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SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLDWIDE P137 - A role for carboxylesterases in the chemotype shift in F. graminearum populations? C. Schmeitzl 1 , F. Berthiller 2 , M. Shams 2 , J. A. Torres-Acosta 1 , G. Wiesenberger 1 , M. Lemmens 3 , P. Spörhase 1 , G. Adam 1 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU); 1 Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; 2 Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, Center of Analytical Chemistry; 3 Biotechnology in Plant Production, A-3430 Tulln, Austria E-mail: clemens.schmeitzl@boku.ac.at A shift in F. graminearum populations, favoring the 3-Acetyl-DON (3-ADON) over the 15-Acetyl-DON (15–ADON) chemotype, has been observed in many parts of the world. In a wheat germ coupled in vitro transcription and translation system the order of toxicity was determined to be 15 ADON > DON >>> 3-ADON. So it is unclear why maintaining the 3-acetyl-group (which is used for self-protection during toxin synthesis of Fusarium) could be of advantage. Our hypothesis is that the C3-acetyl group prevents detoxification of DON to DON-3-O-glucoside by cytosolic plant UDP-glucosyltransferases. There is evidence that this is the mode of action of the now widely deployed resistance gene Fhb1 of wheat (Lemmens et al. 2005). Yet, the toxin has to be deacetylated eventually, to be able to interact with the ribosomal target. The deacetylation reactions are not only catalyzed by seemingly cell surface associated extracellular Fusarium Tri8 protein but also by currently uncharacterized plant carboxylesterases. Deacetylation of 3-ADON was observed in different tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana and the monocot model system Brachypodium distachyon, and in crop plants like wheat and maize. Especially wheat ears can efficiently deacetylate 3-ADON into DON. Based on sequence similarity with the carboxylesterase gene family of A. thaliana, we have identified candidate genes in B. distachyon. The cellular localization of the gene products is unknown, but some seem to be localized to the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) based on bioinformatics tools. If deacetylation takes place in the ER, the released DON (protected there from cytosolic UGTs) might preferentially target ribosomes at the rough ER. Some of the candidate Brachypodium carboxylesterase genes were found to be induced upon 3-ADON treatment. We have started to test the carboxylesterase activity by expressing candidate genes in yeast and performing in vivo feeding assays. Keywords: Fusarium, carboxylesterase, plant pathogen interaction 231
SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLDWIDE P138 - Occurrence of Fusarium spp., black Aspergillus spp., and associated mycotoxins in Italian maize in 2011 A. Moretti 1 , A. F. Logrieco 1 , A. Susca 1 , M. Sulyok 2 , R. Krska 2 , G. Mulè 1 , G. P. Munkvold 3 1 Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, CNR-ISPA, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; 2 Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA- Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A- 3430 Tulln, Austria; 3 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 160 Seed Science Ames, IA 50011, USA E-mail: munkvold@iastate.edu Infection by mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium is common in Italian maize, and unacceptable levels of associated mycotoxins can sometimes occur. Levels of infection and mycotoxin contamination vary across locations and years, therefore monitoring these phenomena is an important ongoing activity. While fumonisin contamination has traditionally been attributed solely to species of Fusarium, recent evidence suggests that fungi in the genus Aspergillus (Section Nigri) may also contribute to fumonisins in maize. In 2011, 153 maize kernel samples were collected at harvest from fields in 7 Italian regions; incidence of fungal infection was evaluated by culturing a subsample of kernels. Tentative species identification by morphological characteristics was confirmed by sequencing part of the β-tubulin (βt) and calmodulin (caM) genes, while a LC/MS/MS multimycotoxin method was used to measure mycotoxins. Greater than 96% of samples were contaminated by Fusarium species, ranging from 1% to 100% of kernels, with a mean incidence per region ranging from 39.7% to 76.2%. Species of Aspergillus in section Nigri occurred in approximately 29% of samples, ranging from 1% to 33% of kernels with a mean incidence per region ranging from 0% to 4.3%. In samples infected with Aspergillus section Nigri, there was an inverse relationship between levels of infection by Aspergillus spp. and levels of infection by Fusarium spp. The occurrence of FBs was very high: 144 samples contained FB1 with 74 samples ranging from 1 mg/kg to 181 mg/kg; 113 samples contained FB2 with 35 samples ranging from 1 mg/kg to 45.1 mg/kg; 114 samples contained FB3 with 12 samples ranging from 1 mg/kg to 10.3 mg/kg. Considering the high levels of contamination by fumonisin-producing Fusarium species, it appears that fumonisin contamination was primarily due to Fusarium spp., with little contribution by Aspergillus spp. Other Fusarium mycotoxins also were common, sometimes at high levels Keywords: Aspergillus, fumonisins, Fusarium, Italy, maize 232
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Bordeaux EFS12 12 th European Fusar
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Welcome from the
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4 SPONSORSHIP The 12 th European Fu
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8 13:00 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 15:00
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10 Session 4: Genetics of Hosts - P
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12 Thursday, May 16 th Session 6: F
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Evidence for birth-and-death evolut
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Future challenges of Fusarium and m
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P35 - Screening deoxynivalenol in o
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P76 - Fusarium verticillioides and
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P113 - Agronomic practices and risk
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ORAL PRESENTATIONS 25
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KEYNOTE LECTURE SESSION 1: FUSARIUM
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SESSION 1: FUSARIUM - GENETICS, GEN
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KEYNOTE LECTURE SESSION 2: SECONDAR
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SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES -
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KEYNOTE LECTURE SESSION 5: DISEASE
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SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORE
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SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUR
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SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUR
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POSTER PRESENTATIONS 91
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Page 247 and 248: BOKU-University of Natural Resource
Page 249 and 250: touatisihem03@yahoo.fr He Xinyao In
Page 251 and 252: steve.oliver@bioc.cam.ac. uk Ortega
Page 253 and 254: Subramaniam Gopal Agriculture and A
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