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SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM, VARIETY DEVELOPMENT Identification of wheat susceptibility factors to Fusarium graminearum C. Chetouhi, L. Bonhomme, F. Cambon, P. Lecomte, D. Biron, T. Langin E-mail: cherif.chetouhi@clermont.inra.fr Among the most damaging fungal pathogens of wheat, Fusarium graminearum, main causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), reduces significantly yield worldwide, and affects grains quality by mycotoxins contamination. During the past years, numbers of FHB resistance QTL with moderate effects against this pathogen have been identified in very genetically diverse wheat collections. However the lack of diagnostic markers as well as detrimental linkage drag associated with some of these QTL (QTL governing the yield and grain quality) limit breeding for resistance. Understanding the molecular basis of FHB susceptibility can provide alternative tools to improve the control of this disease in fields. To decipher the molecular crosstalk involved during compatible interaction between F. graminearum and its host, and to gain information about susceptibility host factors, we analyzed a time course infection of the susceptible French wheat cultivar Recital by F. graminearum through transcriptomics and proteomics approaches. Microarray data showed that 1,453 genes exhibit differential accumulation between F. graminearum-infected and mock-inoculated plants whereas a total of 74 proteins displayed contrasting abundances on 2DE gels. All these host genes/proteins identified were classified into three functional groups: (i) plant defense, (ii) primary, secondary and energy metabolism and (iii) regulation and signaling. These results strongly suggest that F. graminearum manipulates its host during a compatible interaction. Its infection strategy relies on the suppression of basal plant defense and subtle changes in nutrient availability related-processes. A detailed picture of the potential host pathways involved during susceptibility will be described along with interesting targets for improved resistance. Keywords: Fusarium head blight (FHB), wheat, susceptibility 73
SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM, VARIETY DEVELOPMENT In planta inactivation of Fusarium mycotoxins M. P. Kovalsky-Paris 1 , W. Schweiger 1 , G. Wiesenberger 1 , J. A. Torres- Acosta 1 , H. Michlmayr 1 , S. Newmister 2 , M. Lemmens 1 , A. Malachova 1 , S. Shin 3 , G. Muehlbauer 3 , T. Weigl-Pollack 4 , P. Fruhmann 4 , H. Mikula 4 , C. Hametner 4 , B. Kluger 1 , R. Schuhmacher 1 , R. Krska 1 , J. Fröhlich 4 , I. Rayment 2 , F. Berthiller 1 , G. Adam 1 1 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str, 20 + 24, A 3430 Tulln Austria; 2 University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA; 3 University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6026, USA; 4 University of Technology, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. E-mail: gerhard.adam@boku.ac.at Secondary metabolites of plant pathogens are suspected to play a role as virulence factors, but in many cases their mode of action is unknown. We could demonstrate that Hsp90 is the plant target for the (estrogenic) Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone. ZON is efficiently glycosylated in various plants. We identified a barley UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) which produces a mixture of the known ZON-4-glucoside and the novel ZON-2-glucoside. In contrast to ZON and beta-zearalenol their glycosylated forms are not able to inhibit Hsp90 ATPase activity. DON is known to be required for fungal spread in wheat. It is inactivated in planta by formation of a glucoside, which is no longer able to interact with the ribosomal target. We characterized candidate UGTs from barley, Brachypodium, Sorghum, rice and wheat by heterologous expression in yeast. Some genes encode enzymes with the ability to detoxify DON, NIV and other trichothecenes. Surprisingly, the detoxification capability and substrate specificity towards different toxins was quite different in highly similar genes, which are typically encoded in clusters of variable gene number in the different genomes. The Brachypodium genome seemingly has the capacity to encode more than 150 functional UGTs. One rice UGT gene could be expressed in E. coli with a solubility tag. The availability of affinity purified active enzyme now allows efficient enzymatic production of DON-3-O-glucoside, and also of still uncharacterized glucosides of 15-ADON, nivalenol, fusarenone X and HT-2 toxin. They should become valuable reference substances to study metabolism of mycotoxins in various plants. Recently a novel detoxification mechanism for DON was demonstrated, the formation of glutathione adducts and processing products (Kluger et al., 2012). Chemically synthesized S-methyl-DON (SMD) which is presumably generated in planta from DON-cysteine by cysteine-S-conjugatebeta-lyase and methylation was 12-fold less toxic than DON, suggesting that formation of bulky glutathione adducts is a detoxification reaction. Keywords: detoxification, glucoside, glutathione, conjugation 74
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Bordeaux EFS12 12 th European Fusar
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Welcome from the
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4 SPONSORSHIP The 12 th European Fu
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8 13:00 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 15:00
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10 Session 4: Genetics of Hosts - P
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12 Thursday, May 16 th Session 6: F
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Evidence for birth-and-death evolut
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Future challenges of Fusarium and m
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P35 - Screening deoxynivalenol in o
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P76 - Fusarium verticillioides and
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Page 32 and 33: KEYNOTE LECTURE SESSION 1: FUSARIUM
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de Hoog G. S., 89, 114, 236 de Kler
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Ponts N., 33, 36, 82, 94, 104, 106,
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BOKU-University of Natural Resource
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touatisihem03@yahoo.fr He Xinyao In
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steve.oliver@bioc.cam.ac. uk Ortega
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Subramaniam Gopal Agriculture and A
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