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SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY P25 - Influence of pre-harvest moisture and harvest time on fusarium mycotoxin concentrations in winter wheat L. L. Kharbikar, E. T. Dickin, S. G. Edwards Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK E-mail: llkharbikar@harper-adams.ac.uk Fusarium graminearum is the most devastating head blight pathogen and contaminates grain with the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON). Rainfall at anthesis is known to influence the infection and subsequent production of these mycotoxins in wheat but less is known of the impact of rainfall later in the growing season. In 2008 the UK suffered the highest recorded levels of DON and ZON and this was possibly related to the delayed wet harvest. Anecdotal evidence from end-users suggested that more grain deliveries at intake failed to meet legislative limits when harvested after rather than before the delays. The impact of pre-harvest moisture and harvest time on mycotoxin concentrations in winter wheat was studied in two controlled environments. After inoculation with isolates of F. graminearum at anthesis, plants were bagged for 96 h. At hard dough maturity ears were kept moist by watering for 2 minutes every hour for 8 hours a day using a watering can and bagged overnight or left dry until harvest and harvested when ripe one week later (early harvest) and again a week later (late harvest). Ears were harvested, dried and then milled. Mycotoxin concentrations were determined using R-Biopharm ELISA kits. Low level of ZON in the first experiment suggested the water treatment was not sufficient to stimulate ZON production. Therefore, in a second experiment plants were mist irrigated for 2 hours every day and bagged overnight to retain the moisture after hard dough maturity until harvest. DON levels were very high as a result of the severe infection achieved within these experiments; however the impact of preharvest moisture and harvest date was greater for zearalenone. Results indicate that, late season moisture can significantly increase DON and ZON in wheat and early harvesting, if practical, is strongly advised to reduce the mycotoxin levels in wheat. Keywords: Pre-harvest rainfall, Fusarium graminearum, zearalenone, wheat 117
SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY P26 - Contamination of wheat grain with microscopic fungi and their metabolites in Poland in the years 2006–2009 K. Stuper 1 , T. Góral 2 , J. Perkowski 1 1 Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego str. 75, 60–637 Poznan, Poland; 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute NRI, Radzików, 05-870 Blonie, Poland E-mail: kstuper@up.poznan.pl Microscopic fungi are microorganisms commonly found in cereal products. Pathogens of cereals colonising kernels are responsible, among other things, for deterioration of the technological value of grain. However, the greatest threat is posed by Fusarium mycotoxins produced by toxin-forming strains of these microorganisms. The aim of the present investigations was to determine the level of contamination with microscopic fungi and mycotoxins from the group of trichothecenes in wheat grain from Poland in a 4-year cycle. In the period from 2006 to 2009 studies were conducted on the content of fungal metabolites (ergosterol [ERG] and type A and B trichothecenes) and the content of microscopic fungi expressed in colony-forming units (CFU) in wheat grain. A total of 129 grain samples were examined. Analysed wheat samples had similar contents of both the investigated fungal metabolites and levels of microscopic fungi. Contents of microscopic fungi were low. Concentration of ERG was on average 2.64 mg/kg, while in colony forming units this value ranged from 10 1 CFU/g to over 10 3 CFU/g. The total concentration of type A and B trichothecenes was also low and within the four years of the investigations did not exceed 0.062 mg/kg. Concentration of DON did not exceed 1250 µg/kg, established as safe in grain for human consumption, in any of the tested samples. For the results collected in the years 2006–2009 and presented in this paper correlations were calculated between the amount of mycoflora and analysed metabolites in three possible combinations. They were 0.7096 for ERG/total toxin concentration, 0.6086 for ERG/log CFU/g, and 0.4016 for the concentration of total toxins/log CFU/g. Highly significant correlations between the content of trichothecenes and the concentration of ERG indicate that the level of this metabolite is closely related to the content of mycotoxins in grain. Keywords: CFU, ergosterol, trichothecenes, wheat 118
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Bordeaux EFS12 12 th European Fusar
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Welcome from the
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4 SPONSORSHIP The 12 th European Fu
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8 13:00 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 15:00
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10 Session 4: Genetics of Hosts - P
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12 Thursday, May 16 th Session 6: F
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Evidence for birth-and-death evolut
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Future challenges of Fusarium and m
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P35 - Screening deoxynivalenol in o
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P76 - Fusarium verticillioides and
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P113 - Agronomic practices and risk
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ORAL PRESENTATIONS 25
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KEYNOTE LECTURE SESSION 1: FUSARIUM
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SESSION 1: FUSARIUM - GENETICS, GEN
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de Hoog G. S., 89, 114, 236 de Kler
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Ponts N., 33, 36, 82, 94, 104, 106,
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BOKU-University of Natural Resource
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touatisihem03@yahoo.fr He Xinyao In
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steve.oliver@bioc.cam.ac. uk Ortega
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Subramaniam Gopal Agriculture and A
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