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SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY Ecological role of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium graminearum M. Abid 1 , L. Fayolle 1 , C. Héraud 1 , P. Mangin 2 , L. Falchetto 2 , N. Gautheron 1 , J. Laurent 1 , E. Gautheron 1 , V. Edel-Hermann 1 , C. Steinberg 1 1 INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France; 2 INRA, UE Domaine d’Epoisses, F-21110 Bretenières, France E-mail: christian.steinberg@dijon.inra.fr Fusarium graminearum is a plant pathogenic fungus, producing mycotoxins some of which remain in the crop residues let in the field after harvest. Whether the presence of mycotoxins in the crop residues gives an advantage to F. graminearum to survive and develop a primary inoculum in the presence of the whole soil biota including fungi, bacteria, protozoa, nematodes and earthworms was tested. The impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) on the soil communities was evaluated in the field and in microcosms, in wheat and in maize residues under tillage and no-tillage conditions. The disease development and the yield were noted in the field experiment. Some DON resistant active fungal decomposers and nitrogen fixing bacteria were picked and the dynamics of F. graminearum was observed in their presence, in the presence or absence of DON. DON in crop residues had an impact on the biotic components of the soil but the impact depended on the communities and on the location of the residues. The molecular biomass showed that fungal and bacterial densities were significantly affected by DON. The latter played significant role on the structure of bacterial and protozoan community while the nematodes and fungal communities remained unaffected. However, the minimal inhibitory concentration tests revealed that the susceptibility of some competitive fungal strains to DON was dose-dependent. Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) were not affected by the presence of mycotoxin. The degradation of DON in the residues was dependent on the time, the location of residues and the soil biota. Obviously DON gave no advantage for the survival and development of primary inoculum during the decomposition of crop residues in the soil. Moreover fungal decomposers can be selected on their enzymatic potential towards organic matter more than on the DON resistance to increase the degradation of the straw left at the surface and limit the subsequent development of F. graminearum. Keywords: Biological control, habitat, soil ecology, saprophytic phase 41
SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY Elucidation of the F. graminearum butenolide biosynthetic gene cluster L. J. Harris, A. Johnston, W. Bosnich, A. Leblanc, B. Blackwell, D. Schneiderman Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada E-mail: linda.harris@agr.gc.ca Fusarium graminearum is a significant pathogen in temperate climes worldwide, causing head blight in small grain cereals like wheat, barley, oats as well as ear and stalk rot in maize. This fungus is capable of producing a wide range of secondary metabolites, including acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone, culmorin and butenolide. We have been exploiting the genomic resources of F. graminearum to characterize genes and gene clusters involved in secondary metabolism. FGSG_08079 (But1) was previously shown to be required for butenolide production (Harris et al., 2007) and resides within a gene cluster (FGSG_08077 – FGSG_08084) that is highly induced under conditions also favorable for trichothecene biosynthesis. The FGSG_08077 – FGSG_08084 cluster is expressed within 24 hours of F. graminearum infection of wheat and barley heads and maize ears. We have disrupted six additional genes within this cluster and conducted metabolite profiling of the mutant strains grown in vitro using HPLC and NMR. FGSG_08080 (But2) encodes a Zn(2)-Cys(6) zinc binuclear cluster protein whose disruption prevents induction of this gene cluster. Two of the candidate structural genes (FGSG_08081 and FGSG_08083) are required for butenolide biosynthesis while disruption of two other genes only reduced butenolide production. The predicted activities of the required proteins correlate well with the proposed butenolide pathway. We also observed that disruption of FGSG_08077 and FGSG_08081 led to reduced 15-ADON production in vitro. Although wheathead inoculation with these gene disruptants also resulted in significantly less DON in planta, there was no significant difference when normalized against the amount of fungal genomic DNA. The role of butenolide in fungal biology is not known; the loss of butenolide biosynthesis does not result in the dramatic loss of virulence observed with trichothecene nonproducers. Keywords: butenolide, gene cluster, secondary metabolism, Fusarium graminearum 42
Page 1 and 2: Bordeaux EFS12 12 th European Fusar
Page 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Welcome from the
Page 7: 4 SPONSORSHIP The 12 th European Fu
Page 11 and 12: 8 13:00 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 15:00
Page 13 and 14: 10 Session 4: Genetics of Hosts - P
Page 15 and 16: 12 Thursday, May 16 th Session 6: F
Page 17 and 18: Evidence for birth-and-death evolut
Page 19 and 20: Future challenges of Fusarium and m
Page 21 and 22: P35 - Screening deoxynivalenol in o
Page 23 and 24: P76 - Fusarium verticillioides and
Page 25 and 26: P113 - Agronomic practices and risk
Page 28: ORAL PRESENTATIONS 25
Page 32 and 33: KEYNOTE LECTURE SESSION 1: FUSARIUM
Page 34 and 35: SESSION 1: FUSARIUM - GENETICS, GEN
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POSTER PRESENTATIONS 91
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de Hoog G. S., 89, 114, 236 de Kler
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Ponts N., 33, 36, 82, 94, 104, 106,
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BOKU-University of Natural Resource
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touatisihem03@yahoo.fr He Xinyao In
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steve.oliver@bioc.cam.ac. uk Ortega
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Subramaniam Gopal Agriculture and A
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