ortb 

throughout the Bronze Age. Tki8 occasionaZ occurrences in the 

Aegean islands are likely to be of Early Bronze Age date, 

h:cocre21etta whorls m y befang to the closis~g yesra 

of the Easly Bronze Age, particularly in the wegem is39nds, 

but on the mainland are basically a iriiitdltt T'elladic find. 

PTaln whorl8 of modified seodslletta shape may be either 

Bliddle or Late Helladis, lncised conical whorls, though 

originatink earlier to the north, uay also be chisfly confined 

to the Liddle Br~nze Age In Greece, Dut mre evidence is 

needed to be sure of thia. 

Although no new types of whorl were irstrodracsd in 

the Late Bronze Age, two whorls with earlies origins becarne 

typicaffg kycenaean forms. One is the elegant concave-sided 

cone, and the other the distinctly asymmtrfcal bicone with 

a severely truncated top; 00th are to be traced back to the 

kiddle Belladio period, and the former also had at leaat one 

example in the Early Bronze Age north. 

but their chronology can vary according to where they are 

found. Thus large cylindrioal weights with a 8-le hale, 

if from the BalJcana, Including Greek kacsedania, will be 

,

countq, Thdr ouatiryg of t b ogXindrfaaP af Sitagswi 

IV bg. tb %awe, py~Wdab wcrigb6s of' Sitagm$ V ir a ry&oXis 

event in ths, lattec migh&sf oeraer, for the Ewly Brooss Me 

Plnda thaa in cbarga af' tha fisLd in tiw aortb. bltbo-h 

avideaoe is alight; in khrss YIBdla ~FW~S* 48, Lt ruggeatr fb 

we&$hts8 oontinuancls, and thLa io ruppo~t~d 5r thg w#l@tr of 

tha Late Bmnau Age, indfstiwuiohabfs Pms ths earlter oaer. 

1 

Thalr use on nll p ut the end of th. Bronsa Age, uid 

tndesd, once $ bas ralghta were aetablialwd An tfro north, 

there is no ramon to suppass they lef€ the wea unttl t b 

warp-weighksd loos ceaaed to be umd tbrs. 

This is trme of the weightr north of tha Spercheior, 

South of' that river, there is alngularlj little eridance POP 

them in the prehistoric psskob, and the Pew cldaa that hafa 

been made, such as thaae from Eutresis md LLalthf, ace du~bt- 

ful, P jraatidal and uunf ca2 might8 found south of tho 

Sparehsiosr should be regarded with suspicion, and none sbu2a 

be accepted as prekistosic unlear ite context ia iapecclstbla. 

L, 8. fife is the earlieat date in whLch thdg are lively to 

be fstwO beyond their old territory, and tkua mst probable 

bete for them when found in the south, ibi Gaometric or 3atsf. 

These remarks have a baaring on the b ass of the 

parred oQ Corinth, the Late Naolithie at PBtUotle Thsbea, 

md a- undated at the Amive ltlera@tMai, -%lib aU%$csflg 

all rftas have #eol%tM~ r(ctupa;5sls, it La squally tms 

e' -

aeights, whuse whorls included the biconicsl type, sanetima 

with incised decoration, fn the south, the moat ZntsreaCing 

event waa the arrival, probably from a aouth-eaatsrly direct- 

ion, of a new group of people who had the old habit of Ports- 

ing their pots upon arata, 

This group inay have bean an important element in 

the formation of the Early Belladic culture, for the cuatora 

continued strongly in their territory throughout the Early 

Bronze Age; that they were not the only elemnt is ahorrn by 

the fact that the zhief weights of the era, from central 

Greece southwards, were tne cylindrical ones that had been 

driven out of the north; khese were accompaaisd by the typ- 

ical Early Helladic large domed whorl, and by varioue other 

kind of conical whorl, but seldom or never by biconical 

whorl a. Anatoliai s influence in the Aegean a% thia stage is 

lightly sketched by limited numbers of flat weights and 

irlcised biconical whbrls in some of the islands, tmd the 

single crescent weight at Tirps. 

Once the user8 of' the pyr&dal/conical loomweights 

were fairly settled in the north, no matter what other incur- 

sions took place, they met hava formed a major end atable 

element in the population there, for large conical weighta 

er~d inciaed biconical whorls were still being employed ;tn aon- 

3. 

jaraction in the aams area iB thtt lron Me. People using 

thu tilame kind of weights and whorls alao entered Bnatolta 

from the north-west at the outset of the Bronze Age; the 

1. At Assir08 Toumba, 26 km, north of Thessaloaiki, on istn 

excavation at prsaant betrag condaatad on bsbalf of the 

British Srrhool at Ath4ns by Dr. H. A. Rardle, rho80 L 

should like to thanL for pumtaafori to Snuluda t b inform- 

ation in the Ghb611r

'Ifhe ffiost positive sltsrtemerht that cs;n oe W e abut 

the use of the hew@ in p~ebir~ttorio Greece ira %dm% tiis 3 .0~ 

on which the Eeghsla afoth waa olada was aU@ot 

eauipped with a hedd3e, so that it8 use w a known ~ beifore the 

end of the ~eolithic period. 

such pieces of cloth iuld cloth ~resrriorm are hawe 

survived from the Greek prehietoric period are all in pl& 

weave? and show virtually no vmation in standard, imeepect- 

ive of date, NO cloth has suvived from Wea Nikomedeia, but 

the remains from caw hiik &ow what might have been expect- 

> 

ed had any done so, and again, they ere conparable with very 

much later specimens. Standards of weaving are therefore 

unlikely to have &om much improvement throughout tjue period 

covered by the thesis - there was no need for them to do 60. 

The introduction of coloured pattexas into gldo 

weave is likely to have taken place very early? mt on- ue- 

cause colours are pleasant, but elso because weaving plain 

monochro~e cloth is such dull work, There is not enough 

evidence to trace &ny development of &ills on the anlead, 

where in cese fashions in cloth patterns yroaavly cwed. 

with each incomirig group of peoples - but in stable Crete 

there does seem to be a logical grogression from the simple 

check of the bip~rtas goddess to the more ambitioue contbiaatiom 

of motifs in the costumes of the W ia and MocNoe wf3Jsopo- 

morphic vasee, finally cufruinating in the vi~tuo@&%Y of such 

designs as the one on the Cupbearerts kilt, ateee W e the 

sudden appevance of the plain cloth or 

of mcneans tba ~UF. startling contrast* 

chaste l?@%tern@

of the kincterns, the Lrgcenaaana were bmioally the irrhe~ftora 

of a biiddle Bslladic tradition, about which all that ia known 

ir that it included plain linen, th%s is not allrgrlsing - but 

even in the midst of this atriking uhange, the long career 

of the dotted roastts argues for a measure of continuity, 

The earliest tangible evidence for the dyes %bat 

made patterns possible conrsists of the Middle Minoan heap o f 

iwrex ahells on the island of Kouphonisf, which, t;ogether with 

the Bdycenaean ones at Aghioe Hosmaa, attests an early know- 

ledge of the dye mat prized by the ancient world. Almost 

all the other proof Por dye - the coloured clothing i~ ~ inoan 

and hycsnaem frescoes, the purple leather and cloth of' the 

Kazarrna tholos, Taountaal vLolet belt-backing, the red and 

blue ~f the Routsi pall - are from the Late Bronze Age. TU 

bichrom patterus on the anthropomorphic vwee of Early kLaoan 

Crete, and the patteras painted on the bodies of the figurines 

from the Franchthi Cave may be considerad as carrying know- 

Ledge of its use back a stage further - and it is doubtful 

whether the creators of the SeskPo atyle of pottery would 

hve been content wfth drab monochrone clothing. 

The evidence for dyeing methods is alight - but the 

simplest and therefare presumably the earlfest method is the 

dipping or i~irusrafon of the material to be eoloured in an up- 

heated dyebath - and as thla wa8 apparently still tha praotioe 

rat; HeTlersistic IatWa, It may we31 have been $hat of preh3.a- 

topic times also, unless Indeed the pith08 w3th provfrrion for 

heating in the Houee, of the Oil berchmt ww used for dyeing, 

fn rhioh owe the Iby~snaeane were maaat;ers of an advanaed

praatices in todag'a Greece reee&ls those of %be grsMatorAc 

period, although so- of them atre, beginning $0 BLaappaa~ fn 

this ganeration. Although factories can now supply all 6- 

textile ruquLrernatnts of an3 household, hand-woven articles 

still retain the honourable poaltfon they held 4.n Honer8& 

time, and thus, although the warp-weighted loom was stupspsc.ider9 

long ago, in m y 

a uottage the horizontal treadle Zsom w%Ze;7i 

standa in its place is u ~ed only to supply the needs of t b 

household. Chief mng these ia the pmvislon of rugs, blan- 

kets, covers, hangings and oarpets for the dowries of the 

familyt s unmarried daughters, 1110, when they become engaged, 

somtimas distribute examples of their a m hax~diwark ta the 

wmbers of their fianc6tS a family; and pieces of weaving, or, 

uore often, embroidery, are still given aa what can ooly be 

described as guest-gifts, that ths recipient ruay remmber md 

think Lindly of the giver. 

The raw materials for the dowies are, often provided, 

at feast in part, by the familyts own sheep, and sometfmes, 

goats. The strong linen sheeta and pillowoases which out- 

1-t a generation are Seldom had-woven now, although in 0i.d- 

faehioned hotela and private horns, onela bed is sLill often 

spread with them. 

Among the bright colours wUoh are used in addit;lion 

to the natural shades of the fleeoes, a bright, clear red wd 

a rich, deep blue are favourites; gellowe and or~ea, browns 

and blacks are commcm, but green ia less so, esld is ueually 

reeemed for detail. The dyes for tima now almost iavariabl~r 

coma in little paeketa Prom the cheaiatle, but people atill.

It is nut on23 the prov%i~iun of doarie~ that keeps 

hand-loom occupied, A thriving tourist trade fnsrxrea thga 

against falling Psto disuae, for the type# of goo& tht em 

be woven on the= have an ind3vidua.I quality that camot be 

latatad by fully automatic factory Zooma. Thtls Lhe swill, 

neat, widely-spaced mttfa that are typical of Epirus, an& the 

brightly-saloured, cfcrselgr-packed pat;tems which am seen. at 

their mast complex and brilliant in Crete, decorate b ~ md a 

mats wd cuahion covers which ere nest only sold ia Greek ci@iss 

and tourist centrea, but also sent oversea&. The maj~rltg of 

the loom which supply this market are situated in bum&, snd 

their owners work at them when the spirit wves them, in be- 

tween other household taaka, a situation which mat, closely 

resemble the 'cottage industry1 stage reached by the end of 

the Ejeolitkiic period. Sometimes, how eve^, a nurrber of bad- 

loom are gathered together in one workshop (often attached 

to a nunnery), and then th~ weavers wo~k at; them as sotfieLhiry~ 

approaching a full-time occugation, a state of affairs rernln- 

iacent of the establiahnt that once flourished above the 

Loomweight Buemant at Knossoa, 

It ie appropriate that Knossoc, possibly the earl- 

&eat and cartainly the greatest oentre of textile production 

in prebiatoric Greece, should have the Ias* word. Though 

loom ceaaed to function in the Palace of Lima Stself we11 

over tbree thouamd year# ago, in a cottage just acroas the 

road from It today, the clacrking of a looin mag be hsalrd as ita 

omer work8 on her granddaughter's dowry. A touriat shop Zn 

ths very gctlace grow& $8 stocked w ith the prsducts of other

*&ldit&od #ate 1. 

In recent wrreqondencs Professor R d m h a kindly inforsad 

that furth%r study ba ahom that the heavy cylindere of clay at Siki&rr&ri *era 

restricted to Phase XV, which briqp their date into line with those of a 

other BdUcan site@. 'Phfa &cee the pomibility of an early date far 

"Peuai cylinders, and weakene the csse for the early iatrod~1osl of' th. 

weight& 1- in the north, uhi& now resta only cm the aeatio~ of 100~rwegshtsJ 

at Rea Bikoredeicn, and tihe pmbleaatical tall obf ong ueigbts &.I%& are s u p ~ d 

to have occuTsd in all strata at IP;isani. 

'the intpreasion frwr Sitagroi I hae now been pubfisPzd (in mmetrios 

R. ~eochcuct~~ st d. *E300iithic GreeceN, 1973, p. 188, Fig. 122 j, and is also 

OD dislplag in Phillippi museum. It certainly teetifies to s high s$andard of 

weaving in the Piddle Eleolithic period, but it may be mat- rg%h.pr %U clo*weaving. 

The reawne for Ws mggestion are aa follows: 1) ',be kmnpreesi~~ 

oceurs on a pot &. Pots were fonaed upon mats bemuse the iattrar were 

sufficiently stiff to be used as ernbrgo potterf a wheels, or at lwt wved 

way -4 that aa the patter worked; cloth would be too mft for IU& a p\ulyQs@* 

'Lhe pot aright have b%en set to dxy on a piece of cloth after it atadat 

it ia doubtful whether W e would have left eo deep an ierpreseion, 2) 2%~ 

weave ebonz, althou,gfi eo closely packed b t the identificatio~ irt ,tom-t 

afficult, may not be a phin weave, but a split twine using sringLe ,~lmirm* 

(cf. fig. llej. Thie is euggeeted by the typict~ twisted slaat of Ur w@f-9 

rrnO be seen with particular clarfty in Ure centre of Uts ir~p~~eesion~ 

one of a pair of twining strands in a weft row is thin, the other, thick. rrrrd 

.their alterantion q 15. t~eed ri@t across the work. IPK, expo&& wqa 

tfie bottom of the impreeeicn in the illwtration have the 'hooa_yeoetb* appemm9e 

of split twine. Alfhou& thie ia bagidly a nmtting technlgue, eua m v g ~ 

were occasionally used for cloth, rs at pkf, l&y& and the Svfss m e VilLa&p~ 

so that the weave is not conelwive proof for rrattiag. Cloth so woven is 

on a 100s without a beddle. Thr degree of finmeeo of the wave is mt beIpf'.l* 

ae it is very fine for matting, but soa*wbat coarse for cloUI.

ABBRE;Vf ATIUN3. 

apgat02 gd.(ni '4d2c~rr Lg 'he7 VGU (Athsns 

Annals of 4~Pchaeo2ogg ) , 

A.A*S.O*R, Annual of the Pawlean Sahosls sf Oriental 

Research, 

Abh. Berl. Ak, Abhandlungea der butsohen Akabemia der 

Wssenachaften zu Berlin, 

'hPYd'o"oyln+ 'rYw~p;S 

American Journal of' A~ohaeology . 

Anatoliarr Stud%* J. 

Arm. Plovdiv Amuaire de la Biblfotksque Nationale et 

hus6~ de Plovdiv. 

Annuaria ANnuario della Regia Srtuola Aschealogioa El. 

15ten6, 

Brcrh. Bnz. ~rokdlologiacher Anzeiger. 

~rsbsr&ttelsa Bulletin de la Soeibte Royal des LeLtrea de 

Lund. 

Ath. Mitt. hi ttailurgen dea 1Pautaahen ~rcuologlechera 

hatituta, Atheniaehe Abtellung, 

Bulletin ds Correspondence Hell&niqua, 

Biol. J. Linn. Biologioal Journal of the Limean Society. 

Bollettino d.e Paletnologia ftaliana, 

&aual or the British Sckrool at Athens. 

Papers of the British Sohool at Row, 

Cambridge Ancient Hirjltory, revised edition. 

Corpus Vasorum Antiquorura. 

'Ap~oifa';\ 

arid& LI£&Z;O+ 

Egypt Exploration Society. 

Epirotika I XpovirA 

Chronika 

1st. Yitt. atitteilungen des Dautachen Arch8ologiachen 

instituta, fatanbulisohe AbteSlung. 

Journal of Hellenic Studies. 

J,&,E,S. Journal of Near Eastam Studha. 

J*R,A* I. Journal of the Royal Bnthropological Institute, 

L, A. A.A. Anna18 of Archaeology and Anthropology of %be 

University of Liverpool. 

ket. Yus. Bull, Bulletin of the Metropolitan husewn of Art, 

ket. ha. Stud. Buetropolitan Museum Studies, 

Yitt. Bosnisn Wirrsenschaf't~iohe Bnittafluag aus Bosnien und 

der Hsrzegowina. 

Yon, Ant, monument i Antichi. 

Orlental institute Couuuunicationa. 

Oriental institute Publications, 

Y ales tine Exp1orat;ion Quarterly. 

EVANS, Sir Arthur, "The Balrtoe of &&nor, - a 

Comparative Aobomt of the Suoeeaafvs Stages 

of the Early Cretan Civilization aa illuelrated 

by the Discoveries at koaaoa" 

Praoeediriga of the Prehistoric Sauicaty, 

P~aktika flpr rtx~i ~ $ 5 'EV 'A ~ivdfj ~ ~ g@grx*lj p ~ c~~.'kp & ~ 

31~nfvSv. 

Proktika Ath. Ak.r dw=rwA ~9~ ~AKA~~:.c~ 

Proo. So=. Bibl. ~(oceediriga of the lociety or Btblioal Afohi- 

Arohaeol, aeologg,

1 - Pram garlg Tima to Fall of &~cien.t; Ezllpira~", 

2nd Ed., Oxford, 1953, 

SeB.We Vol, IS SMOER, Charlea, BOUYARB, E. J. W L , 8. R., 

and WXLLPBEQS, Tsevsr Z., Is&, ) A kif story of 

Technologg, Vol, &I - Tha MedAterranew 

Civilizations and the Liddla Ages - c, 7MS 

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T, A. P. S. Tsansactions of the Aaerican Phifolsophiod 

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Thess alika @rtc~at;X 14. 

C. Tsountas, b.2 TLOINTb Xp.~rrpd, I' A; Frpeirsopt*G 'AKpo~;2reS 

Ll rp 7vi4*~ H ~ I ln;~Ao~!' 

A11 referencaa to classical autbrs are to 

the Loeb Glassioal Library text@, wlsaa one 

of the followirrg exceptions i~ indicirted In 

a footnote: 

i-iOMXR - "Bomer - The Iliad" (tr. E, V, Rieuf , 

Barmandaworth, 1950 

!>USR - "OMHPOY - OAYSLEIA 

- 2ne Odyssey of komer: 

Valc I, Books 1 - XI^" ttr. I. 3, StmPord), 

2nd Ed. , London, 1950. 

TERTtlZL1A.H - "De Pallio" ("~n 

the Ascetics1 k~entle'v ifo 

Alexander Roberts and J m s Donaldson (eds.2 

"kite-Nicene Christian Library - Translations 

of the Writings of the Fathers down to A.Dt 

325 - Vol, XVLTI: The Rritings o f TartulXim 

Vol. IPI", Edinburgh, 1870, pp, 181 - 200.

BraLzacw 

AXlbHlOhT, %illiarn PoxweZ1, "The urohaeoXogg of YaZastZrts a d 

the Bible", her York, 1932. 

ALBRliitfT, &if liam Foxnell, "'The4 Exoavation of T ell Belt &urlrsfml 

Vol. 11 - The Bronze Aget', A.A.S.O.H+ Val. XYIA, 

1036-l937, 

ALBHfGHT, William Poxwell, "The Excavation of Tell Beit &iQirsrb 

Vol, f I1 - The Iron Age1', A.A. 3, G,R, Val, XX9 - Uf I, 

LS4l.-IU43* 

ALBRIGBT, William Foxwell, "Tim kl~chaectlogy sf Palestine", 

kiarurondsworth, 1948. 

mLCiY - AhEZiOY, few3 ru vo3 , " M ~ V W I K ~ F~ T ~ a ~ z ~ s ~ ~ ~ 

herwlelon, f 364. 

AB~RAES, R., =d &dRtl.hX, Y., "hciant k~ad", Jemsalem, 1~67, 

AUK, Remzi Oguz, "Lea 5'ouilles d'Alac& Hdyfiir eutreprisea par 

la Soci6t6 d%istoire Turque. Rapport PrBliuSnaire 

3ur lea Travaux en lS35", Publlca%iona as la Soct6t6 

dfhistoire Turque, V S&rie, h. 1, Arzkara, 1937, 

HsTR~~, Paul, "Reuains of Bnoient Cloth f porn CyprusFi, Opuscula 

hthenisnsia Vol. V, 1664, pp. 111 - 114. 

ATrdhSel4, T. D. , et af., 'Excavations at Yhylairopi in blos, 

conducted by the British School at Athens", Supple- 

her;t~uy Paper ho. ZV, Society for the Promotfun of 

Hellenic Studies, London, 1904. 

i3EC'aKiTB, J= , "Textile Fragments from i;l ssicriil Antiquity: 

an Laportant Find at boropf ", i. L.k, 23rd Jan. , 

2~54, pp. 124 - 315. 

BEdU~Gi10h, Y., "~hronique des Pouilles et D6couvertes Arsh%ol- 

ogiques (1931)", 9,G.R. Vol. 55, 1851, pp, 633 - 5k2, 

BERCIU, D., fldor~tributii La Problsmle fdeoliticului ifl. Hoanias. 

in Luntlna &oilor Cercetari", Bucharest, n.d, 

BLEBER, hargarete, "Griechische ~leid~w'" Berlin, 1928. 

BIERS, Wi1Tiaq R., t'Exca~ations at Phlius 3.924 - The frehistoric 

~e~oaits~', Besperia Val. XXXVIII, 1969, pp. 

443 - 458. 

BIITTEL, Kurt, e t a1 "13o~azk8y 11 X - Fctnde ats den i;trabungea 

lu62-1955b : Bbhandlungan der Deutachen Orient- 

Oesellschetft kR 2, Berlin, fC)ST, 

dLE;QhlM, Carl, "Korakou - B Prehistoric Ssttlemnt nea Corfnth' 

Boston and New York, 1921. 

BLELSiB, Carl, "~xcavat 

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~a'y 

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ZORA - ZGPA, TT&T~$, 

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IT TA ~ o ~ w ~ ~ ~ " ~u7rv j o K ~ ~ ~ T . O ~ , ~ d U ~ K ~ o Y ~ ( W I / 

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