EFS12- Book of abstracts - Contact

Bordeaux
EFS12
12 th European Fusarium Seminar
FUSARIUM
Programme
&
Abstracts
MYCOTOXINS, TAXONOMY, GENOMICS,
BIOSYNTHESIS, PATHOGENICITY,
RESISTANCE, DISEASE CONTROL
12 th -16 th MAY 2013
PALAIS DE LA BOURSE, BORDEAUX,
FRANCE

Edited by INRA UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue E. Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
Printed in 2013 by www.copy-media.net, CS20023, 33693 Mérignac Cedex, France
The 12 th European Fusarium Seminar logo was created by Laetitia Pinson-Gadais, INRA UR1264
MycSA, Bordeaux, France
Photo credits
Christian Barreau, Françoise Turtaut, Christine Ducos, & Laetitia Pinson-Gadais

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Welcome from the Organising Committee 3
Sponsorship 4
Scientific Programme 7
Lecture and Poster Index 13
Oral Presentations 25
Poster Presentations 91
Author Index 237
List of Participants 243
ORGANISING COMMITTEE
PROGRAM CHAIR: Christian BARREAU (FR)
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:
Gerhard ADAM (AT) Akos MESTERHAZY (HU)
Elzbieta CZEMBOR (PL) Thomas MIEDANER (DE)
Etienne DUVEILLER (MX) Paul NICHOLSON (UK)
Miriam ETCHEVERRY (AR) Isabelle OSWALD (FR)
Geert HAESAERT (BE) Florence RICHARD-FORGET (FR)
Linda HARRIS (CA) Ulf THRANE (DK)
Mariana ITTU (RO) David VAN SANFORD (USA)
Corby KISTLER (USA) Altus VILJOEN (ZA)
Antonio LOGRIECO (IT) Cees WAALWIJK (NL)
John MANNERS (AU)
LOCAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:
Marie FOULONGNE-ORIOL Olivier PUEL
Francis FLEURAT-LESSARD Jean-Michel SAVOIE
Nadia PONTS
LOCAL ORGANISERS:
Vessela ATANASOVA-PENICHON Laetitia PINSON-GADAIS
Christian BARREAU Nadia PONTS
Francis FLEURAT-LESSARD Florence RICHARD-FORGET
Marie FOULONGNE-ORIOL Jean-Michel SAVOIE

WELCOME FROM THE ORGANISING COMMITTEE
More than twenty-five years have passed since the first European Fusarium
Seminar started in 1987 at the initiative of Jerzy CheBkowski at the Warsaw
Agricultural University (Poland). Since then it has been organized every two to
three years in a different country, involving scientists, breeders, stakeholders and
policy makers acting worldwide together to fight again the “cereal killer” Fusarium.
This year, it is the first time France hosts this prestigious seminar, and the city of
Bordeaux is very proud to gather the Fusarium community together in the historic
building of “Le Palais de la Bourse”.
The first description of the disease caused by Fusarium, named then “Fusarium
Head Blight”, was made by G.W. Smith in 1884. Twenty years later, the
experimental reproduction of the disease allowed the discovery of the diversity in
susceptibility of cereals to the pathogen and opened the era of breeding for
resistance to Fusarium. Years of development of modern agriculture and the use
of fungicides allowed the control of Fusarium Head blight. However, when climatic
conditions are unfavorable, there still are episodes of blight epidemics impossible
to contain. In addition, the discovery that Aspergillus species in the early 1960
produced the highly toxic and carcinogenic aflatoxins led to the investigation of
other molds for production of such mycotoxins in crops. It was discovered that
many Fusarium species could produce harmful mycotoxins such as
trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisines. To protect their consumers,
developed countries elaborated strict regulations that constrain the trade of
cereals worldwide. This has been the case in Europe since 2007. These
regulations gave tremendous impulse to the research on Fusarium and its allies,
as can be judged by the exponentially increasing number of publications dealing
with Fusarium species and their mycotoxins.
Since the first European Fusarium Meeting in 1987, the research evolved, and a
decade ago, we entered in the era of “omics”. The publication of the genome of
various Fusarium species and the study of their transcriptome, proteome and
metabolome, now allow the considering of the “Systems Biology” of mycotoxin
production. The deciphering of the genomes of different model hosts and cereals
is progressing rapidly today. We are all working with the great hope that
understanding the fungal/plant interactions at the molecular level will allow us to
win the battle. It is this hope that motivates our struggle and brings people not
only from Europe, but also from many countries worldwide to Bordeaux to
exchange their latest findings and ideas during this meeting.
I wish to express here my thanks to all my colleagues who greatly helped me to
make this 12 th European Fusarium Seminar as engaging, informative, and fruitful
as possible. On behalf of the scientific committee, I trust everybody will have a
very successful and exiting seminar. On behalf of the organising committee, we
are glad to welcome you to Bordeaux and hope you will appreciate our charming
historic city.
Christian BARREAU
Chair of EFS12
“Welcome to Bordeaux”
3

4
SPONSORSHIP
The 12 th European Fusarium Seminar gratefully acknowledges the following
companies and organisations for their generous contributions.

Sunday, May 12 th
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME
12 th European Fusarium Seminar
Palais de la Bourse
Bordeaux, France, 12-16 May 2013
15:00 – 19:00 Registration & Poster fixing
19:00 – 21:00 Welcome Cocktail
Monday, May 13 th
09:00 – 10:00 Welcome and Opening
10:00 – 10:30 Introductory Lecture
“Fusarium pathogenomics: how to become a cereal
killer?”
John Manners (CSIRO Plant Industry, Australia)
10:30 – 11:00 Coffee Break
Session 1: Fusarium – Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology
Chairpersons: Nadia Ponts (FR) & Theo van der Lee (NL)
11:00 – 11:30 Keynote lecture
“Systems biology of the yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae: a model for all fungi?”
Steve Oliver (University of Cambridge, UK)
11:30 – 11:45 “Comparative genomics between 3- and 15-ADON F.
graminearum chemotypes”
Gopal Subramaniam (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada)
11:45 – 12:00 “EBR1, a master regulator shaping the transcriptional
landscape of Fusarium graminearum”
Theo van der Lee (Wageningen-UR, The Netherlands)
12:00 – 12:15 “The GABA shunt of Fusarium graminearum is essential
for successful colonization of wheat spikes”
Jakob Bönnighausen (University Hambourg, Germany)
12:15 – 12:30 “Fgap1-mediated response to oxidative stress in
trichothecene-producing Fusarium graminearum”
Mathilde Montibus (INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, France)
12:30 – 12:45 “Using redox-proteomics to identify targets of NADPH
oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species in Fusarium
graminearum”
Christof Rampitsch (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada)
12:45 – 13:00 “Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A regulates
reactive oxygen species, DON, and virulence of
Fusarium graminearum and its activation is essential for
cell viability”
Wilhelm Shäfer (University Hamburg, Germany)
7

8
13:00 – 14:00 Lunch
14:00 – 15:00 Poster session I (sessions 1 to 3; odd numbers)
15:00 – 15:15 “Transcriptomic profiling of fumonisin B biosynthesis by
Fusarium verticillioides”
Nadia Ponts (INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, France)
15:15 – 15:30 “Molecular network of nitrate sensing and assimilation in
Fusarium fujikuroi”
Andreas Pfannmüller (Universität Münster, Germany)
15:30 – 15:45 “The linoleate synthase gene lds1 thoroughly affects
conidiogenesis and fumonisin synthesis in Fusarium
verticillioides”
Valeria Scala (Università La Sapienza, Italy)
Session 2: Secondary metabolites – Biochemistry, Biosynthesis, Feed
and Food Safety
Chairpersons: Isabelle Oswald (FR) & Corby Kistler (USA)
15:45 – 16:15 Keynote lecture
“Metabolisation of deoxynivalenol in planta: old and new
compounds and their role in food safety”
Frantz Berthiller (BOKU, Austria)
16:15 – 16:45 Coffee Break
16:45 – 17:00 “Cellular adaptations for trichothecene biosynthesis in
Fusarium graminearum”
H. Corby Kistler (University of Minnesota, USA)
17:00 – 17:15 “Ecological role of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium
graminearum”
Christian Steinberg (INRA Dijon, France)
17:15 – 17:30 “Elucidation of the F. graminearum butenolide
biosynthetic gene cluster”
Linda Harris (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada)
17:30 – 17:45 “Fusarium graminearum in depth: a novel method to
identify new metabolites by isotopic labeling and high
resolution mass spectrometry”
Patricia Cano (INRA Toulouse, France)
17:45 – 18:00 “Evidence for birth-and-death evolution and horizontal
transfer of a mycotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in
Fusarium”
François van Hove (Université Catholique du Louvain,
Belgium)
18:00 – 18:15 “Awaking' silent gene clusters in the rice pathogen
Fusarium fujikuroi”
Sarah Rösler (Universität Münster, Germany)
18:15 – 18:30 “The type of interaction between type B Trichothecenes
on the intestine varies with the dose”
Imourana Alassane-Kpembi (INRA Toulouse, France)
18:30 – 18:45 “Dose response study based in vitro selection of an
adsorbent capable to alleviate the negative in vivo
effects of zearalenone in female weaned piglets”
Monique Baeke (Kemin, Belgium)

Tuesday, May 14 th
Session 3: Pathogenesis – Epidemiology and Population Genetics
Chairpersons: Christian Steinberg (FR) & Quirico Migheli (IT)
08:30 – 9:00 Keynote lecture
“The life cycle of a head blight pathogen, Fusarium
graminearum, and its importance to agriculture”
Frances Trail (Michigan State University, USA)
09:00 – 09:15 “Fusarium graminearum: Species or Clade?”
John F. Leslie (Kansas State University, USA)
09:15 – 09:30 “Dynamic of production and maturation of Gibberella
zeae perithecia on crop debris”
Valentina Manstretta (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore,
Italy)
09:30 – 09:45 “Insights into the Fusarium-wheat root pathosystem
uncover a hidden danger to wheat production”
Sven Gottwald (Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Germany)
09:45 – 10:00 “Characterization of the Fusarium root rot complex in
soybean”
Gary Munkvold (Iowa State University, USA)
10:00 – 10:15 “Genetic and phenotypic diversity of Fusarium
graminearum, and interactions between Fusarium
species in oats”
Heidi U. Aamot (Bioforsk, Norway)
10:15 – 10:30 “New emerging trichothecene-producing Fusarium
species in northern Europe and Asia”
Tapani Yli-Mattila (University of Turku, Finland)
10:30 – 11:00 Coffee Break
11:00 – 11:15 “Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat in Algeria: level of
grains contamination and evaluation of wheat cultivars
for resistance to F. culmorum and F. graminearum”
Zouaoui Bouznad (Université Tlijène Laghouat, Algeria)
11:15 – 11:30 “Comparisons of Fusarium species obtained from
healthy and diseased wheat plants in three agroecological
regions of Turkey”
Berna Tunali (Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey)
11:30 – 11:45 “Race Scenario of Fusarium oxysporum f sp. ciceris, wilt
pathogen of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
Mamta Sharma (ICRISAT, India)
11:45 – 12:00 “Synopsis of microscopic and molecular studies in F.
langsethiae pathogenicity”
Hege H. Divon (Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Norway)
12:00 – 13:00 Poster session I (sessions 1 to 3; even numbers)
13:00 – 14:00 Lunch
9

10
Session 4: Genetics of Hosts – Plant Resistance to Fusarium, Variety
Development
Chairpersons: Thierry Langin (FR) & Paul Nicholson (UK)
14:00 – 14:30 Keynote lecture 1
“Resistance improvement of wheat to Fusarium head
blight: challenges and possibilities”
Hermann Buerstmayr (BOKU, Austria)
14:30 – 14:45 “Progress in breeding FHB-resistant winter wheat in
Ontario, Canada”
Ljiljana Tamburic-Ilincic (University of Guelph, Canada)
14:45 – 15:00 “Identification of Frontana derived QTL linked to
Fusarium head blight, Fusarium damaged kernel and
deoxynivalenol content”
Agnes Szabo-Hever (Cereal Research Nonprofit Ltd.,
Hungary)
15:00 – 15:15 “FHB resistance in soft red winter wheat: breeding and
genomic selection”
Clay Sneller (Ohio State University, USA)
15:15 – 15:30 “Screening for new sources of FHB and DON resistance
in Chinese germplasm collected at CIMMYT genebank”
Xinyao He (International Maize and Wheat Improvement
Center, Mexico)
15:30 – 15:45 “Expression QTL mapping for Fusarium Head Blight
resistance in Wheat”
Mina Samad Zamini (BOKU, Austria)
15:45 – 16:00 “A systemic approach in wheat breeding for high yield
and resistance to Fusarium graminearum”
Pedro Luiz Scheeren (Embrapa, Brazil)
16:00 – 16:30 Coffee Break
16:30 – 16:45 “Molecular and genetic analysis of Fusarium head blight
resistance in triticale (xTriticosecale)”
Thomas Miedaner (University of Hohenheim, Germany)
16:45 – 17:15 Keynote lecture 2
“Metabolo-proteomics approach to identify candidate
genes for wheat resistance to Fusarium head blight”
Ajjamada Kushalappa (McGill University, Canada)
17:15 – 17:30 “Semi-dwarf ‘uzu’ barley carries enhanced resistance to
a range of pathogens including Fusarium culmorum”
Fiona Doohan (University College Dublin, Ireland)
17:30 – 17:45 “Meta-analysis of resistance to Fusarium head blight
among tetraploid wheat genetic resources – implications
for resistance breeding of durum wheat”
Maria Buerstmayr (BOKU, Austria)
17:45 – 18:00 “Wheat gene network dynamics in response to Fusarium
graminearum and functional validation of candidate
resistance genes”
Gerald Siegwart (BOKU, Austria)

18:00 – 18:15 “Identification of wheat susceptibility factors to
Fusarium graminearum”
Chérif Chetouhi (INRA Clermont-Ferrand, France)
18:15 – 18:30 “In planta inactivation of Fusarium mycotoxins”
Gerhard Adam (BOKU, Austria)
Wednesday, May 15 th
Session 5: Disease Control and Forecasting Models
Chairpersons: Francis Fleurat-Lessard (FR) & Susanne Vogelgsang (CH)
08:30 – 09:00 Keynote lecture
“Plant disease prediction using data mining and machine
learning: a case study on Fusarium head blight and
deoxynivalenol content in winter wheat”
Sofie Landschoot (University College Ghent, Belgium)
09:00 – 09:15 “Wheat monitoring in Switzerland: Which cropping
factors influence occurrence of Fusarium species and
mycotoxins?”
Susanne Vogelgsang (Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon
Research Station ART, Switzerland)
09:15 – 09:30 “Influence of agricultural practices on Fusarium spp. and
mycotoxin contamination of Norwegian cereal”
Ingerd S. Hofgaard (Bioforsk, Norway)
09:30 – 09:45 “Forecasting helps to target DON toxin testing”
Timo Kaukoranta (MTT Agrifood Research Finland)
09:45 – 10:00 “Forecasting of Fusarium Head Blight and
deoxynivalenol in wheat with FusaProg to support
growers and industry”
Hans-Rudolf Forrer (Research Station Agroscope
Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, Switzerland)
10:00 – 10:15 “Mycotoxins risk assessment in cereals and corn, from
monitoring to predictive models”
Alain Froment (Syngenta, France)
10:15 – 10:30 “Biological strategy applied to maize preharvest
agroecosystem in Argentina to prevent fumonisin
contamination”
Miriam Etcheverry (Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto,
Argentina)
10:30 – 11:00 Coffee Break
11:00 – 11:15 “Maize kernel antioxidants and their potential
involvement in Gibberella and Fusarium Ear Rot
resistance”
Vessela Atanasova-Penichon (INRA Bordeaux, France)
11:15 – 11:30 “Trichoderma gamsii 6085 as a tool for the biological
control of FHB on wheat”
Sabrina Sarrocco (University of Pisa, Italy)
11:30 – 12:30 Poster session II (sessions 4 to 6; odd numbers)
12:30 – 13:30 Lunch
13:30 – 19:00 Architecture & Wine Discovering Tour of Saint Emilion
19:00 – 22:00 Gala Dinner
11

12
Thursday, May 16 th
Session 6: Future Challenges for Europe and Worlwide
Chairpersons: Christian Barreau (FR) & Antonio Logrieco (IT)
09:00 – 09:30 Keynote lecture
“The risks related to Fusarium mycotoxins at global
level: emerging problems and possible solutions”
Antonio Logrieco (Institute of Sciences of Food Production,
Italy)
09:30 – 09:45 “Future challenges of Fusarium and mycotoxins on
cereals in Northern Europe”
Päivi Parikka (MTT Agrifood Research, Finland)
09:45 – 10:00 “Climate change impacts on mycotoxins in cereal grain
production”
Monique de Nijs (RIKILT Wageningen UR, The Netherlands)
10:00 – 10:15 “Uneven and surprising colonization of water pipes of
hospitals and non-hospital sites by Fusarium oxysporum
and F. dimerum”
Véronique Edel-Hermann (INRA Dijon, France)
10:15 – 10:30 “Dermatologic infections by Fusarium species in a
tropical clinic”
Anne D. van Diepeningen (CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity
Centre, The Netherlands)
10:30 – 11:00 Coffee Break
11:00 – 12:00 Poster session II (sessions 4 to 6; even numbers)
12:00 – 12:30 Closing Remarks
Important information:
Lunches and coffee breaks will be served on site.
Oral presentations: all speakers must bring their presentations to the uploading
area (near the front desk) no later than 20 minutes prior the half-day of their
scheduled talk.
Poster presentations: each poster will be up for 2 days, according to their
scientific session (see table below). They must be mounted in the morning of the
first day, and dismounted in the evening of the second day. Speakers are
expected to attend their posters during the designated time periods and according
to their attributed numbers (even or odd).
Poster Session I
(Monday 13 th through
Tuesday 14 th )
Poster Session II
(Wednesday 15 th
through Thursday 16 th )
Session 1: Fusarium – Genomics, Genomics and
Systems Biology
Session 2: Secondary Metabolites – Biochemistry,
Biosynthesis, Feed and Food Safety
Session 3: Pathogenesis – Epidemiology and
Population Genetics
Session 4: Genetics of Hosts – Resistance to
Fusarium, Variety Development
Session 5: Disease Control and Forecasting Models
Session 6: Future Challenges for Europe and Worlwide

Oral Presentations Abstracts
Opening
LECTURE AND POSTER INDEX
Fusarium pathogenomics: How to become a cereal killer? 27
Session 1: Fusarium - Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology
Systems biology in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a model for all fungi? 29
Comparative genomics between 3- and 15-ADON F. graminearum
chemotypes 30
EBR1, a master regulator shaping the transcriptional landscape of Fusarium
graminearum 31
The GABA shunt of Fusarium graminearum is essential for successful
colonization of wheat spikes 32
Fgap1-mediated response to oxidative stress in trichothecene-producing
Fusarium graminearum. 33
Using redox-proteomics to identify targets of NADPH oxidase-generated
reactive oxygen species in Fusarium graminearum. 34
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A regulates reactive oxygen species,
DON, and virulence of Fusarium graminearum and its activation is essential
for cell viability. 35
Transcriptomic profiling of fumonisin B biosynthesis by Fusarium verticillioides 36
Molecular network of nitrate sensing and assimilation in Fusarium fujikuroi 37
The linoleate synthase gene lds1 thoroughly affects conidiogenesis and
fumonisin synthesis in Fusarium verticillioides 38
Session 2: Secondary Metabolites - Biochemistry, Biosynthesis, Feed
and Food Safety
Metabolisation of deoxynivalenol in planta: Old and new compounds and their
role in food safety 39
Cellular adaptations for trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum 40
Ecological role of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium graminearum 41
Elucidation of the F. graminearum butenolide biosynthetic gene cluster 42
Fusarium graminearum in depth: a novel method to identify new metabolites
by isotopic labelling and high resolution mass spectrometry 43
13

Evidence for birth-and-death evolution and horizontal transfer of a mycotoxin
biosynthetic gene cluster in Fusarium 44
'Awaking' silent gene clusters in the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi 45
The type of interaction between type B Trichothecenes on the intestine varies
with the dose 46
Dose response study based in vitro selection of an adsorbent capable to
alleviate the negative in vivo effects of zearalenone in female weaned piglets. 47
Session 3: Pathogenesis - Epidemiology and Population Genetics
The life cycle of a head blight pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, and its
importance to agriculture 49
Fusarium graminearum: Species or Clade? 50
Dynamic of production and maturation of Gibberella zeae perithecia on crop
debris 51
Insights into the Fusarium-wheat root pathosystem uncover a hidden danger
to wheat production 52
Characterization of the Fusarium root rot complex in soybean 53
Genetic and phenotypic diversity of Fusarium graminearum, and interactions
between Fusarium species in oats 54
New emerging trichothecene-producing Fusarium species in northern Europe
and Asia 55
Fusarium head blight of wheat in Algeria: preliminary investigations into the
relationship with some isolates and cultivars resistance 56
Comparisons of Fusarium species obtained from healthy and diseased wheat
plants in three agro-ecological regions of Turkey 57
Race Scenario of Fusarium oxysporum f sp. ciceris, wilt pathogen of chickpea
(Cicer arietinum L.) 58
Synopsis of microscopic and molecular studies in F. langsethiae
pathogenicity. 59
Session 4: Genetics of Hosts - Plant Resistance to Fusarium, Variety
Development
Resistance improvement of wheat to Fusarium head blight: challenges and
possibilities 61
Progress in breeding FHB-resistant winter wheat in Ontario, Canada 62
Identification of Frontana derived QTL linked to Fusarium head blight,
Fusarium damaged kernel and deoxynivalenol content 63
FHB Resistance in Soft Red Winter Wheat: Breeding and Genomic Selection 64
14

Screening for new sources of FHB and DON resistance in Chinese
germplasm collected at CIMMYT genebank 65
Expression QTL mapping for Fusarium Head Blight resistance in Wheat 66
A systemic approach in wheat breeding for high yield and resistance to
Fusarium graminearum 67
Molecular and genetic analysis of Fusarium head blight resistance in triticale
(xTriticosecale) 68
Metabolo-proteomics approach to identify candidate genes for wheat
resistance to fusarium head blight 69
Semi-dwarf ‘uzu’ barley carries enhanced resistance to a range of pathogens
including Fusarium culmorum 70
Meta-analysis of resistance to Fusarium head blight among tetraploid wheat
genetic resources – implications for resistance breeding of durum wheat 71
Wheat gene network dynamics in response to Fusarium graminearum and
functional validation of candidate resistance genes 72
Identification of wheat susceptibility factors to Fusarium graminearum 73
In planta inactivation of Fusarium mycotoxins 74
Session 5: Disease Control and Forecasting Models
Plant disease prediction using data mining and machine learning: a case
study on Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol content in winter wheat 75
Wheat monitoring in Switzerland: Which cropping factors influence occurrence
of Fusarium species and mycotoxins? 76
Influence of agricultural practices on Fusarium spp. and mycotoxin
contamination of Norwegian cereals 77
Forecasting helps to target DON toxin testing 78
Forecasting of Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol in Wheat with
FusaProg to support Growers and Industry 79
Mycotoxins risk assessment in cereals and corn, from monitoring to predictive
models 80
Biological strategy applied to maize preharvest agroecosystem in Argentina to
prevent fumonisin contamination 81
Maize kernel antioxidants and their potential involvement in Gibberella and
Fusarium Ear Rot resistance 82
Trichoderma gamsii 6085 as a tool for the biological control of FHB on wheat 83
Session 6: Future Challenges for Europe and Worlwide
The risks related to Fusarium mycotoxins at global level: emerging problems
and possible solutions 85
15

Future challenges of Fusarium and mycotoxins on cereals in Northern Europe 86
Climate change impacts on mycotoxins in cereal grain production 87
Uneven and surprising colonization of water pipes of hospitals and nonhospital
sites by Fusarium oxysporum and F. dimerum 88
Dermatologic infections by Fusarium species in a tropical clinic 89
Poster Presentations Abstracts
Session 1: Fusarium – Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology
P1 - RNA-Seq analysis reveals new gene models and alternative splicing in
the Fusarium graminearum 93
P2 - Genome-wide transcriptional response to ambient pH and Pac1
regulatory factor in Fusarium graminearum 94
P3 - Significance of the hydrophobin FgHyd5p in Fusarium graminearum 95
P4 - Studying gene expression in fungus and planta to understand the
interaction Fusarium verticillioides-maize 96
P5 - Comprehensive inventory on coding and non-coding features of the
genome of Fusarium fujikuroi. 97
P6 - A retrotransposon based approach for the detection of intraspecific
variation among Fusarium oxysporum formae speciales 98
P7 - FCSTUA controls pathogenicity and morpho-physiological traits in
Fusarium culmorum 99
P8 - Interactions between different Fusarium species to uncover multi-toxin
synergistic mechanisms 100
P9 - Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis of Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp. cubense for identification of key genes in the infection cycle of the
pathogen 101
P10 - Interspecific Hybrids between Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium
proliferatum 102
P11 - Identifying indicators of soil suppressiveness to fungal diseases 103
P12 - Disentangling mycotoxin regulatory pathways in Fusarium graminearum
by quantitative genetics 104
Session 2: Secondary Metabolites - Biochemistry, Biosynthesis, Feed
and Food Safety
P13 - Masked mycotoxins in durum wheat: a greenhouse experiment 105
P14 - Metabolomics of growth and type B trichothecenes production in
Fusarium graminearum 106
16

P15 - Effect of pH and temperature on Fusarium langsethiae growth and on
T2 and HT2 toxins production in liquid medium 107
P16 - Volatile compounds in grain of various wheat cultivars naturally infected
and inoculated with Fusarium culmorum 108
P17 - Semiochemical interactions between toxigenic Fusarium fungi and
insects 109
P18 - Effect of cry 1Ab toxins on FUM gene cluster expression and on
fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides 110
P19 - Natural and natural-like inhibitors of trichothecene biosynthesis by
Fusarium 111
P20 - Changes in fungal biomass and fumonisin production by Fusarium
proliferatum strains in the presence of host plant extracts 112
P21 - Correlation between Fusarium DNA and mycotoxin levels in Finnish
oats samples 113
P22 - Geographic differences in trichothecene chemotypes of Fusarium
graminearum in the Northwest and North of Iran 114
P23 - Co-occurrence of mycoflora, aflatoxins and fumonisins in maize and rice
seeds from markets of different districts in Cairo, Egypt 115
P24 - The impact of Fusarium and Microdochium species on the safety and
quality of UK malting barley 116
P25 - Influence of pre-harvest moisture and harvest time on fusarium
mycotoxin concentrations in winter wheat 117
P26 - Contamination of wheat grain with microscopic fungi and their
metabolites in Poland in the years 2006–2009 118
P27 - Fumonisins occurrence in maize cobs infected with opposite mating
type strains of F. verticillioides 119
P28 - Phylogenetic diversity of and fumonisin gene cluster distribution within
Fusarium isolates from wild banana in China 120
P29 - Different levels of fumonisin production and FUM gene cluster
expression on 2B710Hx corn hybrid 121
P30 - Monitoring fumonisin levels in maize samples from Italy during 2006–
2012 122
P31 - Quantification of Fusarium fungi and their mycotoxins in common
buckwheat grain 123
P32 - Chemotype diversity and pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum
species complex originating from Serbian cereals grain 124
P33 - Fusarium toxin in forage rice grown in a paddy field in Japan 125
P34 - A survey on pre- and post-harvest garlic bulbs: Fusarium proliferatum
occurrence and fumonisins (B1, B2) accumulation 126
17

P35 - Screening deoxynivalenol in oat using a quick-method with comparison
to a quantitative GC-MS analysis 127
P36 - Comparison of Veratox® for T-2/HT-2 ELISA test with GC-MS and LC-
MS methods 128
P37 - Validation of an ELISA for the determination of fumonisin in maize
samples for human consumption 129
P38 - Prediction of deoxynivalenol content in wheat by Near Infrared
Reflectance Spectroscopy 130
P39 - PCR chemotyping of Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F.
cerealis isolated from winter wheat in Wallonia, Belgium 131
P40 - Induction of cytotoxicity and apoptosis in mouse blastocysts by enniatin 132
P41 - Evaluation of antifungal activity of ethanol and methanol extracts from
Punica granatum peels on fungal strains producing mycotoxins 133
Session 3: Pathogenesis - Epidemiology and Population Genetics
P42 - Fusarium graminearum/Gibberellea zeae perithecia formation on winter
wheat straw and maize stalks in Swedish climate 135
P43 - Heterochromatin protein 1 (Hep1) deletion in F. graminearum causes
hypervirulence on wheat heads. 136
P44 - A rapid in vitro assay to select mutants of Fusarium impaired in
pathogenicity. 137
P45 - Fusarium poae: chemotype, plant-pathogen interaction and response to
oxidative stress triggers 138
P46 - Study of the in vitro growth and pathogenicity of a collection of Fusarium
spp. and Microdochium nivale obtained from the ear and the collar of wheat
collected in the central region of Algeria 139
P47 - Trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum isolates from
Argentina and its relationship with aggressiveness and fungal colonization of
the wheat spike 140
P48 - Study of in vitro growth and pathogenicity of some isolates of Fusarium
spp. causal agent of Fusarium head scab (FBH) of wheat in Algeria 141
P49 - Pathogenicity of Fusarium temperatum and Fusarium subglutinans on
maize stalk and ear under artificial inoculation under field conditions 142
P50 - Effect of timing of inoculation and Fusarium species on the development
of Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol contamination in oat 143
P51 - Selective pathogenicity and virulence of Fusarium graminearum species
complex members on maize, wheat and sorghum 144
P52 - Aggressiveness and deoxinivalenol production of Fusarium
graminearum isolates from different inoculum sources 145
P53 - Fusarium crown rot of wheat: a survey of Minnesota wheat fields 146
18

P54 - Fusarium Head Blight agents and mycotoxin contamination in barley
kernels in Italy 147
P55 - Occurrence of Fusarium species isolated from Barley and Bread wheat
grain and detection of Deoxynivalenol in Northern Tunisia 148
P56 - Fusarium species associated to durum wheat during 2011-2012 149
P57 - Analysis of the Fusarium graminearum species complex in Brazil shows
high diversity and changes in species prevalence affected by host and
geographic region 150
P58 - Fusarium species associated with Head blight and Foot and Root Rot
on durum wheat in Sardinia, Italy: Results from a 12- year survey 151
P59 - Head blight of wheat in South Africa is associated with numerous
Fusarium species and chemotypes 152
P60 - Fusarium mycotoxin contamination and Fusarium species in Polish
wheat in 2010-2012 153
P61 - Fusarium head blight of wheat in Algeria: Preliminary investigations into
the relationship with some isolates and cultivars resistance 154
P62 - Biodiversity of Fusarium spp. on cereals in different regions of Russia 155
P63 - Interspecific and intraspecific variability of Fusarium fungi 156
P64 - Plant pathogenic fungal interactions in oats 157
P65 - Molecular and chemical analysis of trichothecene diversity of Gibberella
zeae populations from corn, wheat and potatoes in eastern Canada 158
P66 - PCR validation and chemotyping of causal Fusarium species of
Fusarium head blight on south african wheat 159
P67 - Genetic and mycotoxigenic diversity of isolates belonging to the
Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex, and recovered from maize
and banana in China 160
P68 - Population analysis of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto from wheat
and maize in the United Kingdom 161
P69 - The French Fusarium Collection: a living resource for mycotoxin
research 162
P70 - ToxiFusaDB: the online catalogue of the MycSA Fusarium strains
collection 163
P71 - Real time PCR for FHB quantification: bias analysis? 164
P72 - Fusarium spp. on maize in Belgium, from biodiversity to biocontrol 165
P73 - Creation of the State Collection of Fusarium fungal strains 166
P74 - The molecular characterization and determination of genetic variability
in Fusarium verticilloides strains isolated from maize in Turkey 167
P75 - Monitoring of maize contamination by Fusarium mycotoxins in Poland in
2012 168
19

P76 - Fusarium verticillioides and F. subglutinans mating types – distribution
and molecular structure 169
P77 - Geographic distribution and multilocus analysis of Fusarium
subglutinans and F. temperatum from maize worldwide 170
P78 - Molecular characterization of Fusarium species occurring on olive fruits
in Apulia 171
P79 - Evaluation of Fusarium wilt resistance among the accessions of
eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) 172
Session 4: Genetics of Hosts - Plant Resistance to Fusarium, Variety
Development
P80 - Breeding resistance for Fusarium head blight in supporting higher
efficiency of the integrated plant management in wheat 173
P81 - Breeding of cereal cultivars resistant to Fusarium fungi 174
P82 - Interaction between Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for Fusarium head
blight (FHB) resistance and Fusarium graminearum 15-ADON and 3-ADON
chemotypes in spring wheat 175
P83 - Advantage of using native sources of FHB resistance in breeding winter
wheat in Ontario, Canada 176
P84 - Evaluation of German winter wheat cultivars for resistance against
Fusarium head blight and mycotoxin reduction 177
P85 - Promising Fusarium head blight resistance in durum wheat 178
P86 - Selection of aggressive Fusarium isolates for breeding 179
P87 - Developing test method to oats and barley for resistance to Fusarium
langsethiae 180
P88 - Variation for Fusarium head blight resistance and Fusarium toxins
accumulation in winter triticale lines inoculated with Fusarium culmorum 181
P89 - Identification of physiological traits in wheat conferring passive
resistance to Fusarium head blight 182
P90 - Chemotype-specific Fusarium isolates applied for phenotyping of type II
resistance to FHB in wheat 183
P91 - Mapping QTLs for Fusarium head blight response in a durum wheat
elite population 184
P92 - Forthcoming development of diverse FHB and DON resistant wheat in
South Africa 185
P93 - Identification and characterization of wheat genes contributing in plant
resistance to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol 186
P94 - Resistance of winter wheat breeding lines to Fusarium head blight and
accumulation of Fusarium toxins in grain 187
20

P95 - Evaluation of Fusarium Head Bblight resistance in a panel of durum
wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) 188
P96 - Oat resistance to HT2 and T2-producing Fusarium langsethiae 189
P97 - Susceptibility of cereal species to Fusarium langsethiae, a potent
producer of HT2 and T2 190
P98 - Impact of co-infection by Microdochium spp. and Fusarium
graminearum on the assessment of new wheat varieties’ tolerance to FHB and
deoxynivalenol 191
P99 - Testing varieties at GEVES for resistance to Fusarium head blight on
cereals: A way to improve genetic progress in the French Catalogue and to
reduce the use of pesticides 192
P100 - S-Methyl-DON: Chemical synthesis and toxicity of a novel DON
metabolite 193
P101 - Functional characterization of a lipid transfer protein associated with
Qfhs.ifa-5A 194
P102 - Transient silencing of a PR-4 gene decreases type I resistance against
Fusarium graminearum 195
P103 - RNA-Sequencing as a tool for the analysis of the pathosystem maize-
Fusarium verticillioides 196
P104 - Maize/Fusarium interaction and ear rot resistance in the CANADAIR
project 197
P105 - Fusarium verticillioides ear rot and fumonisin accumulation resistance
in Italian maize germplasm 198
P106 - Genetic variation for ear rot resistance and mycotoxin content of Polish
maize elite inbreed lines after inoculation with Fusarium graminearum and F.
verticillioides 199
P107 - Fusarium wilt and its implications on alfalfa perenniality 200
P108 - Effect of phlobaphene accumulation in maize kernel pericarp on
Fusarium ear rot levels in Lombardia 201
P109 - Comparative analysis of resistance in Fusarium wilt-resistant and -
susceptible watermelons: reinforcement of the structure barrier 202
P110 - Identification and characterization of new resistant accessions to
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi within a Pisum spp. germplasm collection. 203
Session 5: Disease Control and Forecasting Models
P111 - Effect of time of application of the fungicide prothioconazole on
Fusarium Mycotoxins in maize 205
P112 - Timing and efficacy of fungicides against Fusarium head blight in
malting barley 206
21

P113 - Agronomic practices and risk for mycotoxins in northern cereal
production 207
P114 - Effect of direct drilling on Fusarium foot and root rot in durum wheat,
barley and oat in Tunisia 208
P115 - Effect of previous crops and climatic conditions on Fusarium foot and
root rot and yield of Durum wheat in North West Tunisia 209
P116 - The potential risk of grain colonisation by fumonisin-producing
Fusarium spp. and fumonisin synthesis in commercial maize in South Africa 210
P117 - Influence of weather conditions and planting dates on deoxynivalenol
accumulation in commercial maize hybrids grown in Ontario, Canada 211
P118 - Evaluation of Predictive Models for Wheat Fusarium Head Blight under
Growing Conditions of Quebec, Canada 212
P119 - Predicting Deoxynivalenol in Oats under Northern European
Conditions 213
P120 - A hierarchical bayesian approach to predict the risk of Fusarium head
blight in wheat 214
P121 - Pathogenic fungi associated with Fusarium seedling root rot in winter
cereals in 2012 215
P122 - Distribution of the airborne inoculum of Gibberella zeae in Belgium 216
P123 - The frequency of isolation of Fusarium species from stem bases of
grass weeds of field crops in Tunisia 217
P124 - Saprophytic survival of Fusarium graminearum in crop residues 218
P125 - The potential of biofungicides in controlling soil born pathogen on
tomato by inducing defense response 219
P126 - Study of the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium
spp. and M. nivale involved in Fusarium head blight and root rot of wheat. 220
P127 - Biological formulations for control of Fusarium verticillioides and
fumonisins in maize at field level 221
P128 - Lactic acid bacteria [LAB]: potential for control of Fusarium growth 222
P129 - Screening of antagonistic activity of indigenous bacteria against two
Fusarium species 223
P130 - Effect of CLO-1 biofungicide on perithecial production of Gibberella
zeae on crop residues 224
P131 - Identification of Pseudomonas bacteria associated with roots of Piper
tuberculatum able to inhibit in vitro growth of Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis 225
P132 - Study of the effect of Pseudomonas spp. fluorescent for the
suppression of Fusarium wilt of tomato 226
P133 - Busseola fusca and Fusarium verticillioides interaction on Fusarium
ear rot and fumonisin production in Bt and non-Bt maize hybrids in South
Africa 227
22

P134 - Screening of Emericella nidulans for biological control of tomato
Fusarium wilt in Lao PDR 228
Session 6: Future Challenges for Europe and Worlwide
P135 - Current situation with Fusarium head blight on small grain cereals in
Russia 229
P136 - Combating of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis attacking date palm
in the south west of Algeria by natural substances 230
P137 - A role for carboxylesterases in the chemotype shift in F. graminearum
populations? 231
P138 - Occurrence of Fusarium spp., black Aspergillus spp., and associated
mycotoxins in Italian maize in 2011 232
P139 - Relationship between cadmium and type B trichothecenes
contamination in wheat kernels 233
P140 - Degradation of fumonisins by microorganisms in moist corn grain
silages 234
P141 - Digestibility and absorption of deoxynivalenol-3-β-glucoside in in vitro
models 235
P142 - ISHAM Working group on Clinical Fusarium 236
23

ORAL PRESENTATIONS
25

OPENING LECTURE
Fusarium pathogenomics: How to become a cereal
killer?
J. Manners, D. Gardiner, K. Kazan, S. Chakraborty, L. Covarelli, J.
Sperschneider, J. Taylor
CSIRO Plant Industry, Brisbane, Canberra and Perth, Australia
E-mail: john.manners@csiro.au
Many Fusarium pathogens cause devastating diseases on cereals such as wheat
and barley. Although Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a well studied disease, these
cereal hosts are also susceptible to crown and root rot diseases caused by the
same Fusarium pathogens. Several wheat-infecting Fusarium pathogens produce
mycotoxins, and in some instances, these may be important for virulence. In
addition, in FHB disease, toxin accumulation in infected grain can threaten human
and animal health and restrict trade. In the last few years, significant progress has
been made towards a better understanding of the processes involved in
pathogenesis and toxin biosynthesis in cereal-infecting Fusaria, as well as host
resistance mechanisms, often through the use of functional and comparative
genomic analyses. Current sequencing technologies make obtaining the basic
genome sequences of cereal-infecting Fusaria a relatively trivial exercise and the
availability of the gold standard sequence of F. graminearum provides an
essential reference. Studies of several newly acquired genomic sequences of
Fusarium cereal pathogens have indicated that a significant part of the genome
and gene content vary between species and isolates. Comparative genomic
analysis, either by using sequence-based BLAST analyses or an alternative novel
molecular pattern analysis across the many sequenced genomes of other fungi,
has provided new opportunities to identify genes that have roles in virulence on
cereal hosts. In several instances, these genes have interesting evolutionary
histories, involving multiple horizontal transfer events. These studies are
suggestive of a cereal-infecting pathogen pan-genome. Parts of this pan-genome
appear to be shared between diverse pathogens. Multiple genic combinations
have been added to the pan-genome through evolutionary time to provide new
virulence capabilities that allow adaptation to cereal host types. In this
presentation, we will review these new advances and also discuss future research
gaps that need bridging for the development of sustainable plant protection
strategies against Fusarium pathogens.
Keywords: Fusarium, pathogenomics
27

KEYNOTE LECTURE SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND
SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
Systems biology in the yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae: a model for all fungi?
S. Oliver
University of Cambridge, UK
E-mail: steve.oliver@bioc.cam.ac.uk
29

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
Comparative genomics between 3- and 15-ADON F.
graminearum chemotypes
S. Walkowiak, L. Wang, G. Subramaniam
Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
E-mail: rajagopal.subramaniam@agr.gc.ca
Fusarium graminearum is the principal cause of fusarium head blight in North
America. The disease results in severe losses in yield and quality of cereals.
Epidemiological studies document that the large proportion of F. graminearum
isolates produce 3- or 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (ADON). Recent studies show a
shift from 15-ADON to 3-ADON producers in Canada and north central USA. In
greenhouse studies, the 3-ADON isolates are more aggressive and are able to
spread quicker than its counterpart. Furthermore, the two-stage culture used to
induce 15-ADON production do not show accumulation of 3-ADON. These
differences between the two chemotypes prompted us to sequence several 3- and
15-ADON isolates. The analysis of this deep sequencing will be addressed.
Keywords: comparative genomics, 3-ADON, 15-ADON
30

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
EBR1, a master regulator shaping the transcriptional
landscape of Fusarium graminearum
Z. Chunzhao 1,2,3,4 , C. Waalwijk 1,2 , P. J. G. M. de Wit 2,5 , D. Tang 3 , T. van der
Lee 1,2
1 Plant Research International, P.O. Box 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 2 Graduate School
Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 3 State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and
Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; 4 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100049, China; 5 Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, P.O. Box 6708 PB,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
E-mail: theo.vanderlee@wur.nl
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are produced by fungi. The expression
of genes involved in the production of secondary metabolites is often repressed
under nutrient-rich conditions, when the available resources seem to be primarily
used to promote fungal growth. When confronted with stress conditions, fungi can
significantly increase the production of secondary metabolites. The relationship
between primary and secondary metabolism, and the components that regulate
the switch between both life-forms in Fusarium graminearum was studied.
Previously, we have identified that a gene knock-out of ebr1 results in pleiotropic
effects, including reduced pathogenicity, reduced radial growth, enhanced hyphal
branching and overproduction of pigment. EBR1 (Enhanced Branching 1)
encodes a Gal4-like Zn2Cys6 transcription factor, which is constitutively
expressed. RNA-seq analyses of the wild-type and Δebr1 demonstrated that this
gene is a master regulator involved in the switch between primary and secondary
metabolism. The regulation of secondary metabolism in the wild type and the ebr1
knock-out mutant has been studied at different developmental stages and under
various growth conditions. We compared the expression of genes that hallmark
primary metabolism such as the ribosomal genes, to the expression of genes
implicated in the production of secondary metabolites such as polyketide
synthases and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. Whereas the wild-type strain
produces limited amounts of secondary metabolites under nutrient-rich conditions,
a significant increase in the expression of genes implicated in the production of
secondary metabolites was observed in the knock-out strain Δebr1. These results
may provide new targets to reduce the production of secondary metabolites and
the identification of new fungicides that may reduce the amount of mycotoxins.
Keywords: transcription, RNA-Seq, regulation, secondary metabolism
31

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
The GABA shunt of Fusarium graminearum is
essential for successful colonization of wheat spikes
J. Bönnighausen, J. Bormann, W. Schäfer
Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University Hamburg, Germany
E-mail: jakobboennighausen@gmail.com
We evaluated the roles of the non protein amino acid y-amino butyric acid (GABA)
in the Triticum aestivum - Fusarium graminearum interactions. The GABA shunt is
a conserved stress releated pathway which can be used as an alternative route to
bypass two steps of the tricaboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Its importance for the life
cycle of a fungal pathogen has not been described yet. We constructed single and
double deletion mutants for both GABA transaminases.
Growth of F graminearum wild type with GABA as the sole N-source strongly
induced deoxynivalenol (DON) production. The ΔΔGAT1;2 mutants were unable
to produce DON after GABA induction in culture, instead we observed by HPLC a
massive accumulation of GABA in the mycelium of the double mutant. During
vegetative growth, the ΔΔGAT1;2 mutant showed a decreased resistance against
hydrogen peroxide mediated stress. During wheat infection, the individual single
disruptants were only slightly reduced, whereas the double mutant exhibited a
strong reduction in virulence. During initial infection, ΔΔGAT1;2 mutants were
able to infect the inoculated spikelet, crossed the rachis node and grew into the
rachis. Later, they failed to colonize more than one spikelet above and below the
inoculated one, maintaining only app. 25% of wild type virulence.
Interestingly, no significant differences were found regarding the expression of the
trichothecene biosynthesis genes or the amount of DON during infection.
However, the expression levels of the SSADH genes and a GABA permease
were highly up-regulated in the ΔΔGAT1;2 mutants, suggesting a disturbed
internal GABA level. Concomitantly, the expression level of the citrate synthase
gene, a marker gene for the activity of the TCA cycle, decreased 50%. We
conclude that the GABA shunt modulates the fungal stress response, possibly to
ROS, during wheat colonization and is necessary to maintain the primary energy
metabolism under energy demanding conditions.
Keywords: Fusarium, stress metabolism, GABA
32

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
Fgap1-mediated response to oxidative stress in
trichothecene-producing Fusarium graminearum.
M. Montibus 1 , N. Ponts 1 , E. Zehraoui 1 , C. Ducos 1 , F. Richard-Forget 1 , C.
Barreau 1 .
1 INRA, UR1264-MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, F-33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex.
E-mail: mathilde.montibus@bordeaux.inra.fr
The filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum infects cereals and corn. It is one
of the main causal agent of “Fusarium Head Blight” and “Maize Ear Rot”. During
infection, it produces mycotoxins belonging to the trichothecenes family that
accumulate in the grains. Although the biosynthetic pathway involving specific Tri
genes has been elucidated, the global regulation of toxin biosynthesis remains
enigmatic. It is now established that oxidative stress modulates the production of
toxins by F. graminearum. H2O2 added in liquid cultures increases the expression
of Tri genes involved in the biosynthesis of type B trichothecenes as well as
downstream trichothecene accumulation.
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcription factor Yap1p mediates
response to oxidative stress via nuclear localization and activation of genes
coding for detoxification enzymes. In this study, we investigate the role of Yap1p
homolog in F. graminearum, Fgap1, in response to oxidative stress and its
eventual role in the regulation of trichothecene production.
A deleted mutant and a strain expressing a constitutively activated form of the
Fgap1 factor in F. graminearum were constructed. In the presence of oxidative
stress by H2O2, Tri genes expression levels and trichothecene production by the
strain lacking the gene Fgap1 are enhanced, whereas Tri genes expression and
toxin accumulation are severely diminished in the mutant strain expressing Fgap1
constitutively. Expression profiles of genes encoding detoxification enzymes
potentially controlled by Fgap1 were further analyzed by qRT-PCR. These results
are currently being deepened by a transcriptomic approach. The involvement of
Fgap1 in other types of stress responses has also been investigated. In particular,
cadmium and osmotic stress affect growth in the deleted strain.
Keywords: Fusarium graminearum, secondary metabolites, oxidative stress,
Fgap1
33

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
Using redox-proteomics to identify targets of NADPH
oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species in
Fusarium graminearum.
C. Rampitsch, 1 G. Subramaniam 2 , M. Joshi 1,2 , T. Fan 1
1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg MB; 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa ON.
E-mail: crampitsch@agr.gc.ca
The regulated production of reactive oxygen species by NADPH oxidases NoxA
and NoxB in Fusarium graminearum (Fgr) is essential for the establishment of
Fusarium head blight in wheat. Knock-out mutants, FgrΔNoxAB, are nonpathogenic
and produce no perithecia in vitro, although normal levels of DON are
secreted. Nox A and B oxidize NADPH to generate O2
34
– and thence H2O2 during
cellular differentiation, creating an oxidizing environment intracellularly, in which
susceptible cysteine residues on target proteins are oxidized. This can profoundly
affect the activity of these proteins, and they are candidate participants in redoxmediated
control of cellular processes, including cellular differentiation and
pathology. Two strategies were used to identify targeted proteins in the redox
proteome: 1) 2-D electrophoresis, using monobromo-bimane to label reduced Cys
residues, followed by MS-based protein identification, and 2) an affinityenrichment
strategy based upon biotinylation of targeted Cys residues, with
relative quantification by spectral counting. Using these strategies, we have
identified several proteins which are potentially targeted, i.e. those which were
oxidized in WT but not in FgrΔNoxAB, under mycotoxin-inducing conditions in
vitro. Confirmation of biological activity through mutagenesis is underway, with
the aim of further understanding the role of redox regulation in Fgr pathogenesis.
Keywords: Nox, proteomics, redox

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A regulates
reactive oxygen species, DON, and virulence of
Fusarium graminearum and its activation is essential
for cell viability.
A. L. Martinez-Rocha 1 , M. Woriedh 2 , W. Schäfer 1 .
1 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, 2 Cell
Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg
E-mail: wilhelm.schaefer@uni-hamburg.de
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (EIF5A) is a highly conserved
protein from archeabacteria to higher eukaryotes with the exception of the
bacteria. EIF5A acts as a nucleo-cytoplasmatic shuttle protein of mRNAs to the
ribosomes and is the only known protein containing the unique aminoacid
hypusine. Hypusin is formed by a posttranslational modification of lysine in two
enzymatic steps, catalysed by deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and
deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). EIF5A has a role in diseases as diverse as
HIV infection, malaria, cancer, and diabetes. The involvement of EIF5A in fungal
phyto-pathogenesis is unknown.
Until now, only inhibition or silencing has been tested to control hypusination of
eIF5A and its consequent results. We over-expressed the enzymes that control
hypusination of eIF5A in the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Overexpression
of DHS leads to an increase in virulence and a decrease of reactive
oxygen species (ROS). DON levels during wheat infection are slightly increased.
However, over-expression of DOHH abolishes infection of F. graminearum in
wheat and leads to an over-production of ROS and a strong decrease in DON.
Over-expression of both genes together produces similar levels of infection, ROS
and DON as the wild type strain. These results suggest that hypusinated
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A regulates reactive oxygen species, DON,
and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. We showed previously, that CNI-1493
inhibits F. graminearum DHS and thereby virulence to wheat and maize. Now, we
fused mCherry with EIF5A and labeled the nucleus with a histone H1-GFP fusion.
During germination EIF5A is evenly distributed in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
After addition of 10 µM of the DHS inhibitor CNI-1493, EIF5A vanished from the
cytoplasm into the nucleus. Now the cells died and lysed, visualizing why gene
disruption of the DHS gene is lethal.
Keywords: Fusarium, EIF5A, DON, ROS
35

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
Transcriptomic profiling of fumonisin B biosynthesis
by Fusarium verticillioides
N. Ponts, E. Zehraoui, L. Pinson-Gadais, F. Richard-Forget, C. Barreau
INRA UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex –
France
E-mail: nadia.ponts@bordeaux.inra.fr
The plant fungal pathogen Fusarium verticillioides can infect various plants
worldwide, including maize, and contaminate kernels with mycotoxins of the
fumonisin family. Fumonisins B are stable polyketides that resist agrifood
processing and are classified as potentially carcinogenic. As such, contamination
of food and feeds with these toxic secondary metabolites must be avoided.
Numerous factors influence fumonisins B accumulation on maize, including the
composition of the grains on which Fusarium develops. In particular, several
phenolic compounds were shown to inhibit fumonisin B biosynthesis. Preliminary
analyses showed that free phenolic acids are particularly abundant in immature
grains, i.e., at the onset of toxin production, from cereal cultivars on which
mycotoxins tend to accumulate less.
We tested in vitro the effect of chlorogenic, caffeic, and ferulic acid on fumonisin B
production in F. verticillioides. All three compounds inhibit fumonisin B
accumulation, caffeic acid being the most efficient with that regard. We
investigated the mechanisms by which these phenolic acids may exert their
inhibitory properties and analyzed whole genome expression levels by RNA-seq.
Sequenced reads were mapped to the reference genome of F. verticillioides and
results were analyzed according to the current annotation available at the
Fusarium Comparative Database. Doing so, we identified 175 and 1133 potential
new genes and transcripts, respectively. We also found that the genes involved in
the fumonisins biosynthetic pathway are all inhibited in the presence of any of the
three tested phenolic acids. Finally, we identified sets of genes that are regulated
specifically by a given phenolic acid, and others that follow similar patterns in all
tested conditions. As a whole, our results show a large re-organization of
Fusarium’s transcriptome upon phenolic acid treatment.
Keywords: Fusarium, secondary metabolite, RNA-seq, antioxidant
36

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
Molecular network of nitrate sensing and assimilation
in Fusarium fujikuroi
A. Pfannmüller 1 , P. Wiemann 1,2 , B. Tudzynski 1
1 Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster,
Schlossplatz 8, Münster, Germany ; 2 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States
E-mail: a_pfan02@uni-muenster.de
The phytopathogenic ascomycete Fusarium fujikuroi produces a broad spectrum
of interesting secondary metabolites, including the agriculturally applied plant
hormone gibberellic acid (GA3), the red pigment bikaverin and the fungal toxin
fusarin C. The biosynthesis of these three secondary metabolites depends greatly
on the amount and quality of the available nitrogen source. At high nitrogen
concentrations, the biosynthesis of gibberellins and bikaverin are repressed on
the transcriptional level, while fusarin C genes are repressed at nitrogen
starvation conditions. Because of this impact on secondary metabolism, the
detailed understanding of the nitrogen sensing and regulatory network in
F. fujikuroi is of great interest.
Previous work has shown that F. fujikuroi is able to sense the availability of
ammonium by the ammonium-transporter MepB and the glutamine synthetase
GS. However, it is not known if nitrate is sensed as a separate nitrogen source or
+
after its metabolization to NH4 and glutamine. Therefore, we analyzed
orthologues of the Aspergillus nidulans nitrate-specific activator NirA, the nitrate
reductase NiaD and the nitrate transporter NrtA, to gain more insights on the
nitrate sensing and assimilation process in F. fujikuroi. We show the impact of
FfNirA on the expression of certain nitrate-assimilatory genes and its subcellular
localization depending on the nitrogen availability and the activity of putative
nitrate sensors. Since the deletion of ffnirA, but not ffniaD led to a deregulation
effect on secondary metabolism under nitrate sufficient conditions, we are
investigating the putative role of FfNrtA as a nitrate transceptor and screen for
additional FfNirA-controlled genes that might be involved in the nitrate sensing of
F. fujikuroi.
Keywords: Fusarium fujikuroi, secondary metabolism, nitrate, sensing
37

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
The linoleate synthase gene lds1 thoroughly affects
conidiogenesis and fumonisin synthesis in Fusarium
verticillioides
V. Scala 1 , M. Reverberi 1 , E. Camera 2 , M. Ludovici 2 , C. Dall’Asta 3 , M. Cirlini 2 ,
P. Giorni 4 , R. Gregori 4 , P. Battilani 4 , C. Fanelli 1
1 Environmental Biology Department, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; 2 Laboratorio di
Fisiopatologia Cutanea e Centro Integrato di Metabolomica, Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano
IRCCS, Roma, Italy; 3 Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, Food Chemistry & Natural
Substances Unit, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A - 43100 Parma, Italy; 4 Istituto di
Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84,
29122 Piacenza, Italy
E-mail: valeria.scala@uniroma1.it
Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most important fungal pathogens to cause
ear and stalk rot in maize, even if frequently asymptomatic, producing the harmful
series of compounds named fumonisins. Plant and fungal oxylipins have been
shown to play a crucial role in determining the outcome of the interaction between
the pathogen and its host in some pathosystems. Moreover, oxylipins result as
factors able to modulate the secondary metabolism in fungi. In this study we
inactivate the resident copy of the linoleate diol synthase 1 gene (lds1-acc. N.
FVEG_09294.3) of Fusarium verticillioides strain (ITEM 10027). LDS1 produces
mainly 8-HPODE and subsequently different di-HODEs. These specific oxylipins
are involved in the control of sexual/asexual reproduction, secondary metabolism
and pathogenicity in Aspergillus nidulans (Tsitsigiannis and Keller, 2007).
This study is aimed to find the function of this gene in F. verticillioides. The
genomic organization of lds1 gene is highly polymorphic. Thus the most affected
phenotype of lds1 mutant strains herein obtained presented multiple insertion
events. All the mutant strains are profoundly altered in asexual reproduction.
Notably, the lds1 strains hyper-sporulate and the one (T) with multiple insertion
events are the most affected in this feature (8,56 x 10 9 vs 6,40 x 10 7 conidia/mL of
the WT). Most important, mutant strains present a fumonisin profile (B series and
minor analogues) alteration directly proportional to the number of insertions,
being, also in this case, the T strain the most affected. This peculiar profile of an
oxylipin impaired mutant, i.e. hyper-sporulating and mycotoxin hyper-producer,
reminds the behavior of the ppoB mutant strain in A. nidulans (Tsitsigiannis and
Keller, 2007), being even ppoB a lds-coding gene. These results indicate that also
in F. verticillioides oxylipins play a major role in driving the fungus lifestyle and
these active compounds could act as repressor/inducer on asexual reproduction
and the secondary metabolism of this fungus.
Keywords: oxylipins, Fusarium, ppo, fumonisin
38

KEYNOTE LECTURE SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES –
BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
Metabolisation of deoxynivalenol in planta: Old and
new compounds and their role in food safety
F. Berthiller 1 , V. Nagl 1 , B. Kluger 1 , E. Varga 1 , A. Malachova 1 , C. Büschl 1 , H.
Schwartz 1 , M. Lemmens 2 , R. Schuhmacher 1 , G. Adam 3 , R. Krska 1
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria (BOKU); 1 Department IFA-Tulln,
Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, 3430
Tulln, Austria; 2 Department IFA-Tulln, Biotechnology in Plant Production, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
3 Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, 1190 Vienna, Austria
E-mail: franz.berthiller@boku.ac.at
Fusarium mycotoxins are prone to be metabolised by growing plants on the field. The
toxins can be chemically altered as part of the plants´ defense against fungal invasion
and harmful xenobiotics, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), are more or less efficiently
detoxified by various crops. The occurring metabolites, sometimes referred to as
“masked mycotoxins”, can partly explain the mode of action of plant resistance.
Furthermore, masked mycotoxins are also transferred into food. The possible
hydrolysis of these metabolites back to their toxic parents during mammalian digestion
raises concerns, as the total mycotoxin load of consumers might be underestimated.
We employed a metabolomics LC-HR-MS based approach using in vivo stable
isotopic labelling combined with a newly developed sophisticated software tool
(MetExtract) to extract biological features originating from true metabolites. Flowering
ears were inoculated with a mixture of non-labelled and 13 C labelled DON.
Subsequent sample preparation, LC-HRMS measurements and data processing
revealed a total of 57 corresponding peak pairs, which originated from ten
metabolites. Besides DON and the known DON-3-glucoside (D3G), eight further DONbiotransformation
products were found by the untargeted screening approach. These
metabolites include two DON-glutathione forms and their processing products DON-Scysteine
and DON-S-cysteinyl-glycine.
In a recent survey, 374 beer samples from 38 countries were analysed for the
presence of DON and D3G. In total, 77% of all beers contained DON, while even 93%
contained D3G above the limit of detection. Average concentrations of all beers were
8.4 µg DON/L and 6.9 µg D3G/L. The highest contamination was detected in a pale
beer from an Austrian microbrewery with 89 µg DON/L and 81 µg D3G/L. While the
average contamination of beer is not of toxicological concern for moderate beer
drinkers, heavy beer consumption considerably contributes to the overall DON intake.
We have been able to describe the fate of DON-3-glucoside during digestion with in
vitro and in vivo models. These results suggest that DON-3-glucoside is little
bioavailable and readily hydrolysed to DON during digestion. In rats the liberated DON
is partially converted to DOM-1 and excreted in faeces. DON is also taken up in the
blood stream and metabolised to DON-glucuronide prior to excretion by urine. As the
majority of D3G is excreted in faeces after hydrolisation, D3G in food and feed seems
to have a significantly lower toxic equivalency compared to DON. Due to the
differences regarding the anatomy and gut microbiota, the bioavailability and more
importantly the metabolisation may be species dependent. Further studies, including
other animal models are warranted.
Keywords: masked mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, digestion
39

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
Cellular adaptations for trichothecene biosynthesis in
Fusarium graminearum
J. Menke 1 , J. Weber 1,2 , K. Broz 1 , H. C. Kistler 1
1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108, USA; 2 Molekulare
Phytopathologie, Universität Hamburg D-22609 Germany
E-mail: hckist@umn.edu
Several species of the filamentous fungus Fusarium colonize plants and produce
toxic small molecules that contaminate agricultural products, rendering them
unsuitable for consumption. Among the most destructive of these species is F.
graminearum, which causes disease in wheat and barley and often infests the
grain with harmful trichothecene mycotoxins. Synthesis of these secondary
metabolites is induced during plant infection or in culture in response to chemical
signals. Our results show that trichothecene biosynthesis involves a complex
developmental process that includes dynamic changes in cell morphology and the
biogenesis of novel subcellular structures. Two cytochrome P-450 oxygenases
(Tri4p and Tri1p) involved in early and late steps in trichothecene biosynthesis
were tagged with fluorescent proteins and shown to co-localize to vesicles we
named “toxisomes.” Toxisomes, the inferred site of trichothecene biosynthesis,
dynamically interact with motile vesicles containing a predicted major facilitator
superfamily protein (Tri12p) previously implicated in trichothecene export and
tolerance. The immediate isoprenoid precursor of trichothecenes is the primary
metabolite farnesyl pyrophosphate. Changes occur in the cellular localization of
the isoprenoid biosynthetic enzyme HMG CoA reductase when trichothecene
non-induced cultures are transferred either to trichothecene inducing or noninducing
media. Initially localized in the cellular endomembrane system, HMG
CoA reductase, upon trichothecene induction, increasingly is targeted to
toxisomes. Metabolic pathways of primary and secondary metabolism thus may
be coordinated and co-localized under conditions when trichothecene synthesis
occurs.
Keywords: mycotoxin, localization, secondary metabolism, isoprenoids
40

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
Ecological role of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium
graminearum
M. Abid 1 , L. Fayolle 1 , C. Héraud 1 , P. Mangin 2 , L. Falchetto 2 , N. Gautheron 1 , J.
Laurent 1 , E. Gautheron 1 , V. Edel-Hermann 1 , C. Steinberg 1
1 INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France; 2 INRA, UE Domaine
d’Epoisses, F-21110 Bretenières, France
E-mail: christian.steinberg@dijon.inra.fr
Fusarium graminearum is a plant pathogenic fungus, producing mycotoxins some
of which remain in the crop residues let in the field after harvest. Whether the
presence of mycotoxins in the crop residues gives an advantage to F.
graminearum to survive and develop a primary inoculum in the presence of the
whole soil biota including fungi, bacteria, protozoa, nematodes and earthworms
was tested. The impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) on the soil communities was
evaluated in the field and in microcosms, in wheat and in maize residues under
tillage and no-tillage conditions. The disease development and the yield were
noted in the field experiment. Some DON resistant active fungal decomposers
and nitrogen fixing bacteria were picked and the dynamics of F. graminearum was
observed in their presence, in the presence or absence of DON.
DON in crop residues had an impact on the biotic components of the soil but the
impact depended on the communities and on the location of the residues. The
molecular biomass showed that fungal and bacterial densities were significantly
affected by DON. The latter played significant role on the structure of bacterial
and protozoan community while the nematodes and fungal communities remained
unaffected. However, the minimal inhibitory concentration tests revealed that the
susceptibility of some competitive fungal strains to DON was dose-dependent.
Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) were not affected by the presence of
mycotoxin. The degradation of DON in the residues was dependent on the time,
the location of residues and the soil biota.
Obviously DON gave no advantage for the survival and development of primary
inoculum during the decomposition of crop residues in the soil. Moreover fungal
decomposers can be selected on their enzymatic potential towards organic matter
more than on the DON resistance to increase the degradation of the straw left at
the surface and limit the subsequent development of F. graminearum.
Keywords: Biological control, habitat, soil ecology, saprophytic phase
41

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
Elucidation of the F. graminearum butenolide
biosynthetic gene cluster
L. J. Harris, A. Johnston, W. Bosnich, A. Leblanc, B. Blackwell, D.
Schneiderman
Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue,
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada
E-mail: linda.harris@agr.gc.ca
Fusarium graminearum is a significant pathogen in temperate climes worldwide,
causing head blight in small grain cereals like wheat, barley, oats as well as ear
and stalk rot in maize. This fungus is capable of producing a wide range of
secondary metabolites, including acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone, culmorin
and butenolide. We have been exploiting the genomic resources of F.
graminearum to characterize genes and gene clusters involved in secondary
metabolism. FGSG_08079 (But1) was previously shown to be required for
butenolide production (Harris et al., 2007) and resides within a gene cluster
(FGSG_08077 – FGSG_08084) that is highly induced under conditions also
favorable for trichothecene biosynthesis. The FGSG_08077 – FGSG_08084
cluster is expressed within 24 hours of F. graminearum infection of wheat and
barley heads and maize ears. We have disrupted six additional genes within this
cluster and conducted metabolite profiling of the mutant strains grown in vitro
using HPLC and NMR. FGSG_08080 (But2) encodes a Zn(2)-Cys(6) zinc
binuclear cluster protein whose disruption prevents induction of this gene cluster.
Two of the candidate structural genes (FGSG_08081 and FGSG_08083) are
required for butenolide biosynthesis while disruption of two other genes only
reduced butenolide production. The predicted activities of the required proteins
correlate well with the proposed butenolide pathway. We also observed that
disruption of FGSG_08077 and FGSG_08081 led to reduced 15-ADON
production in vitro. Although wheathead inoculation with these gene disruptants
also resulted in significantly less DON in planta, there was no significant
difference when normalized against the amount of fungal genomic DNA. The role
of butenolide in fungal biology is not known; the loss of butenolide biosynthesis
does not result in the dramatic loss of virulence observed with trichothecene nonproducers.
Keywords: butenolide, gene cluster, secondary metabolism, Fusarium
graminearum
42

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
Fusarium graminearum in depth: a novel method to
identify new metabolites by isotopic labelling and
high resolution mass spectrometry
P. M. Cano 1,2 , E. Jamin 1 , S. Tadrist 1 , P. Bourdaudhui 1 , M. Péan 3,4,5 , L.
Debrauwer 1 , I. P. Oswald 1,2 , M. Delaforge 6 , O. Puel 1,2
1 INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France;
2 Université de Toulouse, INP, Toxalim, F-31076 Toulouse, France; 3 CEA, DSV, IBEB, Groupe de
Recherches Appliquées en Phytotechnologie, F-13108 Saint-Paul-les-Durance, France; 4 CNRS, UMR
Biologie Végétale & Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-les-Durance, France; 5 Aix-
Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-les-Durance, France; 6 CEA Saclay, iBiTec-S, SB2SM and
URA CNRS 8221, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
E-mail: paty.canog@gmail.com
Characterization of fungal secondary metabolomes has become a challenge of
great interest in the last decades due to the emergence of fungal threats to
natural ecosystems and public health; and also due to the industrial interest of
many of these molecules. In view of this, the aim of the present study was to
develop an integrated approach to analyse fungal metabolomes. The method we
present hereby combines high resolution mass spectrometry and double isotopic
labelling which efficiently enabled the unambiguous determination of exact
chemical formulas, getting rid of problems coming from interference of nonbiological
molecules. More precisely, the Aspergillus fumigatus strain NRRL
35693, an extremely hazardous human pathogen and the Fusarium graminearum
strain PH1, a devastating plant pathogen, were grown on wheat grains (Triticum
aestivum) with different isotopic enrichments: (1) naturally enriched grains, (2)
grains enriched 96.88% 13 C, (3) grains enriched with 53.37% 13 C and 96.8% 15 N.
Methanol extracts of each culture was then analysed by reversed phase liquid
chromatography coupled to LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Data of the 3
cultures were cross-analysed with an in-house developed software. Metabolites
were characterized with the metabolite database, Antibase 2012, annotated with
MS/MS experiments and identified by comparison with standards when possible.
The method was firstly successfully validated with the well-known metabolome of
Aspergillus fumigatus. Application of the method on the metabolome of Fusarium
graminearum allowed the characterization of 37 new compounds including
fusaristatin A which had never been isolated from this specie before, bringing a
new perspective on the toxicity of this fungus. This kind of analysis will
undoubtedly facilitate the study of fungal metabolomes.
Keywords: Fusarium graminearum, metabolome, isotopic labelling, HPLC-FT-MS
43

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
Evidence for birth-and-death evolution and horizontal
transfer of a mycotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in
Fusarium
R. H. Proctor 1 , F. Van Hove 2 , A. Susca 3 , G. Stea 3 , M. Busman 1 , T. van der
Lee 4 , C. Waalwijk 4 , T. J. Ward 1 , A. Moretti 3
1 United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for
Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA; 2 Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and
Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Mycothèque de l’université catholique de Louvain
(BCCMTM /MUCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; 3 National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of
Food Production, Bari, Italy; 4 Plant Research International B.V., Wageningen, The Netherlands
E-mail: francois.vanhove@uclouvain.be
In fungi, genes required for synthesis of secondary metabolites are often
clustered. The FUM gene cluster is required for synthesis of fumonisins, a family
of toxic secondary metabolites produced by species in the Fusarium (Gibberella)
fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). Fumonisins are a health and agricultural
concern because their consumption is epidemiologically associated with cancer
and neural tube defects in humans and other animals. Among FFSC species, the
FUM cluster is uniform in gene order and orientation, but located in different
genomic positions. Phylogenetic analyses indicated discord between species
phylogenies and FUM gene-based phylogenies. Subsequent constraint analyses
confirmed the discord, and analyses of variation in synonymous sites indicated
that cluster divergence predated, in some cases, and postdated, in one case,
divergence of lineages of Fusarium in which the cluster occurs. The results are
not consistent with the discord resulting from trans-species evolution of ancestral
cluster alleles, or with interspecies hybridization, but are consistent with
duplication of the cluster within an FFSC ancestor and subsequent loss and
sorting of paralogous clusters in a manner consistent with the birth-and-death
evolution seen in several multigene families. Although the results are also
consistent with horizontal transfer of the cluster, such a model is less
parsimonious because it requires multiple transfer events from unknown but
related donors to multiple FFSC recipients. However, the analyses do provide
strong support for horizontal transfer of the cluster from FFSC to another
Fusarium lineage. Thus, despite conservation of gene organization within it, the
Fusarium FUM cluster has had a complex evolutionary history.
Keywords: fumonisin, secondary metabolism, biosynthetic gene cluster
44

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
'Awaking' silent gene clusters in the rice pathogen
Fusarium fujikuroi
S. M. Rösler 1,2 , E. M. Niehaus 1 , J. J. Espino 1 , H. U. Humpf 2 , B. Tudzynksi 1
1 Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8,
D-48149 Münster, Germany; 2 Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University,
Corrensstraße 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
E-mail: s.roesler@uni-muenster.de
The filamentous fungus Fusarium fujikuroi is a phytopathogenic ascomycete
causing the bakanae disease (“foolish seedlings”) in rice plants. This disease is
triggered by the best known secondary metabolites produced by the fungus,
namely gibberellins. Additionally, F. fujikuroi is able to produce several other well
investigated secondary metabolites which we can easily detect and quantify by
now (i.e. bikaverin, fusarubin, fusarin C). Besides these known ones, the fungus
also possesses the potential to produce a broad spectrum of further, yet
unknown, secondary metabolites. A genome-wide bioinformatical screening
approach revealed that the F. fujikuroi genome encodes 45 key enzymes for
secondary metabolite production, like 18 polyketide synthases (PKSs) and 16
nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), all organized in putative gene
clusters.
However, first microarray analyses showed that the majority of these gene
clusters is silent in the wild type under the tested standard conditions (low and
high nitrogen concentration, alkaline and acidic pH), which could explain the
limited knowledge of produced metabolites. The aim of this project is now to
activate silent pathways of F. fujikuroi in order to discover and identify novel
secondary metabolites. Therefore, key enzymes (PKSs) and cluster internal
transcription factors are overexpressed under control of the constitutive gpd
promoter. Comparative expression and product analyses (Northern blot, qPCR,
HPLC/LC-MS) of the wild type and the mutant strains are ongoing. Furthermore,
previous experiments indicated that fungal-plant interaction triggers the
expression of known secondary metabolite clusters. Hence, the expression of the
novel cluster genes will be monitored during rice infection and colonization in
comparison to the expression on maize plants, which are no natural hosts of
F. fujikuroi, in order to gain further insight into the specificity fungal-plant
interaction.
Keywords: Fusarium fujikuroi, secondary metabolites, PKS, infection
45

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
The type of interaction between type B
Trichothecenes on the intestine varies with the dose
I. Alassane-Kpembi 1,2,3 , M. Kolf-Clauw 1,2 , T. Gauthier 1,2 , R. Abrami 1,2 , F. A.
Abiola 3 , I. P. Oswald 1, 2* , O. Puel 1,2
1 INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research center in Food Toxicology, F-31027, Toulouse France;
2 Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France; 3 Institut des
Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées, Cotonou, Bénin
E-mail: imourana.alassane@toulouse.inra.fr
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most prevalent trichothecene mycotoxin in crops in
Europe and North America. DON is often present with other type B trichothecenes
such as 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON),
nivalenol (NIV) and fusarenon-X (FX). Although cytotoxic effects of individual
mycotoxins have been widely studied, data on combined toxic effects of
mycotoxins are limited. The aim of this study was to assess interactions that occur
in situations of co-exposure to type B trichothecenes. Proliferating Caco-2 cells
were exposed to increasing doses of type B trichothecenes, alone or in binary or
ternary mixture. MTT and Neutral red uptake, respectively linked to mitochondrial
and lysosomial integrities, were used for measurement of intestinal epithelial cell
viability. The five tested mycotoxins had a dose-dependent effect on proliferating
enterocytes and could be classified in increasing order of toxicity: 3-ADON

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
Dose response study based in vitro selection of an
adsorbent capable to alleviate the negative in vivo
effects of zearalenone in female weaned piglets.
B. Vennekens, E. Schoeters, A. Teunckens, T. Vanderborght, N. Tallarico, M.
Baecke, S. Van Dyck
Kemin Europa NV, Toekomstlaan 42, 2200 Herentals, Belgium
E-mail: monique.baecke@kemin.com
In vitro analysis of mycotoxin adsorption is a powerful screening tool to evaluate
the potential of mycotoxin detoxifying adsorbents. The single concentration
method measures adsorption of a fixed mycotoxin concentration that is reacted
with a fixed concentration of adsorbent in an aqueous solution. Dose response
studies are a more elaborated test system where mycotoxin adsorption is
evaluated in function of varying adsorbent to mycotoxin ratios. From dose
response curves, the C50 value, the binder to mycotoxin ratio for which 50% of the
mycotoxin is bound, can be calculated. The in vitro zearalenone (ZEA) adsorption
of different adsorbents was evaluated with single concentration and dose
response studies. The more elaborated dose response studies offered more
differentiation potential than single concentration studies.
Based on the in vitro results, the adsorbent with the greatest potential was
evaluated in vivo for six weeks. Sixty female weaned piglets were randomly
assigned to five different treatments with three replicates within each treatment
and four piglets per replicate. The negative control treatment was fed a low ZEA
contaminated diet (0.065 ppm) while the four other treatments were fed a diet with
a ZEA contamination of about 1 ppm and an adsorbent dosage of 0, 1, 2 and 3
kg/T. In vivo ZEA adsorption, beta-estradiol serum concentration and vulva size
were recorded for all treatments. Histological analyses of follicular and acinar cells
were performed on uterus and ovary samples. Feeding female piglets with 1 ppm
ZEA exerted hyperestrogenism effects such as vulva swelling and depressed
serum beta-estradiol levels. Follicular and acinar cells were reduced after ZEA
exposure. The adsorbent was able to alleviate the ZEA induced effects to the
same level as in the negative control treatment. These observations were
supported by an increased in vivo ZEA adsorption of the adsorbent in a dose
dependent manner.
Keywords: zearalenone, adsorbent, in vitro, efficacy
47

KEYNOTE LECTURE SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND
POPULATION GENETICS
The life cycle of a head blight pathogen, Fusarium
graminearum, and its importance to agriculture
F. Trail
Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824,
USA
E-mail: trail@msu.edu
For most fungi, there are two critical stages of the life cycle: dispersal, and
survival of adverse conditions. All fungi have evolved to solve these two problems
in a niche-specific way, and arguably these are two very vulnerable stages of the
life cycle, which should be taken advantage of for disease management. F.
graminearum completes its life cycle in association with grain crops, overwintering
in the field on crop residues. The life cycle is characterized by prominent fruiting
bodies, which are major dispersal agents for disease initiation. The fruiting bodies
tie the disease from year to year, and ascospore nonproducing strains were
significantly reduced in ability to cause disease (Desjardins et al., 2006). Fruiting
bodies of F. graminearum are ephemeral, and overwintering that leads to
inoculum production has been suggested to be predominantly in the form of lipidfilled
fruiting body initials. Both chlamydospores, and hyphae within crop residues,
are also overwintering propagules, although the contribution of chlamydospores to
disease has not been shown. The genome sequence of F. graminearum is now
available and whole-genome expression has been completed for many stages of
the life cycle. Furthermore, the availability of whole genome sequences of several
other Fusarium species with different life cycle allows comparisons that can
greatly improve our understanding of the life cycles of these organisms. We and
others have used these tools to understand the life cycle, including development
and dispersal of ascospores, overwinter survival in crop residues, growth in and
on the host, and biosynthesis of mycotoxins. Studies of genomics,
transcriptomics, gene function, physiology and histology have all contributed to
the increasingly detailed picture of the fungal life cycle. We are investigating this
important pathogen as a whole organism, taking into consideration all life cycle
stages both on the host and in the soil. From these studies, we can better identify
strategies and life cycle time-points that lend themselves to control strategies.
This approach has revealed a surprisingly intimate host-pathogen relationship in
which the fungus relies on the host year-round, and has exposed adaptations of
the fungus to agricultural practices.
Keywords: perithecia, ascospores, chlamydospores
49

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
Fusarium graminearum: Species or Clade?
J. F. Leslie¹, R. L. Bowden²
¹Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA; ²Plant Science and Entomology Research Unit, USDA-ARS,
Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
E-mail: jfl@ksu.edu
Fusarium graminearum is a common cause of disease and mycotoxin
contamination of grains such as maize, wheat, barley and rice. Within F.
graminearum there are a number of phylogenetic lineages that some researchers
recognize as distinct phylogenetic species. This hypothesis brings with it the
expectation of other significant differences between the lineages. Yet, there is no
significant difference in the quantitative ability of the strains from any of the tested
lineages to form perithecia or ascospores when crossed with female-fertile tester
strains that were designed for making controlled crosses. Physical and
recombinational maps of F. graminearum are co-linear and similar for members of
at least the tested phylogenetic lineages, and there is no evidence for large
numbers of chromosomal rearrangements segregating in field populations. In
general, biological and phylogenetic species concepts group strains similarly and
into a larger number of groups than those identified on the basis of morphology
alone. In F. graminearum, however, the number of morphological and biological
species is the same, i.e., one. These results could be explained in at least two
ways. The explanation voiced the loudest is that the lineages are incipient species
and that the phylogenetic analysis has caught this group in the act of evolving
from a single species into many. Alternatively, the phylogenetic lineages may be
separate populations that have evolved independently for some time but are still a
part of a single common species, much as Eskimos and Australian aborigines are
in humans. Identifying natural populations where “hybrids” between lineages may
occur under field conditions remains a key to the competitive evaluation of these
hypotheses, with populations of F. graminearum in South America and South
Korea offering, perhaps, the best opportunities to do so.
Keywords: biological species, sexual fertility
50

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
Dynamic of production and maturation of Gibberella
zeae perithecia on crop debris
V. Manstretta 1 , E. Gourdain 2 , V. Rossi 1
1 Instituto di Entomologia e Patologia vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia
Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; 2 Service Qualités-Valorisations, ARVALIS - Institut du végétal,
Station Expérimentale, 91720 Boigneville, France
E-mail: valentina.manstretta@unicatt.it
Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) is a key species of Fusarium
head blight and consequent mycotoxin accumulation in wheat grain. G. zeae
produces inoculum on residues of the previous crops. The dynamic of perithecia
production and maturation were studied in controlled conditions and in the field, to
acquire information on ascospore dynamics during the season.
Maize stalks inoculated with G. zeae were incubated at different temperatures (5
to 40°C) at 100% relative humidity (RH). Numbers and maturity class of perithecia
were assessed once a week over 8 weeks. Perithecia were produced between 10
and 30°C. At optimum temperatures (20, 25°C), perithecia emerged after 7 days
of incubation. Perithecia matured only at optimum temperatures, from 14 days of
incubation onwards.
Inoculated maize stalks were also incubated at 25°C between 62.5% and 100%
RH, which correspond to 15 to 80% moisture of the stalks. Perithecia were
produced at RH 75% and reached the maximum number at 100%. Perithecia
matured only with RH85%.
Studies were performed on different crops residues, inoculated and incubated at
20°C at 80% RH for 3 weeks. Perithecia were produced on all tested debris;
emergence started after 9 days on rape, sugar beet and potato, which had the
highest production, compared to wheat, maize, pea and sunflower.
Infested stalks were exposed outside between March and July over two years, in
three groups: i) always wet trough contact with a wet substrate, ii) kept dry by a
protection from rain, iii) left in natural conditions. Perithecia dynamics were
assessed twice a week. More perithecia and more rapid maturation occurred in
the wet residues, while no perithecia were produced in the dry one. More
perithecia were produced in the year with more rain.
In conclusion, temperature, moisture and kind of residue influence the dynamic of
perithecia production and maturation.
Keywords: Gibberella zeae, crop debris, temperature, moisture
51

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
Insights into the Fusarium-wheat root pathosystem
uncover a hidden danger to wheat production
Q. Wang, A. Furch, S. Buxa, A. Römpp, D. R. Bhandari, W. Friedt, S.
Gottwald
Department of Plant Breeding, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392
Giessen, Germany
E-mail: sven.gottwald@agrar.uni-giessen.de
While the floral Fusarium disease FHB relies on successful spike colonization,
soil- but also seed-borne diseases rely on successful colonization of roots which
provide an excellent nutrient supply. Roots are the ʻplant hidden halfʼ and their
diseases are often unseen, misdiagnosed and challenge disease assessments.
We are investigating root rot (FRR) as a model for Fusarium-wheat root
interactions which still represent a knowledge gap regarding epidemiology,
pathogenesis, and the genetics of wheat resistance.
Our current investigations on a diverse set of wheats have demonstrated the high
capability of F. graminearum to infect and colonize wheat roots - followed by its
spread into distal plant tissue. Studies on the mode of FRR disease revealed a
four-phase colonization strategy similar to other Fusarium diseases. Unique
confocal microscopic analyses on F. graminearum root colonization exhibit a
devastating invasion of all cell types. Stems and leaves were preferentially
colonised via the vascular system. In addition, mass spectrometry imaging has
been established as new technology for the metabolic profiling of infested/noninfested
root, stem and leaf tissues. Finally, diminished water/nutrient supply,
intracellular hyphae growth and fungal toxins seem to be essential damaging
factors at seedling and adult stage. Hence, reduced seedling vigour, impaired
plant development and prematurity blight of side shoots/heads were identified as
major threats to yield.
Generally, inverse reactions to Fusarium infestation seem to be present between
root and spike. The major FHB resistances failed to protect wheat plants against
FRR, while a partial resistance to root colonization was found for FHB susceptible
genotypes. Accordingly, three well-known FHB/DON resistance genes were
Fusarium-induced associated with low FRR infestations, thereby revealing an
activity contrary to FHB treated spikes. Hence, current FHB resistant cultivars are
probably insufficient to prevent root colonization and to meet challenges
represented by present and future soil pathogen accumulations associated with
intensive agriculture.
Keywords: F. graminearum-wheat root interactions, root rot, pathogenesis,
histopathology
52

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
Characterization of the Fusarium root rot complex in
soybean
G. P. Munkvold, M. M. Diaz Arias, M. L. Ellis, D. R. Cruz Jimenez, L. F.
Leandro
Iowa State University, Dept. of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Ames, IA 50011 USA
E-mail: munkvold@iastate.edu
Fusarium root rot is a widespread disease of soybean in the United States and
elsewhere in the world. Affecting seedlings as well as adult plants, it can be
caused by numerous Fusarium species, and its severity is highly variable. A multistate
effort is underway in order to better understand the diversity of Fusarium
species in the complex, their interactions with other pathogens, and management
of the disease through genetic resistance or seed treatment. Twelve pathogenic
Fusarium species were recovered from soybean roots during a 3-year survey in
Iowa. Fusarium oxysporum was the most common species, followed by F. solani,
F. graminearum, and F. acuminatum. Representative isolates of these species
caused seedling blight, root rot symptoms and detrimental effects on root system
growth and development. F. graminearum isolates were consistently aggressive
pathogens on soybean roots. Several species were identified (F. armeniacum, F.
commune, F. proliferatum) which had not previously been known to cause
soybean root rot. Interactions between Fusarium isolates and soybean cyst
nematode (SCN) were assessed in the field and greenhouse. Root feeding by
SCN enhanced the root rot symptoms caused by some, but not all, Fusarium
isolates. Isolates in the F. oxysporum complex are genotypically and
phenotypically diverse, including some that cause severe seedling blight or root
rot, and others that are nonpathogenic. These isolates segregated into 4 clades
according to a phylogenetic analysis using the TEF and MtSSU genes. Clade 2
contained many weakly pathogenic or nonpathogenic isolates. There were
significant cultivar x isolate interactions for seedling disease caused by F.
oxysporum, though no highly resistant cultivars are known. Work is continuing to
characterize the influences of environmental conditions on the disease symptoms
caused by a range of Fusarium isolates, and the sensitivity of pathogenic isolates
to seed treatment fungicides.
Keywords: genetic diversity, pathogenicity, soybean
53

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
Genetic and phenotypic diversity of Fusarium
graminearum, and interactions between Fusarium
species in oats
H. U. Aamot 1 , I. S. Hofgaard 1 , G. Brodal 1 , T. Ward 2 , A. Elameen 1 , T. Vrålstad 3 ,
G. Larsen 1,4 , P. E. Clasen 3 , O. Elen 1 , S. Klemsdal 1
1 Bioforsk, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Plant Health and Plant
Protection Division, Høgskoleveien 7, 1432 Ås, Norway; 2 Microbial Genomics and Bioprocessing
Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, US Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA; 3 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Pb 750
Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway. 4 NorwegianUniversity of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
E-mail: heidi.udnes.aamot@bioforsk.no
In Norway, Fusarium avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. langsethiae,
and F. poae are some of the most common fungal species causing Fusarium
Head Blight in cereals. F. graminearum has shown increased prevalence the last
decade, resulting in increased deoxynivalenol contamination of cereal grains. The
increased prevalence of F. graminearum in Norwegian cereals is likely to be
associated with the recent increased use of reduced tillage in combination with
weather conditions promoting development and dispersal of this fungal species.
Association to changes in fungal traits is also possible. In a study of Norwegian F.
graminearum, isolates were collected in two time periods: Before 1998 (“old
isolates”) and after 2004 (“new isolates”). All isolates belonged to lineage 7.
Three-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) was the dominating genotype; however
15-ADON genotypes were identified among recently collected isolates. The
presence of two populations of F. graminearum was indicated: One containing the
majority of old isolates, the other population containing a majority of new isolates
(including the 15-ADON genotypes). No differences in aggressiveness on wheat
were observed between the two populations. In a greenhouse study of
interactions between Fusarium species in oats, F. graminearum appeared as one
of the most competitive species. Although not explained by our data, we cannot
exclude the possibility that the increased prevalence of F. graminearum in
Norwegian cereals could be associated with traits important for fungal fitness.
Keywords: fungal interaction, deoxynivalenol, 3-ADON, 15-ADON
54

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
New emerging trichothecene-producing Fusarium
species in northern Europe and Asia
T. Yli-Mattila 1 , T. Hussien 1,3 , T. Gagkaeva 2
1 Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-
20014 Turku, Finland, 2
Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant
Protection (VIZR), Podbelskogo 3, St. Petersburg-Pushkin, 196608, Pushkin, Russia; 3 Mycotoxins
Lab, Department of Food Toxicology and Contaminant, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: tymat@utu.fi
The trichothecene-producing species can be divided into type A (e.g. T-2 and HT-
2) and type B trichothecene (e.g. DON and NIV)-producers. Lineage 7 of
Fusarium graminearum (= F. graminearum sensu stricto) dominates in northern
Europe and has been replacing the closely related F. culmorum. The 3ADON
chemotype of F. graminearum is prevalent in Scandinavia, Finland and northwestern
Russia, while the 15ADON chemotype of F. graminearum is more
common in the more southern areas in Europe and China. Both chemotypes of F.
graminearum are common in the Russian Far East together with the 3ADON
chemotype of F. ussurianum and the 15ADON chemotype of F. vorosii. F. poae
and F. sporotrichioides belong to type A trichothecene producers, but only a few
F. poae isolates can produce small amounts of T-2 and HT-2. NIV is the main
mycotoxin produced by F. poae. F. langsethiae is a new European species of type
A trichothecene producer. F. langsethiae can be divided into two lineages based
on molecular markers. T-2-producing F. sibiricum isolates, which are
morphologically like F. poae, have a unique long TG repeat in ribosomal IGS
region. F. sibiricum is distributed in Siberia and Russian Far East with two single
isolates from Norway and Iran. So, it is probable that the actual distribution of F.
sibiricum will be much larger than the present known distribution.
The partial IGS sequence of the Iranian F. sibiricum strain is identical with other F.
sibiricum strains on both sides of the long TG repeat. In F. sporotrichioides and F.
langsethiae the TG repeat is 8-20 bp long, while in F. sibiricum isolates including
the Norwegian and Iranian isolates it is at least 30 nucleotides long. The sizes of
the PCR products obtained by using primers CNL12 and IGSpulvr can be used for
identification of F. sibiricum isolates.
Keywords: Fusarium ussurianum, F. vorosii, F. sibiricum, ribosomal IGS
sequences
55

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
Fusarium head blight of wheat in Algeria: preliminary
investigations into the relationship with some isolates
and cultivars resistance
S. Hattab-Touati 1 , C. Barreau 2 , Z. Bouznad 3
1 Université Tlijène Laghouat, Algeria; 2 INRA UR 1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux,
CS20032, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; 3 Laboratoire de Phytopathologie et Biologie moléculaire,
ENSA El Harrach, Alger
E-mail: z.bouznad@ensa.dz
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important fungal disease of wheat, where it may
contribute to a significant reduction in crop and are therefore of great economic
importance. These Fusarium spp have also a potential to produce mycotoxins that
cause a potential health risk when contaminated grain. Also there are numerous
reports on how species differentially respond to different isolates and cultivars. In
Algeria there are two species which are frequently isolated from infected ear and
seeds: F. graminearum and F. culmorum, with a higher frequence for the later
species. During two last years, several experiments were carried out with four
isolates of F. culmorum inoculated in field on common cultivated varieties, to
determine their potential chemotype to produce toxins and to investigate into the
relationship with their aggressiveness and cultivars resistance.
The results obtained by qPCR using a specific probe both "chemotype" known for
F. culmorum suggest that isolates T52006 and T72007 have the capacity to
produce Nivalenol and Fusarenone X toxins (chemotype NIV / FX) and isolate
BD2011 and BT2011 produces Deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol 3-Acetyl
(chemotype DON / 3-ADON). The toxinogenic potential was also looked for in
vitro on sterile grains of rice; the analyses of the TCTB by HPLC / DAD allowed to
confirm the chemotypes of 4 isolates and to determine their toxinogenic potential.
It is shown that 2 isolates of chemotype DON/ 3-ADON produce levels of toxin
much superior to those NIV / FX isolates.
A quantification of Trichothecens B (TCTB) by HPLC / DAD on 104 samples of
grains obtained from ears of 8 varieties inoculated in field, showed well and
confirmed that isolates T52006 and T72007 produces NIV and FX toxins, while
isolates BD2011 and BT2011 produce DON and 3-ADON toxins. The levels of
NIV / FX are clearly lower than the levels of DON / ADON. The 8 varieties of
wheat showed a significant variation in the level of accumulation, otherwise these
first results show that there is a correlation between the level of invasion of the
grain and the quantity of accumulated toxin.
Keywords: Wheat, Fusarium head blight, F. culmorum, trichothecenes B (TCTB)
56

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
Comparisons of Fusarium species obtained from
healthy and diseased wheat plants in three agroecological
regions of Turkey
B. Tunali, B. Kansu, D. Demir, F. Kılınç
Ondokuz Mayis University, Agricultural Faculty Department of Plant Protection, 55139 Atakum
Samsun, Turkey
E-mail: btunali@omu.edu.tr
This study was focused on Fusarium species in wheat plants were healthy (no
symptoms) and symptomatic with crown rot, or/and head blight (diseased) and
determine of frequency of these species on crowns and ears. In total 304 wheat
fields were surveyed in 2009, 2010 and 2012 years. Collected wheat plants were
healthy and diseased from 20 provinces of 3 agro-ecological regions in Turkey.
Fusarium species were isolated from crowns and ears of wheat and were
identified morphologically. As a result of this study, among Fusarium species, F.
oxysporum was the most frequently detected one in the endophytic species from
healthy plants; F. equiseti was the most frequently detected one from diseased
plants. There were significantly differences on number of Fusarium isolates and
distribution of Fusarium species between crowns and ears of wheat. While F.
acuminatum, F. verticillioides, F. semitectum were the most frequent species in
ears of healthy plants, F. oxysporum, F. solani and F. subglutinans were the most
frequent in crowns of healthy plants, respectively. While, F. poae, F. avenaceum
and F. graminearum were the most frequent species in ears of diseased plants, F.
equiseti, F. acuminatum, F. oxysporum and F. semitectum were most frequent in
crowns of diseased plants respectively. F. culmorum was found quite numbers in
crowns of diseased plants; but only one healthy plant was infected with F.
culmorum. After pathogenecity test none of endophytic Fusarium species shown
disease symptoms in greenhouse conditions. In 3 agro-ecologic regions of
Turkey, northwest and northern Anatolia regions have head blight disease
symptoms, but none of plants have had head blight symptoms in dryland plateau
of Central Anatolia region. We are also continuing to study on antibiosis effect on
Fusarium crown rot agents, enzyme activity and affection of plant growing ratio of
endophytic Fusarium isolates.
Key words: Endophyte, Fusarium, crown rot, head blight, agro-ecological
57

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
Race Scenario of Fusarium oxysporum f sp. ciceris,
wilt pathogen of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
M. Sharma, A. Nagavardhini, S. Pande
International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad-502
324, Andhra Pradesh, India.
E-mail: mamta.sharma@cgiar.org
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) is most wide
spread and predominant disease in all chickpea growing areas worldwide.
Although the FW resistant sources are available, but due to the variability in
pathogen, the efficiency of resistant cultivars is limited. To understand the
variability/ race scenario in Foc in India, out of total repository of 274 isolates of
Foc build from the period of 1995 - 2010, 110 isolates were selected for cultural,
morphological, virulence and genomic diversity representing various chickpea
agro-climatic zones in India. The isolates showed variation in colony colour, type
of mycelium and growth pattern. Wide variation in conidial morphology
(microconidia and macroconidia) and chlamydospore formation with respect to
shape, size and proportion was observed. Significant pathogenic diversity was
found among the 98 isolates based on their virulence reaction on 10 standard
differentials of chickpea. Clustering of isolates based on percentage disease
incidence at 85% similarity resulted in 14 major pathogenic groups. In addition to
4 races reported earlier from India, occurrence of new pathogenic races and
existence of multiple races at one place was observed. Race 6 reaction reported
from California and Mediterranean basin was found in some locations in central,
north east and north west zones of India. Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) was
used for the first time to understand the diversity in Foc isolates. Restriction
enzyme combination PstI/HpaII was selected to construct the Foc DArT array.
Genotyping of 110 isolates was done by labelling the genomic representations
with the fluorescent nucleotides cy3-dUTP and cy5-dUTP. Out of 1813
polymorphic markers, 1141 exhibited 90% call rate. The Dendroscope analysis
and principle coordinate analysis of 1813 polymorphic markers grouped 110 Foc
isolates in to 4 major groups with subgroups in each group. Each group has
isolates from different regions. The study indicates changed scenario of races in
Indian population of the pathogen and existence of multiple races with in region.
The information generated is of significant importance in resistance breeding
program in chickpea.
Keywords: chickpea, DArT, Fusarium wilt, races
58

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
Synopsis of microscopic and molecular studies in F.
langsethiae pathogenicity.
H. H. Divon 1 , E. Lysøe 2 , S. S. Klemsdal 2
1 Section of Mycology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750, Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway;
2 Department of Plant Health and Plant Protection, Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute of Agricultural and
Environmental Research, 1432 Ås, Norway
E-mail: hege.divon@vetinst.no
F. langsethiae is a common grain contaminant of small grain cereals in the Nordic
countries and the UK, and is considered the main producer of T-2 and HT-2
mycotoxins in this region. In a recently ended project we have studied, at the
micro-level, the infection process of F. langsethiae in oats, and have tried to link
the infection to molecular mechanisms by characterizing the F. langsethiae
transcriptome.
Using histology and microscopy techniques such as scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) we traced the route of initial infection of F. langsethiae on oat
grains. The colonization would typically start at the grain apex and spread
basipetally and laterally, with a clear directional growth towards the caryopsis.
Apical and ventral parts of the grain were colonized before the dorsal side. Hyphal
growth on abaxial surfaces was scanty, however clearly aided by the presence of
pollen. Heavy secretion and mucosilation was detected in the vicinity of hyphae.
At 10-14 dpi the fungus was established apically on the caryopsis surface,
growing rather profusely and developing penetration structures such as infection
hyphae and structures resembling compound appressoria.
In order to study the molecular mechanisms during plant invasion we performed
transcriptome sequencing of non-normalized cDNA libraries using 454 technology
(RNA-seq) of the fungus grown on three different media, of which two were
simulating in planta growth conditions. De novo assembly of the reads resulted in
18,742 transcriptional contigs (TCs) representing putative transcripts. Of these,
81% (15,322) were identified with a putative function based on sequence
similarity. Calculating expression levels of the TCs the main differences between
the libraries were identified. Quite conspicuously, homologs of the entire
biosynthetic pathway of depudecin, a HDAC inhibitor first identified in Alternaria
brassicicola, were among the highest expressed TCs in oat grain medium. The
data will be discussed in a biological context.
Keywords: Fusarium langsethiae, transcriptome, SEM, depudecin
59

KEYNOTE LECTURE 1 SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT
RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM, VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
Resistance improvement of wheat to Fusarium head
blight: challenges and possibilities
H. Buerstmayr, M. Buerstmayr, W. Schweiger, B. Steiner
BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department IFA-Tulln, Institute for
Biotechnology in Plant Production, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
E-mail: hermann.buerstmayr@boku.ac.at
In the gene pool of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) large variation for resistance
to Fusarium head blight has been discovered, but strikingly less in current durum
wheat (T. durum). Resistance to Fusarium head blight is a truly quantitative trait
controlled by polygenes (QTL) and modulated by the environment. Numerous
studies have been conducted to decipher the quantitative inheritance of Fusarium
resistance in wheat mainly based on QTL mapping using segregating populations
(Buerstmayr et al. 2009). With the advent of high-density genotyping tools
association genomics and genome wide prediction approaches became
practicable recently.
Even in the era of genomics progress by selection depends heavily on accurate
and powerful phenotyping. In a typical breeding situation large numbers of
experimental lines need to be tested for resistance response. Genotype-byenvironment
interaction plays an important role in such trials and may result in low
heritability. Therefore, measures need to be taken to obtain reliable resistance
measurements, such as artificial inoculation, control of environmental conditions if
feasible, and most importantly replication of trials within and across environments.
In addition, it is not easy to separate active resistance responses from passive
resistance due to plant morphological and/or developmental plant traits.
We report here about: 1) successful application of large effect QTL in marker
assisted bread wheat improvement; 2) identification and genetic analysis of
promising novel genetic resources for bread wheat and durum wheat breeding; 3)
the association of morphological traits, especially plant height and the extent of
anther extrusion with FHB resistance. The implications for resistance breeding will
be discussed.
Acknowledgements: we acknowledge funding by the Austrian Science Fund
(FWF), projects F3711 and TRP136-B16.
Keywords Resistance genetics, phenotyping, trait associations, genomic assisted
breeding
61

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
Progress in breeding FHB-resistant winter wheat in
Ontario, Canada
L. Tamburic-Ilincic
University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, 120 Main St. E. Ridgetown, Ontario, N0P2C0, Canada
E-mail: ltamburi@uoguelph.ca
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important wheat disease. Selection for FHB
resistance and lower deoxynivalenol (DON) content in the grain continue to be
important goal for breeders worldwide. We have used exotic sources of FHB
resistance and native sources from North America and developed germplasm with
high level of FHB resistance and moderately resistant winter wheat cultivars
adapted to Ontario. The most resistant germplasm from our program was tested
in USA and Germany over years and had stable performance across all
environments.
A winter wheat population consisted of 147 RILs derived from a cross between
‘RCATL33’ (resistance from ‘Sumai 3’ and ‘Frontana’) and ‘RC Strategy’ (a FHB
susceptible, elite soft red winter wheat) was developed to study the effect of
single major QTLs for FHB resistance (3B, 5A and 3A) on yield, agronomic and
quality parameters. Lines in the 3B QTL class had the lowest FHB index, DON
content and FDK level, headed early and did not have a significantly lower yield or
protein content compared to the lines grouped in other QTL classes. Markerassisted
selection (MAS), using SSR markers associated with the 3B QTL for
FHB resistance, in high-yielding, FHB-susceptible Canadian soft winter wheat is
the recommended method for the development of lines with increased FHB
resistance without significant yield and quality penalties.
All wheat commercially grown in Ontario is entered in the Performance Trial and
tested every year for FHB resistance and DON level in three nurseries inoculated
with F. graminearum. Using all available data, each cultivar is assigned to a
category that describes level of FHB resistance (highly susceptible-HS,
susceptible-S, moderately susceptible-MS, and moderately resistant-MR) based
on an index that combines both FHB symptoms and DON level. Results related to
progress in winter wheat development in Ontario, with respect to FHB resistance,
will be presented.
Keywords: Fusarium, wheat, resistance
62

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
Identification of Frontana derived QTL linked to
Fusarium head blight, Fusarium damaged kernel and
deoxynivalenol content
Á. Szabó-Hevér, M. Varga, S. Lehoczki-Krsjak, C. Lantos, J. Pauk, L.
Purnhauser, Á. Mesterházy
Cereal Reseach Ltd., Alsó kikötő sor 9., H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
E-mail: agnes.szabo@gabonakutato.hu
There are numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies in the research field of
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Fusarium resistance. However it is understandable
through the importance of this disease and the complexity of the resistance
against this pathogen. Beyond the Fusarium head blight (FHB) severity,
percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) and deoxynivalenol (DON)
content are predominantly important resistance traits.
The physiological background of DON degradation in the moderately Fusarium
resistant Frontana variety was previously investigated by other research groups.
Additionally Frontana derived QTL influencing FHB and/or FDK were validated
using a Frontana/Remus DH population (Szabó-Hevér et al. 2012; Canadian
Journal of Plant Pathology, 34: 224–238).
In order to analyze QTL influencing DON content, a GK Mini Manó/Frontana DH
mapping population (n=168) was developed and investigated in field nurseries at
Szeged in 2008 and 2009. Spray inoculation combined with bagging method was
used to test FHB severity, FDK and DON content caused by independent
Fusarium isolates (F. culmorum or F. graminearum). Mapping was made with 643
polymorphic molecular markers (24 SSR and 619 DArT) constituting 28 linkage
groups.
The results show that Frontana derived QTL influencing DON accumulation are
on chromosomes: 1B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6B, 7A, 7B and 7D. Among them
QTL identified on chromosomes 1B, 2D, 3B, 5A, 5B, 6B and 7B were the most
important influencing not only FHB and FDK but also DON content. Previous
results – gained through the mapping of Frontana/Remus population – support
the significant role of QTL on chromosomes 2D, 5A, 6B and 7B in the Fusarium
head blight resistance. The markers identified in these regions were stable across
different epidemic situations and linked to more resistance traits. Therefore their
use is beneficial for marker assisted selection.
Ackowledgements: This research was realized in the frames of TÁMOP 4.2.4.
A/1-11-1-2012-0001 „National Excellence Program – Elaborating and operating
an inland student and researcher personal support system” The project was
subsidized by the European Union and co-financed by the European Social Fund.
This material was supported by the EU MycoRed FP7 program.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., Fusarium head blight, deoxynivalenol, QTL
63

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
FHB Resistance in Soft Red Winter Wheat: Breeding
and Genomic Selection
C. Sneller, A. Hoffstetter, A. Cabrera
The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster Ohio, 44691, USA
E-mail: sneller.5@osu.edu
Soft Red Winter Wheat (SRWW) adapted to the Eastern US has considerable
resistance to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB). Breeders have effectively used
traditional breeding to utilize this resistance in developing new cultivars. Our
objectives are 1) review the evidence of resistance SRWW, 2) assess breeding
progress for FHB resistance in SRWW, 3) conduct association analysis of
resistance QTL, and 4) use genomic selection to improve FHB resistance.
The USDA has funded FHB research since 1996 including a cooperative nursery
to evaluate FHB resistance in breeding lines prior to release as cultivars. Using
that data from those trials and other data it is apparent that SRWW has useful
variation for many types of resistance including resistance to toxin accumulation:
high levels of all resistant mechanisms are readily found. An analysis of
phenotypes of breeding lines evaluated from 1996-2012 indicate that breeders
have been successful using phenotypic selection to improve FHB resistance in
SRWW. While there has been some use of MAS for Fhb1 and other QTL, most of
the gain in resistance is apparently due to native SRWW genetics.
Biparental crosses have revealed some QTL for SRWW FHB resistance. Our
association analysis suggests that in breeding populations that most of the
genetic variation is due to genes with small effects. We have implemented
genomic selection (GS) for FHB resistance. Using cross validation we estimate
the relative efficiency (RE = r/sqrt(h 2 )) of GS versus phenotypic selection for FHB
resistance is 0.47. In our breeding scheme a RE of 0.47 provides a RE of GS
versus phenotypic selection on a per year basis of 2.35. New estimates using
additional markers and phenotypic data will be presented as well as some results
from implementing GS.
Keywords: Fusarium, breeding, genomic, selection
64

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
Screening for new sources of FHB and DON
resistance in Chinese germplasm collected at CIMMYT
genebank
X. He, P. K. Singh, S. Dreisigacker, T. Payne, N. Schlang, E. Duveiller
Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal
6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
E-mail: x.he@cgiar.org
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease with global importance, which
causes not only yield reduction, but also the contamination of food and feed
through producing mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). CIMMYT-Mexico
has been working on FHB for more than 30 years. In the mid-1980s, a shuttle
breeding and germplasm exchange program was launched between CIMMYT-
Mexico and China, which significantly promoted the incorporation of the FHB
resistance of Chinese germplasm into high yielding, semi-dwarf and rust resistant
CIMMYT wheats. Most of the Chinese wheat genotypes collected at CIMMYT
genebank have not been fully characterized for FHB and DON resistance in
Mexican environments. In 2009, 491 Chinese varieties were tested in CIMMYT’s
FHB screening nursery at El Batan, Mexico, using spray inoculation. Of these
entries, 304 (62%) showed a FHB index below 10% and were screened at
CIMMYT’s CENEB station near Ciudad Obregón in 2010, for phenological traits
(plant height and flowering date) and rust resistance. In 2012, 140 elite lines with
good rust resistance and agronomic types were evaluated at El Batan for field
FHB resistance and DON contamination. One hundred and sixteen (83%) entries
showed FHB index lower than 10%, while 120 (86%) had DON content lower than
2.0, exhibiting that most of the tested lines have good resistance. A subset of 102
elite entries was selected for haplotyping, using markers linked to 10 well known
FHB QTL. The results indicated that around 40% of the lines have the 2DL QTL
from Wuhan 1 and CJ9306, and 27% have the 3BS QTL from Sumai 3, while the
other 8 QTL are of low frequency. These materials, especially those with no
known FHB QTL, could be used in breeding programs as new resistance sources.
Keywords: wheat, Fusarium, mycotoxin, resistance
65

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
Expression QTL mapping for Fusarium Head Blight
resistance in Wheat
M. Samad Zamini, C. Ametz, E. Sam, G. Siegwart, B. Steiner, M. Lemmens,
W. Schweiger, H. Buerstmayr
BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department IFA-Tulln, Institute for
Biotechnology in Plant Production, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
E-mail: mina.zamini@boku.ac.at
Breeding for Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance is a challenging task for
breeders worldwide, also due to the quantitative nature of resistance in wheat. To
date more than 200 QTL on almost all chromosomes have been reported to
contribute to resistance, with most of them encoding for minor effect genes. The
application of genome-wide approaches to analyse quantitative traits has yielded
relevant genes, involved in the expression of related traits (Druka et.al. Plant
Biotec J. 2010). The analysis of expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) is a
method to identify novel QTL by employing transcriptome variation. In this study
we exploited eQTL mapping that correlate microarray gene expression data and
genetic markers data to identify genes involved in the specific response of wheat
to Fusarium graminearum in a population of 200 doubled haploid lines
segregating for FHB resistance. This population derives from the resistant line
CM-82036 (progeny of Sumai 3) and the susceptible European spring wheat
cultivar Remus (Buerstmayr et.al. TAG, 2002, TAG 2003). Six central spikelets
were inoculated with a Fusarium spore suspension at anthesis and samples were
harvested at two time points (30 and 50 hours) after inoculation. RNA was
hybridized onto a custom-build microarray (Agilent 8x60k), comprising 44.000
wheat unigenes, several hundred wheat candidate genes, that have been
reported responsive to Fusarium in literature and the entire transcriptome of
Fusarium graminearum (ca. 14.000 genes). In total, we hybridized about 500
microarrays. eQTL mapping was carried out by interval mapping analysis. We
discovered 20,420 significant eQTL (based on high LOD score), distributed
throughout all chromosomes. In a next step we detected “eQTL hotspots”, which
describe gene-rich regions potentially co-regulated by eQTL. We further identified
cis and trans-eQTL, based on the distance of the eQTL map position to the
location of the actual genes controlled by the respective eQTL.
Keyword: Expression QTL, transcriptome analysis, eQTL hotspots, Fusarium
head blight
66

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
A systemic approach in wheat breeding for high yield
and resistance to Fusarium graminearum
P. L. Scheeren 1 , V. R. Caetano 1 , A. Comeau 2
1 Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Wheat, Rodovia BR 285, km 294, 99001-970,
Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canadá, Canadá
E-mail: pedro.scheeren@embrapa.br
The average annual wheat area in Brazil has been around 2 million hectares
during the last 10 years and 90% of the wheat area is concentrated under notillage,
in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná. The average wheat yield is
about 2.200 kg ha-1. Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a very important disease,
because of the excess humidity in the South Brazilian wheat area. To improve
grain yield associated with resistance to diseases, many breeding strategies are
used. In Southern Brazil, in 1978, besides the conventional breeding strategies, a
new methodology, called “systemic breeding”, was initiated. In this approach,
selection is done in the first generations, on a large number of crosses, which will
compensate for this very destructive approach. The approach was improved by
applying multiple stress selection on F1s and complex F1s (cross of F1/F1),
instead of beginning the selection in F2 populations. Such an approach could also
be suitable for breeding programs in underdeveloped countries, because it
delivers more results at rather low cost. Artificial stresses and pathogen
inoculation were used in order to obtain fast solutions for several selected
characteristics. Plant ideotype and bread wheat quality traits were also important
goals. Systemic lines with high resistance can be obtained in large numbers. The
first results of the new approach were breeding lines with a set of combined
desirable traits and the new cultivar BRS Parrudo, which was released in 2012,
and possesses very good resistance to Fusarium. It presents also a good plant
ideotype, has a set of resistances to different diseases, high yield potential and
high gluten strength. Also in Canada the systemic approach gave evidence of true
victory against FHB in less than 4 years, where they got very good resistance with
good agronomic characters in the line FL62R1.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum, Fusarium graminearum, breeding methods,
cultivars
67

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
Molecular and genetic analysis of Fusarium head
blight resistance in triticale (xTriticosecale)
T. Miedaner, R. Kalih, S. Michel, H. P. Maurer
Universität Hohenheim (720), State Plant Breeding Institute, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
E-mail: miedaner@uni-hohenheim.de
Fusarium head blight (FHB) infects triticale, a cross between wheat and rye,
similarly like the two parental cereals causing yield reduction and contamination
with deoxynivalenol (DON). Triticale is grown in the European Union with 3.4
million hectares (ha), in Germany and France with each of 400,000 ha, in Poland
with 1.3 million ha and mainly used for feeding of livestock. DON content in the
grain is a great obstacle because swine are the most sensitive animals; EU
guidelines for DON are

KEYNOTE LECTURE 2 SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT
RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM, VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
Metabolo-proteomics approach to identify candidate
genes for wheat resistance to fusarium head blight
A. C. Kushalappa
McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X3V9, Canada
E-mail: ajjamada.kushalappa@mcgill.ca
The resistance in wheat and barley to fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium
graminearum, is quantitatively inherited. Hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTLs)
for resistance have been identified but these contain several genes, including
undesirable ones due to linkage drag. Near isogenic lines, with contrasting alleles
at QTL-Fhb1, were pathogen or mock-inoculated, metabolites and proteins were
analyzed using high resolution mass spectrometry. Mass spectral outputs were
processed using MZmine for metabolites and MASCOT for proteins. The
abundances were used to identify resistance-related metabolites and proteins,
and mapped to metabolic pathways. Metabolites of the shunt phenylpropanoid
pathway such as hydroxycinnamic acid amides, phenolic glucosides and
flavonoids were significantly induced in the resistant NIL. Concurrently, the
enzymes of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis such as cinnamyl alcohol
dehydrogenase, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, caffeic acid Omethyltransferase,
flavonoid O-methyltransferase, agmatine
coumaroyltransferase and peroxidase were also up-regulated. A protein coding
gene (GENBANK No: CBH32656.1) near the Fhb1 locus was putatively annotated
as hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of
hydroxycinnamic acid amides, whose high expression in resistant NIL was
confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR using the sequence of wheat agmatine
coumaroyltransferase. This demonstrates the potential of metabolo-proteomics
approach to identify biotic stress resistance candidate genes. This gene can be
used in plant improvement following further validation. Similar analyses of NILs
with QTL-5A also significantly induced hydroxycinnamic acid amides, especially
p-coumaroyl putrescene, caffeoylputrescine and feruloyl tyramine, and related
metabolites.
Keywords: OMICs, metabolomics, quantitative resistance, Fusarium head blight
69

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
Semi-dwarf ‘uzu’ barley carries enhanced resistance
to a range of pathogens including Fusarium
culmorum
F. Doohan, L. Gunupuru, S. Ali
E-mail: fiona.doohan@ucd.ie
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are hormones that influence plant growth, development
and defence responses. The BR receptor protein Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1
(BRI1) has been characterised in several plant species. Semi-dwarf barley ‘uzu’
varieties have a mutation in the kinase domain of Bri1. In studies conducted using
barley genotypes Akashinriki and Bowman and their ‘uzu’ derivatives, we show
‘uzu’ is more resistant to Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease. Resistance was
characterised as the uzu plants having > 38% lower disease symptoms and >
25% higher yield as compared to parent lines Akashinriki and Bowman. Seedling
experiments showed that the ‘uzu’ derivative of Akashinriki was also 87% more
resistant to Fusarium seedling blight as compared to the parent line. Virusinduced
gene silencing of Bri1 lead to enhanced susceptibility of detached leaves
to Fusarium culmorum (>2 times more disease than plants treated with the empty
VIGS vector). Thus the Fusarium resistance of ‘uzu’ is not a consequence of
reduced BRI1 activity. Microarray analysis identified genes differentially regulated
between the mutant and wild type during disease development. We are currently
determining the effect of the uzu mutation on downstream BR signalling and the
functionality of the kinase domain of the uzu Bri1. Furthermore, studies on net
blotch disease and Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus show that ‘uzu’ confers broadspectrum
resistance. We now begin a four-year project in order to determine the
factors underpinning the ‘uzu’ associated resistance. We want to determine why
‘uzu’ has enhanced resistance to Fusarium and if any of the genes identified via
microarray of ‘uzu’/Akashinriki contribute to the Fusarium resistance inherent in
‘uzu’? Preliminary results show that the gene silencing of a membrane receptor
up-regulated in ‘uzu’ versus Akashinriki in response to Fusarium results in
enhanced Fusarium disease in detached leaf assays. Our second objective is to
determine if genes identified in other studies as contributing to Fusarium
resistance play a role in brassinosteroid signaling.
Acknowledgements: Dr. Sato, Barley Germplasm Centre, Kurashiki, Japan for
providing the Uzu and Akashinriki cultivar lines. Dr.Paul nicholson, JIC, Norwich
for providing Bowman and Bowman-Uzu cultivar lines. This work has emanated
from research conducted with the financial support of the Irish Department of
Agriculture, Food and the Marine and Science Foundation Ireland.
Keywords: Brassinosteroid, Fusarium, resistance
70

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
Meta-analysis of resistance to Fusarium head blight
among tetraploid wheat genetic resources –
implications for resistance breeding of durum wheat
M. Buerstmayr, H. Buerstmayr
BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department for Agrobiotechnology Tulln,
Institute for Biotechnology in Plant Production, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
E-mail: hermann.buerstmayr@boku.ac.at
Improvement of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a continuous and
currently unsolved challenge for durum wheat breeders. The main problem is the
small genetic variation for FHB resistance within Triticum durum, almost all lines
are susceptible. Therefore, several groups attempted introgression and genetic
mapping of resistance from landraces or related species of durum wheat, such as
T. dicoccum, T. dicoccoides, T. carthlicum, and T. aestivum in order to integrate
FHB resistance alleles into modern macaroni wheat cultivars. In this report we
compare QTL positions and effects found in three own populations (Gladysz et al.
Isr J of Plant Sci 2007, Buerstmayr et al. TAG 2012) with four reports published
by other groups in tetraploid wheat (Ghavami et al. G3 2011, Otto et al. Plant Mol
Biol 2002, Ruan et al. Genome 2012, Somers et al. Genome 2006) and with QTL
reported from bread wheat (Buerstmayr et al. Plant Breed. 2009). This
comparison highlights that in relatives of durum wheat resistance improving
alleles are present and can be introduced into durum wheat and that most QTL
reported in tetraploid wheat were also found in hexaploid wheat, indicating that
the genetics of FHB resistance in tetraploid wheat and hexaploid wheat largely
overlaps. Based on these recent results, FHB resistance breeding by allele
introgression into durum wheat seems readily feasible.
Keywords: Fusarium head blight, resistance, drurum wheat, meta-analysis
71

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
Wheat gene network dynamics in response to
Fusarium graminearum and functional validation of
candidate resistance genes
G. Siegwart 1 , C. Ametz 1 , B. Steiner 1 , K. Kugler 2 , T. Nussbaumer 2 , W.
Schweiger 2 , K. Mayer 2 , H. Buerstmayr 1
1 BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1180 ViennaDepartment for
Biotechnology in Plant production, A-3430 Tulln; 2 Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute for
Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg
E-mail: gerald.siegwart@boku.ac.at
Fusarium head blight is a prominent disease on small grain cereals. Resistance to
the causative fungus Fusarium graminearum is quantitative. Two of the most
effective QTL are located on chromosome 3B and 5A and designated Fhb1 and
Qfhs.ifa-5A, respectively (Buerstmayr 2002, Buerstmayr 2003). Recently we
developed near-isogenic lines (NIL) using the susceptible Austrian spring wheat
cultivar Remus as recurrent parent and CM-82036 (a descendant of Sumai 3) as
donor for the resistance QTL (Schweiger et al. submitted). NILs possessing both
QTL, only one of them or none of both were produced and served as ideal
resource for investigating the effects of these QTL in a near-isogenic, susceptible
background.A greenhouse experiment was conducted in three replications,
generating in total 60 samples of mock and F. graminearum challenged tissue
derived from five genotypes and two timepoints - the resulting RNA was used for
RNA-seq on the Illumina platform.The reads were mapped against the recently
published wheat ortholome (Brenchley et al. 2012); the retrieved transcripts were
then compared to the barley high confidence genes and these were used for
further analysis because of the much more comprehensive annotation and better
gene models. We observed differentially expressed genes specific for either
condition or genotype and also genes constitutively more abundant for either
QTL. We further identified network modules showing expression patterns linked to
genotype-specific response at different time points. Particular domains and
transcription factors were found to play a central role as hubs within the Fusarium
associated gene co-expression network. Selected candidate genes have been
cloned and functionally analyzed using virus-induced gene silencing. Results will
be presented.
Keywords: RNA-seq, gene network, Fusarium resistance, wheat
72

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
Identification of wheat susceptibility factors to
Fusarium graminearum
C. Chetouhi, L. Bonhomme, F. Cambon, P. Lecomte, D. Biron, T. Langin
E-mail: cherif.chetouhi@clermont.inra.fr
Among the most damaging fungal pathogens of wheat, Fusarium graminearum,
main causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), reduces significantly yield
worldwide, and affects grains quality by mycotoxins contamination. During the
past years, numbers of FHB resistance QTL with moderate effects against this
pathogen have been identified in very genetically diverse wheat collections.
However the lack of diagnostic markers as well as detrimental linkage drag
associated with some of these QTL (QTL governing the yield and grain quality)
limit breeding for resistance. Understanding the molecular basis of FHB
susceptibility can provide alternative tools to improve the control of this disease in
fields. To decipher the molecular crosstalk involved during compatible interaction
between F. graminearum and its host, and to gain information about susceptibility
host factors, we analyzed a time course infection of the susceptible French wheat
cultivar Recital by F. graminearum through transcriptomics and proteomics
approaches. Microarray data showed that 1,453 genes exhibit differential
accumulation between F. graminearum-infected and mock-inoculated plants
whereas a total of 74 proteins displayed contrasting abundances on 2DE gels. All
these host genes/proteins identified were classified into three functional groups:
(i) plant defense, (ii) primary, secondary and energy metabolism and (iii)
regulation and signaling. These results strongly suggest that F. graminearum
manipulates its host during a compatible interaction. Its infection strategy relies on
the suppression of basal plant defense and subtle changes in nutrient availability
related-processes. A detailed picture of the potential host pathways involved
during susceptibility will be described along with interesting targets for improved
resistance.
Keywords: Fusarium head blight (FHB), wheat, susceptibility
73

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
In planta inactivation of Fusarium mycotoxins
M. P. Kovalsky-Paris 1 , W. Schweiger 1 , G. Wiesenberger 1 , J. A. Torres-
Acosta 1 , H. Michlmayr 1 , S. Newmister 2 , M. Lemmens 1 , A. Malachova 1 , S.
Shin 3 , G. Muehlbauer 3 , T. Weigl-Pollack 4 , P. Fruhmann 4 , H. Mikula 4 , C.
Hametner 4 , B. Kluger 1 , R. Schuhmacher 1 , R. Krska 1 , J. Fröhlich 4 , I. Rayment 2 ,
F. Berthiller 1 , G. Adam 1
1 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str, 20 + 24, A
3430 Tulln Austria; 2 University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA; 3 University of Minnesota,
St. Paul, MN 55108-6026, USA; 4 University of Technology, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry,
A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
E-mail: gerhard.adam@boku.ac.at
Secondary metabolites of plant pathogens are suspected to play a role as
virulence factors, but in many cases their mode of action is unknown. We could
demonstrate that Hsp90 is the plant target for the (estrogenic) Fusarium
mycotoxin zearalenone. ZON is efficiently glycosylated in various plants. We
identified a barley UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) which produces a mixture of
the known ZON-4-glucoside and the novel ZON-2-glucoside. In contrast to ZON
and beta-zearalenol their glycosylated forms are not able to inhibit Hsp90 ATPase
activity. DON is known to be required for fungal spread in wheat. It is inactivated
in planta by formation of a glucoside, which is no longer able to interact with the
ribosomal target. We characterized candidate UGTs from barley, Brachypodium,
Sorghum, rice and wheat by heterologous expression in yeast. Some genes
encode enzymes with the ability to detoxify DON, NIV and other trichothecenes.
Surprisingly, the detoxification capability and substrate specificity towards
different toxins was quite different in highly similar genes, which are typically
encoded in clusters of variable gene number in the different genomes. The
Brachypodium genome seemingly has the capacity to encode more than 150
functional UGTs. One rice UGT gene could be expressed in E. coli with a
solubility tag. The availability of affinity purified active enzyme now allows efficient
enzymatic production of DON-3-O-glucoside, and also of still uncharacterized
glucosides of 15-ADON, nivalenol, fusarenone X and HT-2 toxin. They should
become valuable reference substances to study metabolism of mycotoxins in
various plants. Recently a novel detoxification mechanism for DON was
demonstrated, the formation of glutathione adducts and processing products
(Kluger et al., 2012). Chemically synthesized S-methyl-DON (SMD) which is
presumably generated in planta from DON-cysteine by cysteine-S-conjugatebeta-lyase
and methylation was 12-fold less toxic than DON, suggesting that
formation of bulky glutathione adducts is a detoxification reaction.
Keywords: detoxification, glucoside, glutathione, conjugation
74

KEYNOTE LECTURE SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING
MODELS
Plant disease prediction using data mining and
machine learning: a case study on Fusarium head
blight and deoxynivalenol content in winter wheat
S. Landschoot 1,2 , K. Audenaert 1,3 , W. Waegeman 2 , B. De Baets 2 , G.
Haesaert 1,3
1 Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, University College Ghent, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, BE-
9000 Gent, Belgium; 2 KERMIT, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics,
Ghent University, Coupure links 653, BE-9000 Gent, Belgium; 3 Department of Crop Protection,
Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, BE-9000 Gent, Belgium.
E-mail: sofie.landschoot@hogent.be
Crop diseases are one of the major causes of yield loss and hence timely
application of remedial measures may combat yield loss to a great extent.
Prediction models help in providing prior knowledge of the time and severity of the
outbreak of diseases and allow growers to underpin decision making on
cultivation techniques and the application of fungicides. Existing prediction models
are based on the combined effect of host susceptibility, inoculum strength and
meteorological conditions on disease development. The main objective for
developing a useful predictive model may be timely accurate predictions, but this
must be accomplished using the most simple, easily acquired, and inexpensive
data. If the data required to run the model is too expensive to acquire, it is unlikely
that the model will be deployed in practice.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) results in yield loss and quality loss due to
mycotoxins. Given these severe consequences throughout the world, various
models for FHB have been developed. Although of great interest, these models
cannot directly be transported to a Belgian context. The lack of fit of these models
could be explained by regional factors. Therefore, the objective of this research
was to implement machine learning techniques to generate field-specific
predictions of FHB and deoxynivalenol in winter wheat. To reach this goal various
regression techniques were compared. Additionally, the influence of a correct
cross-validation strategy, to gain insight in the performance of the models, was
studied. In order to deliver the models to growers and industry a web tool was
developed. This tool will lead to an integrated pest management and a more
sustainable agriculture since the optimal time and dose of fungicides is
recommended. It will also have an economic impact by reducing the input of
fungicides and a more efficient sampling strategy to guarantee food and feed
safety.
Keywords: disease forecasting, Fusarium, web tool, winter wheat
75

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
Wheat monitoring in Switzerland: Which cropping
factors influence occurrence of Fusarium species and
mycotoxins?
S. Vogelgsang, I. Bänziger, T. D. Bucheli, F. E. Wettstein, H. R. Forrer
Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
E-mail: susanne.vogelgsang@art.admin.ch
Throughout four years, wheat samples and information on cropping measures
were collected from Swiss growers. Wheat grains were examined for incidence of
various Fusarium head blight (FHB) causing species, DNA amount of F.
graminearum (FG) and content of different mycotoxins. In a total of 527 samples
from 16 cantons, three Fusarium species were dominant: FG (64%), followed by
F. poae (19%) and F. avenaceum (10%). The mean content of deoxynivalenol
(DON) was 650 ppb and 12% of all samples were above the European limit for
unprocessed cereals (1’250 ppb). The mean DON content varied between 260
ppb in 2009 and 970 ppb in 2008. There was a significant positive correlation
between FG incidence and DON content (r 2 =0.52) and between FG DNA quantity
and DON content (r 2 =0.64).
The combination of pre-crop maize and conservation tillage versus ploughing
resulted in an average DON content of 2’200 ppb or 370 ppb, respectively. The
use of other pre-crops further reduced the average DON content to 240 ppb. In
samples from the two cropping systems wheat after maize with or without
ploughing, zearalenone and nivalenol (NIV) contents were lower but showed a
similar pattern as that DON, with means of 208 and 17 ppb for ZEA and to 27
and 16 ppb for NIV, respectively. No significant correlation was found between F.
poae incidence and the NIV content. One reason may be the presence of F.
graminearum NIV chemotypes in Switzerland.
Currently, DNA quantities of F. poae as well as the ratio of FG chemotypes are
investigated by PCR analyses. The resulting data combined with in-depth
multivariate analysis of various cropping measures will provide a better
understanding of the relationship between fungal prevalence and toxin content.
This knowledge is crucial to develop sustainable cropping systems with low risks
of Fusarium occurrence and contamination of wheat.
Keywords: cropping, Fusarium head blight, monitoring, wheat
76

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
Influence of agricultural practices on Fusarium spp.
and mycotoxin contamination of Norwegian cereals
I. S. Hofgaard, T. Seehusen, H. U. Aamot, U. Abrahamsen, J. Razzaghian, V.
Hong Le, H. Riley, E. Strand, B. Holen, E. Gauslaa, T. K. Sundgren, M.
Åssveen, B. Nordskog, H. S. Steen, G. Brodal
Bioforsk, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, NORWAY
E-mail: ingerd.hofgaard@bioforsk.no
Fusarium diseases in cereals and associated mycotoxin contamination of grains
are causing increasing problems for growers, livestock producers and the food
and feed industries in Norway. Besides weather factors, such as rainfall and
temperature in the critical periods around flowering and preharvest, inoculum
production and disease development are also influenced by agricultural practices.
From 2011, all oat grain lots in Norway have been analysed for deoxynivalenol
(DON) at delivery. Within one season, median values of DON content in oat grain
lots differed between municipalities from less than 750 µg/kg, to above 3000
µg/kg (year 2011 and 2012).
Bioforsk and the Norwegian Agricultural Extension Service are performing several
field trials to study the effects of tillage practice, crop rotation, and chemical and
biological control treatments on the development of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxin
in cereals. In addition, mycotoxin contents (DON and HT2/T2) have been
analysed for oats, wheat and barley from current official cultivar trials. In a three
year study (2010-2012), various types of soil management have been compared
to determine whether the amount of crop debris and tillage practice influences the
survival of Fusarium spp. in residues. High incidence of F. avenaceum has been
registered in crop debris collected from these fields. F. graminearum is also
commonly observed. Results on Fusarium incidence in plant debris and
mycotoxin contamination of the subsequent crops of oats and spring wheat will be
presented. Field trials with integrated pest management in spring wheat were
established at five locations in 2010. Oilseed rape, peas and field beans are
included in the rotations. Fungicide treatments have been performed according to
the disease risks forecasted by the VIPS expert system (http://www.vipslandbruk.no/).
Results will be presented on the mycotoxin contamination of
cereals harvested from plots receiving different management practices.
Keywords: HT-2, T-2, DON, IPM
77

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
Forecasting helps to target DON toxin testing
T. Kaukoranta, V. Hietaniemi, P. Parikka
MTT Agrifood Research Finland, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
E-mail: timo.kaukoranta@mtt.fi
We assessed the potential gain from predicting the risk of DON toxin for
increasing the efficiency of actual toxin testing of cereals. Monitoring data on toxin
concentrations in spring cereals were linked to gridded weather data and varietal
susceptibility. Logistic regression models predicting probability of moderately high
(>400/500 pbb) and high (>1000 ppb) toxin concentration from weekly mean
temperatures and duration of high humidity around flowering and harvesting were
constructed. The observed proportions of cases above 400/500 ppb were 8, 8,
26%, and of above 1000 ppb were 5, 4, 15%, in spring wheat barley and oat
(n=183, 252, 432), respectively. Using the prediction as a guide, the chance of
finding positives above 400/500 ppb in the population changed to 80, 14, and
37%, above 1000 ppb to 56, 11, and 31% in wheat, barley and oat respectively. In
smaller populations (n=130, 174, 339), where also total occurrence of DON
producing species Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum was used as a
predictor, the chances of finding positives above 400/500 ppb were 85, 68, and
39%, above 1000 ppb 89, 75%, and 77% in wheat, barley and oat, respectively.
Using solely the information on the occurrence of the DON producers, the
chances of finding positives above 400/500 ppb were 41, 52, and 66%, 1000 ppb
67, 75%, and 77%. Prediction based of spatially rather coarse gridded weather
data points out very effectively high risk regions and fields of spring wheat.
Though useful, the prediction is less powerful with barley and oat. Using
information on the occurrence of DON producing species improves strongly the
power of the prediction. Its usefulness will further be further enhanced with
improving spatial resolution.
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxin, forecasting
78

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
Forecasting of Fusarium Head Blight and
Deoxynivalenol in Wheat with FusaProg to support
Growers and Industry
H. R. Forrer 1 , T. Musa 1 , A. Hecker 1 , F. Mascher 2 , S. Vogelgsang 1
1 Research Station Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich;
2 Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Route de Duillier 50, CH-1260 Nyon 1, Switzerland
E-mail: hans-rudolf.forrer@art.admin.ch
Derived from the determination of fusaria and deoxynivalenol (DON) in 300 wheat
samples from 2001-2003 of the Swiss canton Aargau and the analysis of the
effect of the corresponding cropping and weather data, we designed in the
Fusarium graminearum (FG) and DON forecasting system www.fusaprog.ch
(Musa et al. 2007, OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 37,2,283-289). FusaProg is based upon
a division of the cropping system into four groups, namely wheat grown with or
without maize as previous crop as well as plough or conservation tillage. Mean
values for the incidence of FG and the DON-content of the wheat samples of the
four groups were used as starting values to calculate plot specific and regional FG
and DON risks. In addition other factors as the wheat cultivar and, most important,
the actual weather and growth stage of wheat are considered. FusaProg was
validated with another set of Swiss data and optimised with findings of FHB onfarm
experiments (Vogelgsang et al. 2011, Mycotoxin Research 27:81-96). The
validation of FusaProg with 82 Swiss samples from 2004-2008 showed that 82%
of the plot specific forecasts of DON-contaminations above or below a threshold
of 0.5 ppm were correct. A corresponding analysis of a Bavarian dataset with 547
samples from 1993 to 2000 resulted in 73% correct appreciations. However, using
1 ppm as threshold, originally used to develop the FusaProg forecast, the ratio of
correct estimates increased up to 87%. Regional maps of FusaProg displaying
the FG infection risk during anthesis and the DON contamination risk until harvest
were used successfully to support the industry from 2007 to 2012 by the transfer
of wheat. Actually we try to optimise the reliability of FusaProg using a new FG
infection risk model developed with data from FG spore catches from 2008 to
2010. First results are promising and will be presented.
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxin, forecast, sporetrap
79

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
Mycotoxins risk assessment in cereals and corn, from
monitoring to predictive models
A. Froment, A. Nussbaumer, T. Varraillon
SYNGENTA 1 avenue des Prés 78286 Guyancourt France
E-mail: alain.froment@syngenta.com
Several species of Fusarium can produce mycotoxins during the growing period
of the crops. At harvest, these toxins may be detected and sometimes at high
level in cereals and corn grain depending of the year. EU Food Safety Regulation
has fixed thresholds on these mycotoxins concerning all the grain food process.
Since 2000, Syngenta has organised a large monitoring of more than 26 000
plots. Agronomic and climatic data and grain samples have been collected for
mycotoxins analysis in France. To minimize the risk, Syngenta has developed
Good Agriculture Practices recommendation (variety tolerance, crop residue
management …). Over the years, the database has been used to assess and
define models to predict the mycotoxins risk before harvesting. Predictions are
based on different agro-climatic statistical models. Yearly monitoring improve their
accuracy.
Qualimetre® was the first service in France to forecast the grain mycotoxins level
for soft wheat in 2004, durum wheat in 2005 and corn in 2006. After calculation
which integrates local agronomic practices and extended wheather information,
the grain collectors receive reports with quantification of mycotoxins levels by
agronomic practices according to area of collect and for each plot the probability
to be under the grain regulation threshold. The forecast is available one month
before harvesting for deoxynivalenol in soft and durum wheat and for
deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins in corn.
These models are now widely used by grain collectors to operate with the
mycotoxins risk, food safety and regulation. About sixty grain collectors used
Qualimetre® in 2012 surveying 4.5 million hectares in France and Italy. Since
2009, a new model to forecast T2-HT2 risk is under development on spring
barley.
Keywords: mycotoxins, predictive model, food safety, regulation
80

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
Biological strategy applied to maize preharvest
agroecosystem in Argentina to prevent fumonisin
contamination
M. Etcheverry 1, 2 , A. Nesci 1, 2 , P. Pereira 1,3 , M. Sartori 1,3
1 Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de
Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N°
36 Km 601, Río Cuarto (5800), Córdoba, Argentina - 2 Members of the Research Career, Consejo
Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina - 3 Doctoral Fellow of
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
E-mail: metcheverry@exa.unrc.edu.ar
Biocontrol activity of Bacillusamyloliquefaciens, Microbacteriumoleovorans
against F. verticillioides colonization of field-grown maize and fumonisin
production in grains at harvest were investigated. Seed treatment during presowing
and spraying of maize ears during flowering were evaluated as inoculation
methods of selected agents. The impact of inoculation on F.verticillioides count in
maize roots and in grains at harvest level as well as on fumonisin content of the
grains was evaluated in field trials conducted under natural fungal infection and
also alter inoculation with different strains of F. verticillioides. Treatments effect on
maize growth and the diversity and activity of bacterial and fungal populatiotions
naturally associated with maize roots was also assessed. Additionaly, F
verticillioides count and fumonisin B1 content were significantly reduced in grains
of plants grown from B. amyloliquefaciens treated seeds. Studies on inoculum
production, physiological improvement and formulation process were assessed.
Cells of B. amyloliquefaciens grown in liquid media amended with glycerol
showed better tolerance at low aw and high survival under heat stress.
Furthermore, both biocontrol agents showed accumulation of betaine and ectoine
in cells of B. amyloliquefaciens and M. oleovorans can improve the tolerance of
both bacteria to water potential modifications and desiccation in the process of
freeze drying and production of formulated, which could improve bacterial growth
and survival under conditions of low water availability and also increase the
potential for biological control of F. verticillioides in field. MSB medium was select
for biomass production due to the high growth and survival after freeze-drying
process. Formulated were development of fresh cells and freeze-dried of
B.amyloliquefaciens and M. oleovorans. The efficacy of four stickers as seed
coating was studied, In field trial of maize, the pre-sowing application of freezedried
formulated B. amyloliquefaciens and M. oleovorans and paraffinic oil as
sticker, caused a decrease of fumonisin B1 in grain harvest treatments including
pre-sowing inoculation of F. verticillioides.
Keywords: biocontrol, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Microbacterium oleovorans,
Fumonisin B1
81

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
Maize kernel antioxidants and their potential
involvement in Gibberella and Fusarium Ear Rot
resistance
V. Atanasova-Penichon 1 , A. Picot 1 , L. Pinson-Gadais 1 , N. Ponts 1 , S. Pons 1 ,
G. Marchegay 1 , F. Turtaut 1 , M-N. Verdal-Bonnin 1 , C. Barreau 1,2 , J. Roucolle 3 ,
P. Carolo 4 , F. Richard-Forget 1
1 INRA UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex-
France; 2 CNRS, INRA UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave
d'Ornon cedex-France; 3 Monsanto SAS Peyrehorade, Croix de Pardies, F-40300 Peyrehorade,
France; 4 Euralis Semences, 117 avenue de Vendôme, F-41000 Blois, FRANCE
E-mail: vessela.atanasova-penichon@bordeaux.inra.fr
Gibberella and Fusarium Ear Rot (mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum and
Fusarium verticillioides, respectively) are the two main diseases affecting
European maize crops. The two former fungi pose a serious threat to food safety
because of their ability to produce a wide range of mycotoxins, including type B
trichothecenes (produced by F. graminearum) and fumonisins (synthesized by F.
verticillioides). Since 2007, type B trichothecenes and fumonisins are strictly
regulated for the cereals commercialized in Europe. The maize variety is one of
the key factors that can significantly influence fungal development and mycotoxin
production on kernels. Plants can reduce mycotoxin accumulation by two
mechanisms: metabolic transformation of the toxin and inhibition of toxin
biosynthesis. This second mechanism involves the occurrence of biochemical
compounds that are able to modulate the biosynthesis pathways. Our previous
data showed that maize antioxidant secondary metabolites such as phenolic
compounds, tocopherols and carotenoids are present in the earliest maize kernel
stages, indicating that the mycotoxin-producing fungal species are likely to face
them during ear colonization and initiation of mycotoxin biosynthesis.
The potential involvement of maize antioxidants in plant resistance to Gibberella
and Fusarium Ear Rot and mycotoxin accumulation was the focus of this work.
The effect of phenolic compounds, tocopherol, and carotenoids on fungal growth
and type B trichothecene and fumonisin accumulation was investigated in vitro.
The highest inhibitory activities were obtained for -tocopherol and some of the
phenolic compounds including ferulic acid and its dimeric forms, caffeic and
chlorogenic acid. Using a set of genotypes with moderate to high susceptibility to
Gibberella and Fusarium Ear Rot, we assayed the significantly lowest levels of
chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and its dimeric forms in immature kernels of the very
susceptible group. Overall, our data support the fact that these compounds may
contribute to resistance to Gibberella and Fusarium Ear Rot and/or mycotoxin
accumulation in various maize genotypes.
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxins, antioxidants, maize
82

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
Trichoderma gamsii 6085 as a tool for the biological
control of FHB on wheat
S. Sarrocco 1 , F. Matarese 1 , L. Moncini 2 , G. Pachetti 2 , A. Moretti 3 , G.
Vannacci 1
1 Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 - Pisa, Italy - 2 Centro
Ricerche Strumenti Biotecnici nel Settore Agricolo-forestale (CRISBA), c/o ISIS "Leopoldo II di Lorena"
Cittadella dello Studente, 58100 – Grosseto, Italy - 3 Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National
Research Council, 70126 - Bari, Italy.
E-mail: sarrocco@agr.unipi.it
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a worldwide destructive disease of small cereals,
particularly wheat. The disease is caused by a complex of Fusarium spp. with
Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum as the most prevalent.
Associated with yield reduction, contamination of grains by mycotoxins represents
the most important consequence of FHB. Trichothecenes, as deoxynivalenol
(DON), and its acetylated derivates, and nivalenolo (NIV) are the most dominant
mycotoxins associated with FHB of wheat. Management of FHB and its
mycotoxins is based on strategies such as host resistance, agricultural practices
and fungicides, but none of these methods alone is able to significantly reduce the
disease. In this scenario many efforts have been initiated to identify FHB
antagonists such as beneficial fungi to be used in biocontrol strategies (Sarrocco
et al. Phytopathol. Med. 2012).
In the last years our attention was directed towards Trichoderma gamsii 6085 as a
beneficial isolate for the biocontrol of FHB. This isolate was selected for its ability
to grow in presence of DON and the role of some PDR-ABC transporters in
mycotoxin resistance was investigated.
Under laboratory conditions the antagonistic ability, as mycoparasite and
competitor for natural substrates, of T. gamsii 6085 towards F. graminearum and
F. culmorum mycotoxigenic isolates was assessed in addition to a reduction of
DON production (Matarese et al. Microbiology 2012).
During two following growing seasons of wheat (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) T.
gamsii 6085 was used as inoculant of soil before sowing and of spikes at anthesis
both with interesting results. Particularly, when applied on spikes the isolate was
able to colonize spikelets components, demonstrating an endophytic lifestyle and
showed a reduction of both disease index and disease severity (Sarrocco et al. J.
Plant Pathol 2013).
Results here reported are encouraging and since this is the first report of the use
of T. gamsii as biocontrol agent of FHB, further researches are scheduled in order
to deeply investigate this system.
Keywords: Trichoderma gamsii, FHB, biocontrol, mycotoxin
83

KEYNOTE LECTURE SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND
WORLWIDE
The risks related to Fusarium mycotoxins at global
level: emerging problems and possible solutions
A. F. Logrieco
Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
E-mail: antonio.logrieco@ispa.cnr.it
Fusarium mycotoxins are still a very hot topic because of the high frequency of
their occurrence on a wide range of crops, especially cereals, which are the main
staple food, worldwide. Several reasons are responsible of such occurrence,
among which some are determined directly by human choices and other are
related to natural events such as climatic changes. The need to increase the
cultivation profitability for farmers is related to the extension of some crops such
as durum wheat in geographical areas inappropriate for its cultivation, since this
crop becomes more sensitive to Fusarium pathogenicity. On the other hand, food
security to the increasing amount of the world population is causing the extension
of some crop cultivation such as maize, in some emerging countries of Africa,
where maize is replacing traditional crops (e.g. finger millet and sorghum) and is
more exposed to the contamination of toxigenic Fusarium species. As further
reason of concern, the climatic change can significantly induce the appearance of
emerging problems influencing the distribution of toxigenic Fusarium species and
related mycotoxins. Therefore, new mycotoxin/commodity combinations are
emerging, providing evidence of a great plasticity and capability of these fungi to
continuously select new genotypes provided of higher aggressiveness and
mycotoxin production. In order to better control the risks related to Fusarium
mycotoxin contamination of food commodities, an approach along the whole food
chain, “farm to fork”, is extremely important to identify the critical points along the
chain, where the major risks for mycotoxin contamination occur. Global
networking, awareness and dissemination activities together with a survey on the
main effective pre- and post-harvest solutions, carried out in EU project MycoRed
will be provided in the presentation. The MycoRed outcome may represent
effective integrated strategies for Fusarium mycotoxin minimization in food and
feed chain at the global level.
This presentation has been supported by the EU Project MycoRed 222690 FP7-
KBBE-2007-2A
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxins, pathogenicity
85

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLWIDE
Future challenges of Fusarium and mycotoxins on
cereals in Northern Europe
P. Parikka, K. Hakala, K. Tiilikkala
MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
E-mail: paivi.parikka@mtt.fi
Expected changes in climatic conditions in the North are generally beneficial to
field crop production and allow growing of more species and cultivars. Longer
growing seasons enhance productivity but predicted increase in rainfall can cause
risks for crop quality. The Fusarium species causing head blight on cereals are
common all over Europe but their importance is different depending on the
climatic conditions. The increase in importance of F. graminearum reported earlier
in Central Europe has been observed during the past ten years, especially in
Norway where high deoxynivalenol contents have been frequently analysed in
oats in some areas. Signs of the same development have also been observed in
Sweden and Finland, where DON contaminations have previously been lower.
Due to environmental and economical reasons, reduced tillage and no-till
practices have become more common in cereal production. In Finland, increase
of F. langsethiae, the most important producer of T-2 and HT-2- toxins has
already been observed on oats and barley under reduced tillage. While DON
production is enhanced by high humidity, F. langsethiae can infect and produce
toxins in dry conditions. F. poae also benefits of warm and dry conditions and
increase risk of nivalenol contamination in grain. Interest to grow maize for silage
increases with warmer growing seasons also in the North and can result in higher
DON contaminations when tillage is reduced. Crop rotation is recommended to
control Fusarium head blight but short rotations may not be effective enough.
Insect damages on cereal heads can increase in warming conditions and lead to
heavier Fusarium infections and risk of mycotoxins in grain. Chemical control of
Fusarium head blight has not necessarily decreased mycotoxin contents in grain.
Cultivar resistance to Fusarium infections would be the best and the most
sustainable method to control mycotoxin contaminations, especially in oats.
Keywords: cereals, climate, tillage, mycotoxins
86

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLWIDE
Climate change impacts on mycotoxins in cereal grain
production
H. J. van der Fels-Klerx, M. de Nijs
RIKILT Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, NL-6700AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
E-mail: ine.vanderfels@wur.nl
Emerging mycotoxins in cereal grains include newly detected mycotoxins, as well
as known mycotoxins with no or low presence in certain commodities or
geographical areas that (suddenly) re-occur at high concentrations. A risk for
changes in presence of mycotoxins is the quick shift of origin of raw cereal
materials or the (re-)introduction of cereals in production areas. Major diving
forces, however, are believed to be (projected) climate changes. Quantitative
estimates on impacts of climate change on mycotoxin occurrence in cereals are,
however, scarce.
The EMTOX project aimed to assess the impact of climate change effects on the
presence of mycotoxins in cereal grains in North West Europe in 2040, using a
quantitative approach. Climate model data for the period 2031-2050, based on the
IPCC A1B emission scenario, were used as the starting point. Empirical models
were developed for wheat phenology and for prediction of DON concentrations in
wheat (Olesen et al. Food Add. & Cont. 2012, van der Fels-Klerx et al. J. Food
Protec. 2012). While climate change data were input for both models, the output
of the wheat phenology model was, in addition, used in the DON prediction
model.
Outcome of the modelling study showed that – in general - climate change will
result into increased DON contaminations in wheat in North West Europe in 2040.
The predicted increase was higher for spring wheat than for winter wheat. Results
showed high variation between regions (van der Fels-Klerx et al. Food Add. &
Cont. 2012a,b).
Given the study results, industrial and governmental food safety managers should
be aware of the risks of mycotoxins in raw materials. Levels of mycotoxins need
to be closely monitored, in particular in high risk situations associated with
favourable climatic conditions for fungal infections and mycotoxin production. The
use of predictive models will be helpful in this respect.
Keywords: emerging mycotoxins, climate change, modelling, deoxynivalenol
87

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLWIDE
Uneven and surprising colonization of water pipes of
hospitals and non-hospital sites by Fusarium
oxysporum and F. dimerum
C. Steinberg 1 , J. Laurent 1 , V. Edel-Hermann 1 , M. Barbezant 2 , N. Sixt 3 , F.
Dalle 4,5 , S. Aho 6 , A. Bonnin 4,5 , P. Hartemann 2 , M. Sautour 4,5
1 INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France; 2 Department
Environment and Public Health Nancy University, Hospital Hygiene Unit, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de
Haye, BP154, 54505 Vandoeuvre-Nancy Cedex, 11 France; 3 Environmental Microbiology, Plateau
Technique de Biologie du CHU, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP 37013, 21070 Dijon Cedex, France;
4 Parasitology and Mycology laboratory, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU, 2 rue Angélique
Ducoudray, BP 37013, 21070 Dijon Cedex, France; 5 Université de Bourgogne, UMR1347
Agroécologie 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France; 6 Hospital Hygiene and Epidemiology
unit, Hôpital du Bocage, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
E-mail: christian.steinberg@dijon.inra.fr
Fusarium oxysporum and F. dimerum are ubiquitous soil-borne fungi found in
terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, but they were recently detected in the water
distribution systems of hospital buildings. A survey that included various hospital
buildings at different locations, various non-hospital complexes and a set of
private houses was conducted over 2 years in two French cities. The fungi were
present only in public hospital buildings and were not detected in the other water
distribution systems or in the water inlets, wherever they were. This surprising
distribution can be explained by a combination of three mains factors: i) the
complexity of the water distribution system of a set of regularly renovated
buildings; this complexity includes the diversity of materials used for the pipes and
the existence of loops in which water may stagnate; ii) the application of a
sanitizing process that creates ecological voids and makes resources of interest
available for opportunistic invasive fungi; iii) the real potential of strains of F.
oxysporum and F. dimerum to adapt in order to exploit and to tolerate urban
aquatic environments. The very low diversity among the various isolates of F.
oxysporum and of F. dimerum suggests the existence of a well-adapted
population (special form) of each of the two soil-borne species specialized in the
colonization and exploitation of the spatial and trophic resources provided by the
urbanized water supply system of public hospital buildings. The risk of fusariosis
caused by such special invasive and opportunistic forms needs to be taken
seriously to prevent any contamination of immunocompromised patients.
Keywords: Soil-borne fungi, aquatic niche, adaptation, disease risk assessment
88

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLWIDE
Dermatologic infections by Fusarium species in a
tropical clinic
A. D. van Diepeningen 1 , P. Feng 1,2 , S. Ahmed 1 , M. Sudhadham 3 , S.
Bunyaratavej 7 , G. S. de Hoog 1,5,6,7
1 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherland; 2 The third affiliated hospital of Sun
Yat-Sen University, Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China; 3 Suansunandharajabhat University,
Bangkok, Thailand; 4 Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;
5 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the
Netherlands; 6 Peking University Health Science Center, Research Center for Medical Mycology,
Beijing, China; 7 Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology,
E-mail: a.diepeningen@cbs.knaw.nl
In a set of 464 fungal isolates from a dermatological ward in Thailand, forty-four
strains (9.5%) proved to be Fusarium spp. The affiliated clinical diagnoses of the
Fusarium infections ranged were onychomycosis (61%) or other infections of nail
and skin. Multilocus DNA sequence-based genotyping of the infections was done
based on partial sequences of Elongation factor 1-apha (EF1-alpha), the internal
transcribed spacer (ITS) and RNA dependent polymerase subunit II (RPB2). The
analysis revealed that 94% of the isolates belonged to the Fusarium solani
species complex (FSSC), only one strain matched with the Fusarium oxysporum
(FOSC) complex 33, while six others belonged to the Fusarium incarnatumequiseti
species complex (FIESC). No members of the Giberella fujikuroi Species
Complex (GFSC) were detected. Especially within the FSSC different sequence
types could be recognized; one cluster being similar to Fusarium falciforme
(previously known as Acremonium falciforme). We discuss the results of our
dermatological study in comparison to previous similar studies in tropical and
moderate areas: different species complexes and different ratios between species
complexes were observed. Furthermore, in our study we saw approximately equal
numbers of male and female patients, while in the other studies infections in
women were prevalent.
Keywords: Fusarium solani species complex, Fusariosis, Onychomycosis
89

POSTER PRESENTATIONS
91

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P1 - RNA-Seq analysis reveals new gene models and
alternative splicing in the Fusarium graminearum
C. Zhao 1,2,3,4 , C. Waalwijk 1,2 , P. J. G. M. de Wit 2,5 , D. Tang 3 , T. van der Lee 1,2
1 Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 2 Graduate School Experimental Plant
Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 3 State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome
Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100101, China; 4 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
5Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
E-mail: theo.vanderlee@wur.nl
The genome of Fusarium graminearum has been sequenced and annotated, but
correct gene annotation remains a challenge. In addition, posttranscriptional
regulations, such as alternative splicing and RNA editing, are poorly understood in
F. graminearum. Here we took advantage of RNA-Seq to improve gene
annotations and to identify alternative splicing and RNA editing in F.
graminearum. In total 25,720,650 reads were generated from RNA-Seq. Using the
genome annotation in Broad database, transcripts were detected for 84% of the
predicted genes. 74.8% of the reads matched to exonic regions, 10.6% to
untranslated regions (UTRs), 12.9% to intergenic regions and only 1.7% to
intronic regions. We identified and revised 655 incorrectly predicted gene models
(10% of all tested gene models), including revisions of intron predictions, intron
splice sites and prediction of novel introns. 231 genes were identified with two or
more alternative splice variants, mostly due to intron retention. In-frame analysis
showed that the majority of the alternatively spliced transcripts identified in F.
graminearum cause premature termination codons (PTCs), of which most are
located in intronic regions and these transcripts are potential targets of the
nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Apart from PTC isoforms, some
alternatively spliced transcripts encoding proteins with diverse length were
identified. The effects of the diversity in length on the biological function of
proteins are still unknown, but several functions including binding properties,
intracellular localization, enzymatic activity or stability might be affected.
Interestingly, the expression ratios between different transcript isoforms appeared
to be developmentally regulated. Surprisingly, no RNA editing was identified in F.
graminearum. Moreover, 2459 novel transcriptionally active regions (nTARs) were
identified and our analysis indicates that some of these could be genes that were
missed in the annotation. Finally, we identified the 5’ UTR and/or 3’ UTR
sequences of 7666. A number of representative novel gene models and
alternatively spliced genes were validated by reverse transcription polymerase
chain reaction and sequencing of the generated amplicons.
Our results demonstrate that posttranscriptional regulations can be studied
efficiently using our developed RNA-Seq analysis pipeline and may be important
in adaptation of F. graminearum to changing external environmental conditions
that occur during different growth stages.
Keywords: transcription, RNA-Seq, regulation, secondary metabolism
93

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P2 - Genome-wide transcriptional response to
ambient pH and Pac1 regulatory factor in Fusarium
graminearum
J. Merhej 1 , N. Ponts 1 , F. Richard-Forget 1 , C. Barreau 1,2
1 INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon-France;
2 CNRS, UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon-France
E-mail: cbarreau@bordeaux.inra.fr
The pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum produces type B trichothecene
mycotoxins during cereal plants infection. Trichothecenes accumulate in cereal
grains and represent a threat for health. Expression studies of the Tri genes
implicated in trichothecene biosynthesis have demonstrated that acidic
extracellular pH is a determinant inducer. Actually, it has been shown that the
FgPac1 pH regulatory factor negatively regulates the expression of Tri genes
under neutral or basic pHs. Beside their role in regulating secondary metabolites
in fungi, Pac transcription factors are known to regulate various classes of genes,
especially the genes whose roles involve communication with the environment. In
this study, a genome-wide transcriptional analysis conducted in two different pH
conditions using a strain deleted for FgPac1 and a strain expressing a
constitutively active form of FgPac1was carried out to investigate the global
regulation by the pH in F. graminearum. The data obtained identified a set of
genes related to various functions whose expression is affected by the change in
pH. Our results also point toward a potential role of a regulation by calcium in
response to the ambient pH and identified a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt
activated in response to acidic pH. Finally, a clustering approach followed by cisregulatory
motifs search highlights the presence of complex stress-response
regulatory circuits impacted by the change in external pH.
Keywords: Fusarium, pH, Pac1, microarrays
94

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P3 - Significance of the hydrophobin FgHyd5p in
Fusarium graminearum
E. Minenko, R. F. Vogel, L. Niessen
Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Weihenstephaner Steig 16,
85350 Freising, Germany.
E-mail: Ekaterina.Minenko@wzw.tum.de
Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum are causative agents of beer
gushing. Class II hydrophobins have been demonstrated to induce it.
Hydrophobins are a group of small secreted proteins ubiquitously found in
filamentous fungi. Some hydrophobins were shown to have functions in fungal
development, while others seem to lack known function. Also, cellular functions of
FgHyd5p are still unknown. FgHyd5p, the F. graminearum homologue to FcHyd5p
(F. culmorum) is a small secreted protein typified by the presence of 8 cysteine
residues at conserved positions. FgHyd5p is characterized by formation of low
stability aggregates and solubility in organic solvents. We showed that FgHyd5p
does not have an effect on morphology of F. graminearum since colony
morphology and growth rate, hyphal length and diameter as well as biomass
production were shown to stay unaffected in Fg∆hyd5 knockout strains. Knockout
of the fghyd5 gene causes a reduction of spore length and an increase in spore
numbers. Using an F. graminearum reporter strain expressing sGFP under the
control of the Phyd5 promoter we found that FcHyd5p was not expressed in
media with different carbon or nitrogen sources, respectively. Moreover we did not
observe any pH dependent fghyd5 gene expression. FgHyd5p showed an effect
on the hydrophobicity of hyphae resulting in an easy wettable phenotype of
transformants. Results of our studies also showed that FgHyd5p has an effect on
the virulence of F. graminearum. Wheat and barley plants infected with spores
from an Fg∆hyd5 knockout strain at EC 0-9 were significantly longer in EC 12 as
compared to plants that were infected with the F. graminearum parent strain.
Using the F. graminearum sGFP reporter strain and histological analysis we
showed that the gene is expressed during plant infection and may thus play a role
as a virulence factor during the infection of cereals.
Keywords: Fusarium, hydrophobin, expression, virulence
95

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P4 - Studying gene expression in fungus and planta to
understand the interaction Fusarium verticillioidesmaize
I. Lazzaro 1 , P. Battilani 1 , A. Lanubile 2 , A. Marocco 2
1 Institute of Entomology and Plant Pathology; 2 Institute of Agronomy, Genetics and Field Crops,
University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
E-mail: alessandra.lanubile@unicatt.it
Fusarium verticillioides is a plant pathogen able to produce fumonisin in maize
kernels. A study on the pathosystem F. verticillioides-maize has been developed
speculating on both in vitro and in planta perspectives. The former studied the
effects of temperature (T) and water activity (aw) on fumonisin B (FB) production
and expression of FUM genes in F. verticillioides strains. The latter monitored
which genes were differentially expressed in resistant and susceptible maize lines
at several time points after inoculation by a fumonisin-producing strain of F.
verticillioides.
The in vitro study showed that FUM gene expression was sensibly affected by aw,
rather than T, indicating that fungal metabolism is more overturned by low aw than
by T decrease. Most of FUM genes were highly expressed at aw=0.990 compared
to 0.955, similarly to FB production, underlining that gene expression and
secondary metabolite production followed the same trend. At 21 days of
incubation, FUM14 and FUM3 -regulating the production of FB1 and FB2 from FB3
and FB4, respectively – were maximally expressed, while FUM21 – coding for a
transcription factor for FB biosynthesis – was 10x less expressed; aw=0.900 was
inhibitory for culture growth and FB production.
The in planta study showed that in kernels at 48 h after inoculation (hai) about
800 genes were differentially regulated and nearly 10% assigned to the defence
category. During the very early stages of incubation a small proportion of the host
transcripts was induced and none of them was involved in defence processes.
Early response genes encoded signalling or regulatory components. The highest
number of differentially expressed genes was attained at 48 hai. The late
response genes encoded effector proteins. When resistant and susceptible maize
genotypes were compared, in the resistant line the expression of defence genes
was detected before inoculation, while in the susceptible genotype they were
induced only after pathogen inoculation.
Keywords: Fusarium, maize, fumonisin, biosynthesis, defence genes
96

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P5 - Comprehensive inventory on coding and noncoding
features of the genome of Fusarium fujikuroi.
C. Sieber 1 , M. Münsterkötter 1 , P. Wiemann 2,4 , B. Tudzynski 2 , M. Hippler 3 , S. V.
Bergner 3 , T. Bald 3 , U. Güldener 1
1
Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research
Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; 2 Institut für Biologie und
Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-
Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany;
3 Institut für Biologie und
Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-
Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany; 4 Department of Medical Microbiology
and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States
E-mail: christian.sieber@helmholtz-muenchen.de
The plant pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi synthesizes a vast array of secondary
metabolites and causes „bakanae“ disease on rice. Here we present the fully
annotated genome sequence of F. fujikuroi assembled in 12 contigs which
correspond to 12 chromosomes. Compared to closely related fungi of the
Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFC) considerable differences regarding the
presence of secondary metabolism gene clusters are highlighted, and some of
them might be linked to host specificity of the respective species. Utilizing DNA
microarray and proteomics experiments we demonstrated a nitrogen and pH
specific expression and translation.
A deeper analysis of the genome sequence revealed a diversity of previously
unknown interspersed repeat families which can be found in high frequency all
over the genome. While some of the families occur exclusively in F. fujikuroi,
others distribute throughout the GFC. DNA microarray experiments demonstrated
that some elements are part of the transcriptome and still seem to propagate
further in the genome. Moreover, some elements seem to have a preference to
appear between collinear blocks.
Main questions are: What influence do interspersed repeats have on genome
structure and the speciation process of fungi? Do repeats contribute to hostpathogen
interaction and specification?
Keywords: Fusarium, fujikuroi, noncoding, secondary-metabolism, regulation
97

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P6 - A retrotransposon based approach for the
detection of intraspecific variation among Fusarium
oxysporum formae speciales
S. Tonti 1 , M. Dal Prà 1 , P. Nipoti 2 , I. Alberti 1
1 INRAN - Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca degli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, Via Ca’ Nova Zampieri 37, S.
Giovanni Lupatoto (VR), Italy; 2 DipSA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alma Mater Studiorum,
Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
E-mail: i.alberti@ense.it
Fusarium oxysporum (Schlechtendahl emend. Snyder and Hansen) is the most
diffused and destructive fungal plant pathogen. Its division in to formae speciales,
accordingly to the difference in host specificity, is crucial for phytopathological
diagnosis and phytosanitary purposes. To date, different approaches have been
attempted in order to develop specific primers able to discriminate between the
different formae speciales. Retrotransposon based techniques are good tools for
the detection of the intraspecific variation among microorganisms. Furthermore
polymorphic DNA bands obtained can be cloned and then sequenced in order to
design specific primers.
We tried a REMAP (Retrotransposon Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism)
analysis on 18 strains belonging to 10 different formae speciales. To this aim four
different PCR reactions were carried on combining 4 SSR primers ((AG)8G,
(GA)8T, (GA)8C, (AC)8T) with a primer designed on the LTR region of the
retrotransposon skippy. Banding patterns obtained were scored manually.
Genetic distance between strains and the resulting UPMGA tree were calculated
with Nei and Li/Dice algorithm implemented in the Freetree software.
Polymorphic bands were not detected, while DNA banding pattern resulted to be
distinctive of some formae speciales. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to
characterize the F. oxysporum species complex with a REMAP analysis.
Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum, REMAP, formae speciales
98

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P7 - FCSTUA controls pathogenicity and morphophysiological
traits in Fusarium culmorum
F. Spanu 1* , M. Pasquali 2* , B. Scherm 1 , V. Balmas 1 , L. Hoffman 2 , K. Hammond-
Kosack 3 , M. Beyer 2 , Q. Migheli 1
1 Dipartimento di Agraria - Plant Pathology and Entomology Unit and Unità di ricerca Istituto Nazionale
di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, I-07100 Sassari, Italy;
2 CRP - Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; 3 Wheat Pathogenomics
Programme, Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts
AL5 2JQ, UK
E-mail: fspanu@uniss.it
*The first two authors have equally contributed to the present work.
Fusarium culmorum is one of the most harmful causal agents of the crown and
foot root (CFR) and the Fusarium head blight (FBH) diseases on durum wheat.
Here we identified and characterised the main function of FcstuA gene, an
APSES protein having 99% homology to the FgstuA protein, in the biological
cycle of F. culmorum. Two wild-type strains, FcUK99 (a deoxynivalenol producer)
and Fc233B (unable to produce toxin in vitro) were used to FcstuA deletion by
homologous recombination. The functional analysis of deletion mutants obtained
from both wild-type strains showed that FcStuA mutants displayed lack of
monophialides and decreased germination efficiency of conidia, stunted
vegetative growth, altered pigmentation on solid substrates, and loss
hydrophobicity of the mycelium. Glycolytic process efficiency was strongly
impaired and growth was partially restored on glutamic acid. Growth on pectin-like
sources ranked in between glucose and glutamic acid with the following order (the
lowest to the highest growth): beechwood xylan, sugarbeet arabinan,
polygalacturonic acid, citrus pectin, apple pectin, potato azogalactan. DON
production in the mutants originating from FcUK99 strain was significantly
decreased (- 95%) in vitro. Furthermore, Fcstua was shown to play an important
role in pathogenicity, as ΔFcstuaA mutants underwent complete loss of
pathogenicity in both CFR and FHB pathosystems on durum wheat and were
unable to colonise different plant tissues (apple, potato and tomato). No
differences between mutants, ectopic and wild-type strains were observed
concerning the level of resistance towards four fungicides belonging to three
classes, the demethylase inhibitors epoxiconazole and tebuconzole, the succinate
dehydrogenase inhibitor isopyrazam and the cytochrome bc1 inhibitor
trifloxystrobin. StuA, given its multiple functions in cell regulation and
pathogenicity control, is proposed as a potential target for novel disease
management strategies.
Keywords: durum wheat, trichothecenes, polygalacturonase, fungicide resistance,
APSES proteins
99

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P8 - Interactions between different Fusarium species
to uncover multi-toxin synergistic mechanisms
K. Bala, B. Blackwell, A. Z. Morales, A. Johnston, C. Brown, D.
Schneiderman, S. Gleddie, L. J. Harris
Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue,
Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
E-mail: kanak.bala@agr.gc.ca
Fusarium head blight disease (FHB) is a major threat to wheat, barley, maize and
other economically important crop plants worldwide. FHB is caused by a number
of species in the genus Fusarium, including F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F.
sporotrichioides and F. avenaceum. Multiple species of Fusarium have been
found to infect grain in Canada. Synergistic effects of these species may cause
high accumulation of mycotoxins in crops and development of more aggressive
strains.
We present here deoxynivalenol (DON) profiles of approximately 16 new strains
of F. graminearum isolated from various regions of Canada in 2011. Based on
translation elongation factor (TEF) and TRI8 gene sequencing, these strains were
identified and characterized as 15-A and 3-ADON genotypes. All isolates were
analyzed in vitro by HPLC to characterize metabolite profiles and in planta for
disease severity. Strains producing maximum 15-ADON and 3-ADON in vitro
were identified and selected for co-cultivation studies. One 15-ADON and one 3-
ADON strain were co-inoculated in a pair-wise fashion with five different strains of
F. avenaceum and one F. sporotrichioides strain in liquid cultures. Crude culture
filtrates and extracts were sampled at different time points to assess metabolite
profiles by HPLC and LC-MS. LC-MS results showed a predominance of F.
graminearum metabolites from the 3-ADON strain and F. avenaceum co-cultures.
We are currently investigating whether 3-ADON and 15-ADON genotypes of F.
graminearum interact differently with F. avenaceum and F. sporotrichioides. We
are analyzing the transcriptome of F. graminearum from co-cultures of F.
graminearum with F. avenaceum and F. graminearum with F. sporotrichioides to
gain insights into the mechanisms of TRI gene regulation during interaction with
other Fusarium species.
Keywords: Fusarium, co-cultivation, 15-ADON, 3-ADON
100

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P9 - Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis
of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense for
identification of key genes in the infection cycle of the
pathogen
A. A. Rabie 1 , T. Meyer 2 , L. J. Rose 1 , G. Mostert 1 , I. Beukes 1 , A. C. L.
Churchill 3 , A. Viljoen 1
1 University of Stellenbosch, Department of Plant Pathology, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South
Africa, 2 University of Pretoria, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Department of
Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, 3 Cornell University, Department of
Plant Pathology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
E-mail: ankia@sun.ac.za
The causal agent for Fusarium wilt of bananas, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
cubense (Foc), is regarded as one of the most destructive pathogens in the world.
The most effective way in controlling the disease is by planting resistant banana
cultivars. Frequent studies on the infection biology of Foc have been conducted,
but the genetic basis for pathogenicity is still poorly understood. Forward and
reverse genetics have proven to be a valuable tool for identifying in vivo essential
genes involved in the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence of a
pathogen. In this study, random vector integration was conducted through the
implementation of Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis (ATMT).
Transformation was achieved with four A. tumefaciens strains using a vector
conferring Hygromycin B resistance and expression of the green fluorescent
protein gene. Vector insertion was confirmed with molecular methods and
fluorescent microscopy. Transformants were screened for sporulation potential,
alterations in growth rate and pigmentation, the number of T-DNA inserts and in
planta alterations in virulence and pathogenicity. Results indicated the best
transformation efficiency was obtained with A. tumefaciens strain EHA105/S. The
majority of transformants contained one or two insertions. On-going studies
suggest a significant reduced growth rate by some transformants, as well as
irregularities in pigmentation. TAIL-PCR will be carried out on mutants showing a
reduced virulence in order to isolate and identify DNA sequences flanking the T-
DNA. The identification of pathogenicity genes could lead to an improved
understanding of disease development and the development of novel
management strategies.
Key words: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, ATMT, GFP, pathogenicity
101

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P10 - Interspecific Hybrids between Fusarium fujikuroi
and Fusarium proliferatum
N. M. I. Mohamed Nor¹ , ², B. Salleh¹, C. P. Toomajian², J. P. Stack², J. F.
Leslie²
¹School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; ²Department
of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5502, USA
E-mail: jfl@ksu.edu
Interspecific hybrids offer unusual opportunities to study speciation and the
segregation of traits that differ between species but that are often fixed within a
species. We have recovered strains that appear to be hybrids between F.
fujikuroi and F. proliferatum from rice fields in Southeast Asia and from a native
tallgrass prairie in the United States. These hybrids can cross with standard
mating type testers of both species and have DNA sequence profiles that are
consistent with their putative hybrid conditions. The existence of these hybrids
may indicate that reticulate evolution is occurring or that these two species have
yet to completely finish the speciation process. We also have created such
hybrids under laboratory conditions by crossing strains of opposite mating type on
carrot agar. Based on the segregation of AFLPs, there are some fingerprint
patterns that reoccur independently multiple times amongst the progeny,
suggesting non-random segregation of at least portions of the genome. The
parental strains differ in numerous traits, including secondary metabolite
production and pathogenicity towards apples, onions and rice. Evaluation of
recombinant progeny is providing the opportunity to identify portions of the
genome involved in the speciation process and to identify regulatory and
structural genes of importance in pathogenicity and secondary metabolite
production.
Keywords: speciation, hybridization, secondary metabolites, recombination
102

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P11 - Identifying indicators of soil suppressiveness to
fungal diseases
K. Siegel 1 , S. Aimé 1 , E. Chapelle 2 , V. Edel-Hermann 1 , J. Raaijmaakers 2 , P.
Lemanceau 1* , C. Steinberg 1
1 INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon, France; 2 Wageningen
University; Bld 107, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; * Coordinator of
the EU project Ecofinders FP7-ENV-2010-264465
E-mail: christian.steinberg@dijon.inra.fr
Soils suppressive to soil-borne diseases are defined by a low disease incidence in
spite of the presence of a virulent pathogen and a susceptible plant. In many
cases, the inhibition of the disease development relies on the activity of the
resident soil microbiome.
To identify taxonomic microbial indicators linked to the suppressiveness
phenotype of soils, culture independent-based methods have been employed to
analyse and compare microbial dynamics in two different soils suppressive to
either Rhizoctonia solani damping-off disease of sugar beet or Fusarium wilt
disease on flax. Fungal and bacterial taxonomic biodiversity were estimated from
ITS and 16S genes by amplicon pyrosequencing. To that end, metagenomic DNA
was extracted from the rhizosphere of plants grown in soils with different level of
suppressiveness.
We obtained 218650 reads in total (125602 for fungi and 93048 for bacteria). At
this moment, the analyses of fungal communities are in progress. 114641 reads
was kept after filtering by bioinformatic pipeline, distributed into 2303 clusters and
3379 singletons. Although, the bioinformatic and statistical analysis are not
finished yet, we have already noticed a difference in the taxonomic diversity
composition between suppressive and conducive soils which could explain the
suppressive/conducive character of given soil.
The next step is to achieve the bacterial communities in Fusarium wilt
suppressive/conducive soils and to assess the microbial diversity of other soilborne
diseases suppressive soils. Once the analyses of sequencing data are
finished and the taxonomic assignments done, the comparison of microbial
diversity of all studied soils will be performed in order to find out the similarities
or/and differences in these soils which will provide the suppressiveness
indicators.
Keywords: Châteaurenard, Ecofinders, Fusarium oxysporum, Soil-borne disease
103

SESSION 1: FUSARIUM – GENETICS, GENOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
P12 - Disentangling mycotoxin regulatory pathways in
Fusarium graminearum by quantitative genetics
B. Laurent, N. Ponts, V. Atanasova-Penichon, C. Barreau, M. Foulongne-
Oriol
INRA UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
E-mail: mfoulong@bordeaux.inra.fr
Fusarium graminearum is a major causal agent of Fusarium Head Blight, and
Maize Ear Rot. During infection, this fungus produces extremely stable
trichothecene mycotoxins that accumulate in grains, such as deoxynivalenol, or
DON. This toxin represents a threat for human and animal consumers, and
maximum levels of contamination of cereals commercialized in Europe are now
strictly regulated. The biosynthetic pathway leading to trichothecene accumulation
has been well described but the genetic determinism behind the regulation of
toxin production remains, however, largely unknown. To begin to answer this
question, we have initiated an original approach of quantitative genetic: how many
quantitative trait loci (QTL) are involved in the regulation of toxin production, what
are their effects, where are they located on the genome, do they interact with
each other? So far, there is no published data suitable to perform QTL analyses
for toxin production in F. graminearum. We started our search for QTLs
influencing DON accumulation using the intraspecific progeny that has been
previously generated for creating the reference linkage map (Gale et al. 2005,
Genetics), and in which toxin levels segregated as a polygenic trait. Alignment of
the map with the genome will allow the identification of candidate genes that may
underlie these QTLs. In addition, we have initiated the creation of a new
segregating progeny adapted for the quantitative analyses of several traits related
to toxin production. Upon completion, this work will provide sound basis to
understand the biology and the genetic of trichothecene production in Fusarium,
and open new possibilities to elaborate innovative strategies to combat this
pathogen.
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxin, biosynthesis, QTL
104

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P13 - Masked mycotoxins in durum wheat: a
greenhouse experiment
A. Dall’Erta 1 , A. Tonelli 1 , M. Cirlini 1 , P. Lancioni 2 , A. Massi 2 , C. Dall’Asta 1 , G.
Galaverna 1
1 Dept. of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy;
2 Società Produttori Sementi Spa, Via Macero 1, 40050 Argelato (BO), Italy.
E-mail: gianni.galaverna@unipr.it
The incidence of Fusarium related diseases such as Fusarium Head Blight
(FHB), caused by filamentous fungi, is increasing in cereal crops, inducing
extensive production losses and severe toxicological problems due to
mycotoxin accumulation. Among several strategies to counteract the infection,
selection of plant genotypes resistant to Fusarium related disease is one of
the most promising approaches. Among cereals, soft wheat and barley have
been extensively studied, demonstrating that the in field resistance towards
FHB is related to the ability to convert deoxynivalenol (DON) and other
Fusarium toxins into masked forms (e.g. conjugates with glucose, glutathione
or sulphate), which may be stored within plant vacuoles or vegetal cell
membranes. Recently, occurrence of masked mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol-3glucoside)
have been proved also in durum wheat, a key crop in Italy, where
pasta production is totally based on this cereal (Dall’Asta et al. World
Mycotoxin Journal, 6(1), 83-91, 2013). In addition, durum wheat is used also
for the production of several high quality bakery products such as IGP/PDO
breads. In this study, we present results about the ability of four different
durum wheat lines to convert DON to deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside upon fungal
inoculation or DON contamination under greenhouse controlled conditions. In
particular, three groups have been considered: plants treated with F.
graminearum, plants treated with DON and control plants. Both inoculation
and contamination were made on the flowering ears and induced typical FHB
symptoms in the plant. Plant ears were sampled at different times from the
inoculation and analysed for DON and D3G occurrence. Data were statistically
analysed and compared to those obtained for control plants. Results
demonstrated that the ability to convert DON to its masked forms is genotyperelated
and may help breeding program aimed at identifying resistant
varieties.
Keywords: Fusarium Head Blight, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, durum wheat,
masked mycotoxins
105

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P14 - Metabolomics of growth and type B
trichothecenes production in Fusarium graminearum
L. Legoahec 1 , V. Atanasova-Penichon 1 , N. Ponts 1 , C. Deborde 2,3 , M.
Maucourt 3,4 , S. Bernillon 2,3 , A. Moing 2,3 , F. Richard-Forget 1
1 INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon cedex,
France; 2 INRA, UMR1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, F-
33882 Villenave d’Ornon cedex, France; 3 Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics
Center, IBVM Centre INRA de Bordeaux, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France; 4 Univ. Bordeaux,
UMR1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
E-mail: fforget@bordeaux.inra.fr
The plant fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum can produce type B
trichothecenes, a family of sesquiterpene molecules with toxic properties upon
human or animal ingestion. Deoxynivalenol, or DON, and its acetylated forms
belong to this family of secondary metabolites and are frequent contaminants of
cereals worldwide.
The biosynthesis of trichothecenes initiates with the condensation of two
molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate, at the end of the mevalonate pathway in
Fusarium, and is under the control of various factors such as the redox
parameters of the environment or the carbon source. For example, supplementing
liquid submerged cultures of F. graminearum with caffeic acid, a phenolic acid
with known antioxidant properties, reduces the accumulation of DON and its
acetylated forms in the medium. Such a result, however, gives a partial glimpse of
the effect of phenolic acids, from the trichothecene production point of view only.
The present study analyzes F. graminearum metabolome in conditions when
DON and its acetylated forms are produced. Liquid chromatography coupled with
mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance were used to
characterize the metabolites produced by the fungus, secreted in the culture
medium or not, over the course of 14 days. Fifty-two polar and semi-polar
metabolites were identified in the culture medium, i.e., the exo-metabolites, and/or
in the mycelium, i.e., the endo-metabolites, comprising amino acids and
derivatives, sugars, polyketides, and terpenes including trichothecenes and DON
precursors. Sample composition varied over time in terms of primary metabolites
as well as secondary metabolites. Data analysis further revealed correlations,
positive or negative, between metabolic pathways. In the presence of caffeic acid,
metabolomic profiles were modified, counting those resulting from primary
metabolism even though fungal biomass production was not affected by the
treatment. Several metabolites affected by the treatment were identified for both
the exo- and endo-metabolome, in particular DON and its precursors. For the first
time, these results expose a unique outlook of a hidden aspect of Fusarium’s
response to antioxidant treatment.
Keywords: metabolomics, secondary metabolite, Fusarium graminearum
106

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P15 - Effect of pH and temperature on Fusarium
langsethiae growth and on T2 and HT2 toxins
production in liquid medium
E. Rondags 1 R. Fournier 2 , P. Boivin 2 , X. Framboisier 1 , M. Fick 1
1 Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des procédés, CNRS (UMR 7274), Université de Lorraine, 2, avenue
de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; 2Institut Français des
Boissons de la Brasserie-Malterie, 7, rue du Bois de la Champelle, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy,
France
E-mail: emmanuel.rondags@univ-lorraine.fr
Fusarium langsethiae is a pathogenic fungus affecting cereal cultures and the
downstream transformation chains. Contamination by this micro-organism is
generally associated with the production of the highly toxic T2 and HT2
mycotoxins. However, in the barley-malt-beer chain, the relationship between
Fusarium langsethiae contamination level, growth and toxins production is only
partially understood, mainly because contamination occurs on natural complex
substrates in polyphasic media. In order to assess this concern, growth and toxins
production were monitored in perfectly stirred liquid conditions, as a function of
the medium initial pH and cultivation temperature. This study shows that Fusarium
langsethiae is able to grow at pH’s ranging from 4.5 to 9 and at temperatures
between 10 and 30°C. Optimal growth conditions are close to pH neutrality and
25°C. T2 and HT2 production occurs from pH’s of 4.5 to 9, with an optimum
located between pH 6.5 and 7.5. As far as temperature is concerned, toxin
production takes place in the 15 to 30°C range, with a strong optimum at 25°C.
The effects of temperature and pH on Fusarium growth and toxinogenesis have
then been modelized with classical quadratic functions in order to dispose of a
prediction tool in liquid media. What is more, no relationship was established
between growth and T2 and HT2 production. At last, comparisons between
Erlenmeyer’s flasks cultures without immobilized biomass and bioreactor cultures
containing mainly adsorbed Fusarium langsethiae indicate that the toxinogenesis
is due to immobilized non growing cells. This finding could explain the lack of
relationship between Fusarium langsethiae and T2 and HT2 contamination levels
in the fields and on the cereal-derived products. This could have strong
consequences on the prevention strategies developed either in the field or in the
transformation processes.
Keywords: Fusarium langsethiae, T2, Barley-Malt-Beer, toxinogenesis
107

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P16 - Volatile compounds in grain of various wheat
cultivars naturally infected and inoculated with
Fusarium culmorum
M. Buśko 1 , K. Stuper 1 , T. Góral 2 , A. Ostrowska 1 , J. Perkowski 1
1 Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego str. 75, 60-637
Poznań Poland; 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute NRI,
Radzików, 05-870 Blonie, Poland;
E-mail: mabu@up.poznan.pl
In the present work 30 winter wheat cultivars were investigated for the volatile
organic compounds (VOCs). The metabolic profile was established for both
healthy and inoculated with Fusarium culmorum grain. VOCs were extracted by
mean of HS-SPME method and further analyzed using GC-MS. In samples of
grain growing in natural conditions and after inoculation with F. culmorum several
dozens of compounds were qualitatively determined. They belong to terpenes,
alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, benzene derivatives and hydrocarbons. On the
base of obtained chromatograms and mass spectra after deconvolution and
estimation of retention indexes 42 compounds were identified.
The concentration sum of VOCs for controlled and inoculated samples was
similar. However, for particular compounds groups it was differentiated. In
controls a higher concentration was stated than in inoculated samples for
benzene derivatives, hydrocarbons and terpenes. On the other hand, alcohols,
aldehydes and ketones prevailed in inoculated samples. In all of groups, except of
terpenes, obtained trends were equal. Above observations for terpenes confirm
their key significance in toxic metabolites biosynthesis by Fusarium. These
observations also confirm the fact, that lack or low concentrations of particular
terpenes in profile of VOCs are related with rich profile of other terpenes.
Among determined terpenes there were 6 the most important for trichothecenes
biosynthesis: α-pinene, 3-carene, indane, β-chamigrene, thujopsene and
trichodiene. For α-pinene, 3-carene, indane a higher concentration was stated in
control samples whilst for β-chamigrene, thujopsene and trichodiene in inoculated
samples.
The most important are results obtained for trichodiene, which is intermediate
metabolite in trichothecenes biosynthesis. It cannot be excluded that other
terpenes are significant for this metabolomic pathway and could be useful for
understanding mechanism of Fusarium toxins biosynthesis.
This work was partially supported by the National Science Center in Poland
project no. 2704/B/P01/2011/40
Keywords: Fusarium, volatiles, wheat, SPME
108

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P17 - Semiochemical interactions between toxigenic
Fusarium fungi and insects
T. Y. Gagkaeva, O. P. Gavrilova, I. V. Shamshev, O. G. Selitskaya, E. I.
Savelieva
All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), Sh. Podbelskogo 3, 196608, St.-Petersburg – Pushkin,
Russia
E-mail: t.gagkaeva@yahoo.com
The aim of the study was to evaluate chemical nature and functional abilities of
semiochemical interactions between toxigenic Fusarium fungi and insects. An
analysis of variations of Fusarium fungi (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F.
cerealis, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides, F. langsethiae) in formation of olfactory
responses of insects (rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae) was performed. The
evaluation of olfactory stimulation with Fusarium fungi on test-insects was carried
out after growing of the strains on two substrates: potato sucrose agar and
autoclaved wheat grains. In the laboratory experiments F. langsethiae and F.
poae strains have shown the clear attractive effect to the tested insects. The
pathogenic to plants F. graminearum and F. culmorum strains have demonstrated
the repellent effect. Generally beetles of rice weevil responded similar reaction to
the cultures of fungal strains growing on both substrates.
The method of solid-phase microextraction was used to clarify the spectra of
volatile organic compounds above the surface of living fungal cultures. Screeningportraits
of metabolomic profiles of Fusarium strains after 7 days of cultivation
were obtained. A characteristic profile of sesquiterpenes, that are isomeric
carbohydrates with molecular mass 204 and are genetically connected with
trichodien, is richest in F. langsethiae in compare with another Fusarium spp. The
culture of F. langsethiae produced maximal amount of trichodien also actively
emitted volatile compounds. Under equilibrium condition of steam above surface
of F. langsethiae, F. sporotrichioides и F. poae cultures were identified
ethylacetate, isobutyl, isoamyl and amyl alcohols. Amylacetate and
isoamylacetate, ethers of acetic acid and corresponding amyl alcohols were found
only in the culture of F. poae. Most likely just these chemicals responsible for a
sweet fruit smell that is typical for this fungus.
The investigation was supported by the project No. 12-04-00927-а of the Russian
Foundation for Basic Research.
Keywords: Fusarium, insects, sesquiterpenes, olfactory stimulation
109

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P18 - Effect of cry 1Ab toxins on FUM gene cluster
expression and on fumonisin production by Fusarium
verticillioides
L. O. Rocha 1 , G. M. Reis 1 , V. M. Barroso 1 , L. J. Andrade 1 , B. Corrêa 1
1 University of São Paulo, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, São
Paulo-Brazil
E-mail: lilianarocha@usp.br
F. verticillioides is most commonly associated with maize worldwide and produces
high levels of fumonisins, one of the most important mycotoxins. Previous studies
have demonstrated that cry 1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis sbsp. kurstaki
could be suitable for Fusarium toxins management due to the control of crop
insect injuries. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of cry 1Ab protein
expressed in the 30F35YG (YieldGard) corn hybrid on FUM gene expression and
on fumonisin production by F. verticillioides ICB 13BA (GU 989110/NCBI
accession number). We also evaluated the influence of B. thuringiensis sbsp.
kurstaki spores and cry 1Ab crystals on the F. verticillioides growth. In order to
eliminate the original microbiota, Bt corn samples and its respective non-Bt
isogenic were previously irradiated with 20 kGy. Plates were inoculated with 5 x
10 8 F. verticillioides spores/mL and incubated at 25 o C and relative humidity of
97.5%. After 10, 20 and 30 days, samples were analysed regarding FB1
contamination and expression of 14 FUM genes. The statistical analyses were
performed using the softwares R 2.9, Gamlss package and SAS 9.1. An initial
fungal inoculum of 5 x 10 8 spores/mL was cultured with 10 μg/mL of bacterial
spores and crystals. F. verticillioides biomass was estimated by dry weight of
mycelia during 1, 3 and 5 days . The results showed reduced fumonisin B1
contamination on 30F35 YG in comparison to its isogenic non-Bt corn during the
periods of the analyses (p= 0.0095, Weibull distribution). There was no correlation
between FUM gene cluster and fumonisin production according to Pearson’s
correlation test (except for FUM19, p

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P19 - Natural and natural-like inhibitors of
trichothecene biosynthesis by Fusarium
G. Pani 1 , V. Balmas 1 , B. Scherm 1 , A. Marcello 1 , D. Fabbri 2 , M.A. Dettori 2 , E.
Azara 2 , A. Dessì 2 , R. Dallocchio 2 , A. Fadda 3 , Q. Migheli 1 , G. Delogu 2
1 Dipartimento di Agraria - Plant Pathology and Entomology Unit and Unità di ricerca Istituto Nazionale
di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, I-07100 Sassari, Italy;
2 Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare and 3 Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Traversa
La Crucca 3, I-07100, Sassari, Italy.
E-mail: qmigheli@uniss.it
Fusarium culmorum is a major fungal pathogen of wheat, causing foot and root rot
(FRR) and fusarium head blight (FHB). Yield losses are reported as the grain
becomes contaminated by mycotoxins. Among the most bioactive compounds are
trichothecenes, sesquiterpene epoxides which are able to inhibit eukaryotic
protein synthesis and may cause toxicoses on humans or animals consuming
contaminated food or feed. Trichothecenes induce apoptosis and may play an
important role in the aggressiveness of phytopathogenic Fusarium species
towards plant hosts. The aim of this project is to design, prepare and study new
natural and natural-like compounds to be applied in the control of F. culmorum
mycotoxin production. Particular attention is paid to the selection and preparation
of compounds with selective trichothecene B inhibitory activity compared to
compounds showing both mycotoxin inhibitory and fungitoxic activities. The first
inhibition experiments were performed using compounds belonging to the family
of gallic acid, phenylpropanoids and cinnamic derived acids. In vivo and in vitro
test and molecular modeling with computational studies were carried out. A
straightforward thin layer chromatography (TLC) method and a quantitative LC-
MS analysis were used to identify the presence of B trichothecenes and to
evaluate the influence of each compound on different F. culmorum culture
extracts. Preliminary results indicate that several molecules are able to inhibit the
severity of F. culmorum in planta and its growth as well as trichothecene
production in vitro. The level of inhibition of 3AcDON range from 67 to 100%
under inducing conditions. Fast and effective methodologies for seed dressing
were developed using a natural matrix.
Keywords: trichothecene inhibitors, natural defense, phenolic compounds,
mycotoxins
111

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P20 - Changes in fungal biomass and fumonisin
production by Fusarium proliferatum strains in the
presence of host plant extracts
Ł. Stępień 1* , A. Waśkiewicz 2 , K. Wilman 1
1 Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Polan; 2 Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of
Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
E-mail: lste@igr.poznan.pl
The main objective of present study was to examine the impact of the aqueous
extracts from host plant species: asparagus (A), maize (M), garlic (G) and
pineapple (P), on the growth and fumonisin biosynthesis by F. proliferatum
isolates originating from the respective host species.
Strains were grown in 100 ml flasks containing liquid medium. Liquid media were
collected in 2 day intervals and subjected to FBs quantification. Fourteen-day-old
cultures were transferred into the pre-weighted falcons, the mycelia were
centrifuged and freeze-dried. The amount of dry weight was measured and the
contents of FBs were measured in liquid media and in dried mycelia.
Three strains yielded very small amounts of mycelium (below 20 mg of dry weight
after 14 days of culture). As a consequence, the highest inducing effects of four
plant extract tested were observed for those strains with the top values of over 20fold
increase (P extract), 10-fold increase (A extract), 9-fold increase (M extract)
and 30-fold increase (G extract). Likewise, the biomass of the strains of the best
yield in control conditions remained unchanged in the cultures with plant extract
added. For other strains, the dry weight of the mycelium with extracts added on
the 5th day of culturing increased as much as 20-fold (4-fold on average) in the
case of a pineapple extract. Extracts from asparagus and maize induced about
two-fold-increase of fungal biomass and garlic extract about 1.5-fold increase.
Weak negative correlation was found between biomass amount in the presence of
the extract and amount of fumonisins synthesized, especially considering A
extract. For the majority of isolates it caused dramatic inhibition of FBs synthesis.
Maize extract increased the amount of the toxin and garlic extract caused
differential effects depending on the isolate and host origin.
Research was supported by the Polish National Science Centre Project
2011/01/B/NZ8/00162.
Keywords: F. proliferatum, fumonisins, host-pathogen interaction
112

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P21 - Correlation between Fusarium DNA and
mycotoxin levels in Finnish oats samples
T. Yli-Mattila 1 , T. Hussien 1,3 , A. L. Carlobos-Lopez 1,4 , S. Rämö 2 , V.
Hietaniemi 2
1 Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku,
20014, Turku, Finland; 2 MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Laboratories, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
3 Mycotoxins Lab, Department of Food Toxicology and Contaminant, National Research Center, Dokki,
Cairo, Egypt; 4 University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
E-mail: tymat@utu.fi
The highest levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) were found in Finnish oats in 2012,
when about 12-24 % of oats samples contained >1750 ppb of DON. In our
samples of the years 2011 and 2012 DON and T-2/HT-2 levels varied from 0-
10000 ppb of DON and 0-3000 ppb of T-2/HT-2 toxins. The DNA levels were also
compared to DON values obtained by using the RIDA®QUICK SCAN kit. In these
samples DON levels were between 530->5500 ppb.
The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) between F. graminearum DNA and DON
levels was 0.95*** in the 25 oats samples of the year 2011 and 0.73*** in the 38
oats samples of the year 2012 obtained from MTT, while the R 2 value from the 20
oats samples from a food company was only 0.22*. In the latter case the DON
level was estimated by using the RIDA®QUICK SCAN, while in MTT the mycotoxin
levels were measured by using ROMER MycoSep-GC-MS and the grain flour
was sieved through the 1 mm sieve in order to homogenize it before the analysis.
The sieved flour was also used for DNA measurements, while for the samples
from the food company the flour was not homogenized by sieving. No correlation
was found between F. culmorum DNA and DON levels. F. graminearum DNA
levels were in all cases in agreement with DON levels, when DON was measured
by GC-MS. When compared to RIDA®QUICK SCAN kit results (DON) the variation
in DNA levels was much higher. There was also a significant correlation between
the combined T-2 and HT-2 and combined F. langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides
DNA levels (0.33 * in 2011 and 0.89*** in 2012). According to our results F.
graminearum is clearly the main DON producer in Finnish oats, while F.
langsethiae is probably the main T-2/HT-2 producer.
Keywords: F. graminearum, F. langsethiae, TaqMan qPCR, DON
113

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P22 - Geographic differences in trichothecene
chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum in the
Northwest and North of Iran
A. D. van Diepeningen 1 , M. Davari 1,2,3 , S. H. Wei 4,5 , A. Babay-Ahari 2 , M.
Arzanlou 2 , C. Waalwijk 4 , T. A. J. van der Lee 4 , R. Zare 6 , A. H. G. Gerrits van
den Ende 1 , G. S. de Hoog 1,7,8,9
1 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; 2 Department of Plant
Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; 3 Department of Plant Protection,
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran; 4 Plant Research International,
Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands; 5 College of Plant
Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; 6 Department of Zotany, Iranian
Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran; 7 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Dynamics, University of Amsterdam; 8 Peking University Health Science Centre, Research Center for
Medical Mycology, Beijing, China; 9 SunYat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University,
Guangzhou, China
E-mail: a.diepeningen@cbs.knaw.nl
The diversity and prevalence of Fusarium species and their chemotypes on wheat
in the North-West and North of Iran was determined. Wheat in these areas is
severely affected by Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), with Fusarium graminearum as
prevalent species causing 96% of the infections in the North-West and 50% in the
Northern provinces. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological
characters and sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and
parts of translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) and RNA polymerase subunit II
(RPB2) sequences. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses show little
haplotype variation between the F. graminearum strains collected from the
different locations, but the isolates differ significantly in their trichothecene
chemotypes as determined with a Luminex-Multilocus genotyping assay.
Fusarium graminearum strains producing 15-ADON were abundant in Ardabil
(NW of Iran), while in Golestan province (N of Iran) at the other side of the
Caspian Sea especially nivalenol-producing strains and a variety of other
Fusarium species were observed. Strains producing 3-ADON were rarely found in
both areas. This is the first detailed study on Fusarium infections in Iranian wheat,
showing large differences in prevalent etiological agents and in mycotoxin
chemotypes geographically.
Keywords: Fusarium graminearum Species Complex (FGSC), Fusarium
114

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P23 - Co-occurrence of mycoflora, aflatoxins and
fumonisins in maize and rice seeds from markets of
different districts in Cairo, Egypt
A. K. Madbouly 1-2 , M. I. M. Ibrahim 3 , A. F. Sehab 4 , M. A. Abdel-Wahhab 3
1 Faculty of Science, Microbiology Department, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt; 2 Faculty
of Science, Biology Department, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; 3 Food Toxicology &
Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt; 4 Plant Pathology
Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: adelmadbouly@yahoo.com
The mycoflora and mycotoxins contamination of commercial maize and rice
grains collected from local markets of the major five zones of the province of
Cairo, Egypt, represented by 20 different districts were studied. A total number of
about 23 species belonging to 12 different genera of fungi were isolated and
identified. About 70% of the samples were infected with Aspergillus flavus and
Aspergillus niger, with percentages of 33%, 40% recovered from maize and 46%,
27% recovered from rice, respectively. The percentages of infection of maize
ranged from 16% to 142%. The percentages of infection of rice seeds ranged
from 6% to 93%. Total aflatoxins and fumonisins detected in maize averaged 9.75
and 33 mg/kg, respectively. Total aflatoxins and fumonisins detected in rice
averaged 5.15 and 1014 mg/kg, respectively.
Keywords: fumonisins, aflatoxins, Fusarium mycotoxins, mycoflora
115

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P24 - The impact of Fusarium and Microdochium
species on the safety and quality of UK malting barley
R. V. Ray 1 , L. K. Nielsen 1 , S. G. Edwards 2 , D. J. Cook 1
1 University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough,
Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdo; 2 Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB,
United Kingdom
E-mail: rumiana.ray@nottingham.ac.uk
Fusarium head blight (FHB) can cause significant reductions of yield, safety and
quality of cereals. The SAFEMalt project (Strategies Against Fusarium Effective in
MALTing barley) is an UK based 3-year multi-partner research initiative spanning
the malting barley supply chain from crop breeder through agronomist and
merchant to brewer. The ultimate output of the project is the development of a
targeted toolkit for the protection of malting barley quality.
The first objective of the project was to identify the predominant
Fusarium/Microdochium species in UK barley and to evaluate the impact of their
sub-acute infections on the malting and brewing characteristics of commercially
grown spring barley. Species specific real-time PCR and mycotoxin quantification
assays were carried out on spring malting barleys collected in 2010 and 2011 and
on selected samples from previous mycotoxin screening survey between 2007
and 2009. The predominant Fusarium species present in UK malting barley in
2010 (n = 88) and in 2011 (n = 76) were F. avenaceum, F. poae, and F. tricinctum
with each species detected in 80-100% of all samples. The predominant
Microdochium species was M. nivale. The main mycotoxins detected in 2010 and
in 2011 were HT2/T2 and nivalenol correlating positively with quantified DNA of F.
langsethiae and F. poae, respectively. Selected malting barley cultivars were
further micro malted and subjected to malt and wort analysis of key quality
parameters. Preliminary results suggest that the immediate effects of
contamination with F. avenaceum and M. nivale were increased water sensitivity
of barley and decreased wort filtration volume. Fungal biomass of F. poae and F.
langsethiae correlated with increased wort free amino nitrogen. Further analysis
of malting and brewing quality parameters on additional barley samples collected
in 2011 is in progress.
Keywords: Fusarium, Microdochium, Malting barley, quality
116

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P25 - Influence of pre-harvest moisture and harvest
time on fusarium mycotoxin concentrations in winter
wheat
L. L. Kharbikar, E. T. Dickin, S. G. Edwards
Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
E-mail: llkharbikar@harper-adams.ac.uk
Fusarium graminearum is the most devastating head blight pathogen and
contaminates grain with the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone
(ZON). Rainfall at anthesis is known to influence the infection and subsequent
production of these mycotoxins in wheat but less is known of the impact of rainfall
later in the growing season. In 2008 the UK suffered the highest recorded levels
of DON and ZON and this was possibly related to the delayed wet harvest.
Anecdotal evidence from end-users suggested that more grain deliveries at intake
failed to meet legislative limits when harvested after rather than before the delays.
The impact of pre-harvest moisture and harvest time on mycotoxin concentrations
in winter wheat was studied in two controlled environments. After inoculation with
isolates of F. graminearum at anthesis, plants were bagged for 96 h. At hard
dough maturity ears were kept moist by watering for 2 minutes every hour for 8
hours a day using a watering can and bagged overnight or left dry until harvest
and harvested when ripe one week later (early harvest) and again a week later
(late harvest). Ears were harvested, dried and then milled. Mycotoxin
concentrations were determined using R-Biopharm ELISA kits. Low level of ZON
in the first experiment suggested the water treatment was not sufficient to
stimulate ZON production. Therefore, in a second experiment plants were mist
irrigated for 2 hours every day and bagged overnight to retain the moisture after
hard dough maturity until harvest. DON levels were very high as a result of the
severe infection achieved within these experiments; however the impact of preharvest
moisture and harvest date was greater for zearalenone. Results indicate
that, late season moisture can significantly increase DON and ZON in wheat and
early harvesting, if practical, is strongly advised to reduce the mycotoxin levels in
wheat.
Keywords: Pre-harvest rainfall, Fusarium graminearum, zearalenone, wheat
117

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P26 - Contamination of wheat grain with microscopic
fungi and their metabolites in Poland in the years
2006–2009
K. Stuper 1 , T. Góral 2 , J. Perkowski 1
1 Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego str. 75, 60–637
Poznan, Poland; 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute NRI,
Radzików, 05-870 Blonie, Poland
E-mail: kstuper@up.poznan.pl
Microscopic fungi are microorganisms commonly found in cereal products.
Pathogens of cereals colonising kernels are responsible, among other things, for
deterioration of the technological value of grain. However, the greatest threat is
posed by Fusarium mycotoxins produced by toxin-forming strains of these
microorganisms. The aim of the present investigations was to determine the level
of contamination with microscopic fungi and mycotoxins from the group of
trichothecenes in wheat grain from Poland in a 4-year cycle. In the period from
2006 to 2009 studies were conducted on the content of fungal metabolites
(ergosterol [ERG] and type A and B trichothecenes) and the content of
microscopic fungi expressed in colony-forming units (CFU) in wheat grain. A total
of 129 grain samples were examined. Analysed wheat samples had similar
contents of both the investigated fungal metabolites and levels of microscopic
fungi. Contents of microscopic fungi were low. Concentration of ERG was on
average 2.64 mg/kg, while in colony forming units this value ranged from 10 1
CFU/g to over 10 3 CFU/g. The total concentration of type A and B trichothecenes
was also low and within the four years of the investigations did not exceed 0.062
mg/kg. Concentration of DON did not exceed 1250 µg/kg, established as safe in
grain for human consumption, in any of the tested samples. For the results
collected in the years 2006–2009 and presented in this paper correlations were
calculated between the amount of mycoflora and analysed metabolites in three
possible combinations. They were 0.7096 for ERG/total toxin concentration,
0.6086 for ERG/log CFU/g, and 0.4016 for the concentration of total toxins/log
CFU/g. Highly significant correlations between the content of trichothecenes and
the concentration of ERG indicate that the level of this metabolite is closely
related to the content of mycotoxins in grain.
Keywords: CFU, ergosterol, trichothecenes, wheat
118

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P27 - Fumonisins occurrence in maize cobs infected
with opposite mating type strains of F. verticillioides
M. Wit 1 , P. Ochodzki 2 , A. Waskiewicz 2 , R. Warzecha 2 , P. Goliński 3 , E.
Jablonska 1 , W. Wakulinski 1
1 Department of Plant Pathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159,
02-766 Warsaw, Poland; 2 Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, 05-870 Blonie, Poland;
3 Department of Chemisty, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan,
Poland
E-mail: wojciech_wakulinski@sggw.pl
Fusarium verticillioides is along with F. subglutinans and F. proliferatum the
principal causative factors of pink ear rot. Occurrence of the species is variable
and strongly related to high temperature and limited precipitation. F. verticillioides
is hetherothalic fungus with dimictic mating system governed by two idiomorphs
MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. The strains of opposite mating types are widespread in
Poland and frequency of their occurrence is statistically equivalent. Diverse
phenotypic traits of opposite mating strains of some fungi inclined us to verify
fumonisins accumulation in maize cobs inoculated with MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 F.
verticillioides strains.
Material and methods: Ten genotypes of four maize varieties (Zea mays var.
indentata, Zea mays var. indurata, Zea mays var. saccharata and Zea mays var.
everta) were used in these studies. Cobs were inoculated 7 days after silk
emergence with 2 ml conidial suspension of opposite mating type of the fungus.
Cobs Infection degree was evaluated according to 6 degree scale while ergosterol
and fumonisins content were determined by HPLC method detailed described
elsewhere.
Results: During four years of field studies, it was found that neither infection
degree of particular Zea mays varieties determined phenotypically and by
ergosterol content nor Fumonisins level were not dependent on MAT type. All the
mentioned factors were significantly influenced by environmental condition of
cropping season, maize variety and kernel composition (especially water,
amylose, amylopectin content).
Acknowledgment: The work was financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher
Education, project No. N N310 376933 and participation in 12 th European
Fusarium Seminar is supported through 7FP-Regpot-2011-1-286093
Keywords: fumonisin, mating types
119

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P28 - Phylogenetic diversity of and fumonisin gene
cluster distribution within Fusarium isolates from wild
banana in China
F. Van Hove 1 *, S. De Saeger 2 , I. Lazzaro 1 , Y. Qi 3 , D. Zhang 4 , A. Wu 4 , F.
Munaut 1
1 Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology,
Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (BCCM TM /MUCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
2 Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium;
3 Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences
(CATAS), China; 4 College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU),
China.
E-mail: francois.vanhove@uclouvain.be
Banana fruit is one of the most important crops and is currently the second most
important fruit produced all over the world. Several Fusarium species have been
identified as important pre- and post-harvest pathogens of cultivated banana.
However, there are no studies that have been conducted to identify Fusarium
contaminants on wild banana.
The first objective of this work was to study the phylogenetic and genetic diversity
of Fusarium isolates from the F. fujikuroi species complex contaminating fruits of
wild banana plants growing in two southern Chinese Provinces, Hainan and
Yunnan. The second objective was to study the distribution and configuration of
the fumonisin gene cluster within these Fusarium species.
Keywords: Fusarium, fumonisin gene cluster, banana, phylogeny
120

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P29 - Different levels of fumonisin production and
FUM gene cluster expression on 2B710Hx corn hybrid
G. M. Reis 1 , L. O. Rocha 1 , V. M. Barroso 1 , L. J. Andrade 1 , B. Corrêa 1
1 University of São Paulo, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, São
Paulo-Brazil
E-mail: gabrielamreis@usp.br
Maize is the third most cultivated crop worldwide, and Brazil is currently, the
fourth largest producer in the world. Fusarium verticillioides is commonly
associated with maize and it is capable to produce high levels of fumonisins.
Studies regarding the use of transgenic corn have shown that fumonisin
contamination could be reduced due to the damage decrease caused by insects
on grains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cry 1F toxin
produced by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, expressed in the 2B710Hx
(Herculex) corn hybrid on the fumonisin production and on FUM gene expression
by F. verticillioides ICB 13BA (NCBI accession number; GU 989110). 2B710 Hx
corn samples and its respective isogenic non-Bt were previously irradiated with 20
kGy in order to eliminate fungi contaminants from field. Plates were inoculated
with 5 x 10 8 spores/mL and incubated at 25 o C and Aw of 0.99. After 10, 20 and
30 days, samples were analysed regarding FB1 and FB2 contamination and
FUM1, FUM3, FUM6, FUM7, FUM8, FUM10, FUM11, FUM13, FUM14, FUM15,
FUM17, FUM18, FUM19 and FUM21 gene expression. The statistical analyses
were performed using the softwares R 2.9, Gamlss package and SAS 9.1. The
results showed reduced fumonisin B1 contamination on 2B710 Hx during the 30
days of analyses (p< 0.005). Regarding FB2, there was no statistical difference
between the isogenic and transgenic hybrids. There was no correlation between
FUM gene cluster and fumonisin production according to Pearson’s correlation
test (except for FUM19, p

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P30 - Monitoring fumonisin levels in maize samples
from Italy during 2006–2012
S. Locatelli, C. Lanzanova, N. Berardo, C. Balconi
Consiglio per la ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Unità di ricerca per la Maiscoltura (CRA-
MAC); Via Stezzano, 24 - 24126 - Bergamo (Italia)
E-mail: sabrina.locatelli@entecra.it
Maize is a major crop in Italy, where it plays an important role in animal feed, for
direct human consumption and as source of many commercial products. A
number of studies have documented that maize is subject to infection by a variety
of toxigenicity fungi, mainly Fusarium verticillioides in Italy. Available data for the
incidence of fumonisins on maize production in Italy are limited and irregular;
additionally, no national database for collecting information to predict annual risk
exposure is active. Therefore, a systematic effort to monitor the levels of
contaminants in maize grain production is needed. Accordingly, the current study
was undertaken in Northern Italy, the core area of maize production (Piemonte,
Lombardia, Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Emilia Romagna), to monitor the
occurrence and levels of fumonisins.
A total of 3100 grain samples over a 5-year period (2006–2012) from at least 50
storage centers distributed in the principal maize cultivation areas were collected.
Fumonisin concentrations were measured using ELISA test kits and data
classified in four classes (0–2000, 2000–4000, 4000–8000, >8000 µg/kg). An high
variability in fumonisin distribution between years and different regions was
observed. The average distribution of the 3100 samples tested-over the 5-year
period, indicated a similar percentage distribution (23-32%) between the four
fumonisin concentration classes.
*Research developed in the frame of MICOCER (Regione Lombardia) and
MICOPRINCEM projects (Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali,
MiPAAF).
Keywords: Zea Mays L., Fumonisins, monitoring, Fusarium verticillioides
122

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P31 - Quantification of Fusarium fungi and their
mycotoxins in common buckwheat grain
I. Kerienė, A. Mankevičienė, E. Bakšienė
Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, LT-58344 Akademija,
Kėdainiai district, Lithuania
E-mail: ilona.keriene@gmail.com; audre@lzi.lt; eugenija.baksiene@voke.lzi.lt
Harvested common buckwheat grains were assayed for the presence of Fusarium
fungi and mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and T2/HT2
toxins at Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and
Forestry during 2011-2012. Buckwheat crops were grown under organic,
sustainable and intensive cropping systems.
The cd-ELISA method and Veratox Fast kits were used to identify and quantify
mycotoxins, while Fusarium fungi species were identified using conventional fungi
determination techniques. In 2011, the fungi of Fusarium genus were detected in
12 % of the grain samples tested, while in 2012 in 75.7 % of the samples
analysed. The following mycotoxin-producing species were identified: F.
graminearum, F. equiseti, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides, F. oxysporum, F.
poae. In 2011, DON was detected in the range of 240.0 to 1010.2 µg kg -1 in 100%
of the grain samples analysed. ZEA was detected in 25% of the samples tested.
The established concentrations in most cases did not exceed the maximum
allowable levels set forth by the EU regulation (EB) No. 1881/2006 for the grain
intended for direct human consumption and for processed grain food products
intended for infants and young children. Although the samples of grain harvested
in 2012 were more heavily contaminated with Fusarium fungi compared with
those harvested in 2011, DON was not detected at all and the concentrations of
ZEA and T2/HT2 toxin were very low. The fungi of F. avenaceum, F.
sporotrichioides species that are not DON and ZEA producers, predominated in
the grain samples.
No effects of the cropping systems and crop rotations applied on the variation of
mycotoxins contents in common buckwheat seeds were revealed.
Acknowledgements: The abstract presents research findings obtained through the
long-term research programme “Harmful organisms in agro and forest
ecosystems” implemented by Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and
Forestry.
Keywords: common buckwheat, Fusarium fungi, mycotoxins
123

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P32 - Chemotype diversity and pathogenicity of
Fusarium graminearum species complex originating
from Serbian cereals grain
S. Stanković 1 , A. Obradović 1 , J. Lević 1 , G. Vuković 2 , V. Krnjaja 3
1 Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Belgrade-Zemun, S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade, Republic of
Serbia; 2 Institute of Public Health, Boulevard of Despot Stefan 54a, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of
Serbia 3 Institute for Animal Husbandry, Autoput 16, 11080, Belgrade-Zemun, Republic of Serbia
E-mail: sstojkov@mrizp.rs
Members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex are important plant
pathogens and belong to one of at least thirteen phylogenetically distinct species.
These species cause Fusarium head blight or scab of wheat, barley and rice, and
ear rot of maize. In addition to quantitative yield losses, harvested grain sustains
qualitative problems of contamination with mycotoxins such as nivalenol (NIV),
deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated forms (3AcDON and 15AcDON). In this
study, pathogenicity, trichothecene chemotype and toxin potential of fifty F.
graminearum sensu lato isolates collected from wheat, maize and barley kernels
in 47 localities in Serbia was examined. Chemotyping of investigated isolates was
done by LC-MS analyses of extracts from cultures inoculated onto maize and
wheat kernels. Mycotoxin production potential of isolates was analyzed by ELISA
(enzyme–linked immunosorbent assays). The assays were carried out according
to the manufacturer’s instructions. (Tecna S.r.l., Italy). Pathogenicity of the
investigated isolates was tested in vivo (field conditions) and in vitro (laboratory
conditions). In the field test, pathogenicity was assessed after silk channel
inoculation with a conidial suspension of each investigated isolates prepared with
siglespored cultures. The primary ears of the ten plants per replication were
inoculated at 5 days post-silk emergence with inoculum prepared as previously
described Raid et al. (1992). In vitro, detached leaf assays involving artificial
inoculation of wounded wheat leaves of 2-week-old seedlings (Imathiu et al,
2009). Three isolate out of fifty belonged to 3AcDON chemotype, and all the
others to 15AcDON chemotype. On average, 3AcDON isolates produced the
highest, but statistically no significant, concentration of trichothecene. No
significant positive correlation was found between the isolates pathogenicity and
toxin production in both, in vivo (r = 0.22 ns ) and in vitro (r = 0,32 ns ) test.
Keywords: Fusarium, deoxynivalenol, chemotype, pathogenicity
124

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P33 - Fusarium toxin in forage rice grown in a paddy
field in Japan
R. Uegaki, H. Inoue, M. Tohno, T. Tsukiboshi
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Livestock and Grassland
Science (NILGS), 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
E-mail: uegaki@affrc.go.jp
The reduction, we investigated the occurrence of mycotoxin-producing Fusarium
fungi on forage rice and the changes of fumonisin (FUM), deoxynivalenol
(DON)nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenon (ZEN) in forage rice in Japan.
Two rice cultivars, early maturing (A) and late maturing (B), were grown in a
paddy field in Tochigi, Japan, 36.92°N, 139.93°E in 2011. The plants were
sampled from heading stage to full-ripe stage. The Fusarium fungus on the plants
was isolated and identified, and a qualified analysis of FUM, DON, NIV and ZEN
in the plants was performed using an LC/MS/MS system.
Eighteen Fusarium fungi were isolated from cultivar A, including 7 of F. fujikuroi
(all FUM-producing), 5 of F. asiaticum (4 producing ZEN, 2 producing NIV and 2
producing DON). Seven were isolated from cultivar B, including 4 of F. fujikuroi (all
producing FUM) and 1 of F. graminearum (DON and ZEN-producing). These
Fusarium fungi were isolated from the head but also from SL from the heading
stage to the full-ripe stage in both cultivars. The concentration of FUM (as FUM
B1) in the heads of cultivar A ranged from ND (

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P34 - A survey on pre- and post-harvest garlic bulbs:
Fusarium proliferatum occurrence and fumonisins
(B1, B2) accumulation
S. Tonti 1 , M. Dal Prà 1 , S. Grandi 2 , P. Nipoti 2 , A. Prodi 2 , I. Alberti 1 , V. Cazzola 1
1 INRAN - Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca degli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, Via Ca’ Nova Zampieri 37, S.
Giovanni Lupatoto (VR), Italy; 2 DipSA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alma Mater Studiorum,
Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
E-mail: i.alberti@ense.it
Fusarium proliferatum is considered worldwide as an emerging pathogen of garlic.
The presence of this fungus on plants during growing season it is hard to predict,
but symptoms of the disease become clear after the harvest, during the
conservation stage, when bulbs undergo a slow deterioration process. F.
proliferatum is know to produce Fumonisins B1 and B2 on different vegetable
matrices and Fumonisins contamination of garlic bulbs has been already reported
in Germany.
During year 2012, we performed a mycological screening in order to evaluate the
pre- and post-harvest occurrence of F. proliferatum on asymptomatic garlic plants
growing in the north-east of Italy. Fields were chosen for their different agronomic
conditions: crop rotation, irrigation level and fertilizer types. Field samples
consisted in whole plants eradicated with roots and bulbs at beginning of May.
Post harvest samples consisted in unprocessed garlic bulbs, sampled prior to be
cured. Fungal colonies morphologically resembling F. proliferatum were
recovered from all the bulbs. The morphological identification was confirmed by
Translation Elongation Factor 1-alpha (TEF) gene sequencing. All F. proliferatum
strains were tested for their toxigenic potential by conventional PCR. A primer pair
(FUM1P2-F and FUM1P2-R) designed on the sequence of FUM1 genes was
used in this experiment. The effective presence of Fumonisins B1 and B2 on postharvest
samples was evaluated by HPLC analysis.
F. proliferatum was recovered at high frequencies from all the fields tested,
suggesting that the presence of this fungus could be unrelated to the different
agronomic practices. PCR and preliminary HPLC data demonstrate that the
Fusarium dry rot population on garlic bulbs is potentially toxigenic and that
Fumonisins B1 and B2 are always present at low levels on infected bulbs.
Keywords: Fusarium proliferatum, garlic, mycotoxins detection
126

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P35 - Screening deoxynivalenol in oat using a quickmethod
with comparison to a quantitative GC-MS
analysis
M. Rauvola 1 , T. Hovinen 1 , V. Hietaniemi 2 , J. Kaitaranta 1 , S. Rämö 2
1 Turku University of Applied Sciences, Lemminkäisenkatu 30, 20520 Turku, Finland and 2 MTT
Agrifood Research Finland, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
E-mail: sari.ramo@mtt.fi
Fusarium appearance in grain depends on various aspects and in Finland oat is
the most sensitive to this contamination. The Commission Regulation (EC) No
1881/2006 sets maximum levels for mycotoxins in foodstuffs and their analysis is
increasingly conducted as a measure to grain approval for trade. These
quantitative measurements usually are time consuming and expensive and thus
new methods have been developed and are commercially available for the semi
quantitative quick analysis of specific compounds.
In this study the the Rida® Quick DON method with Rida® Quick Scan reader
were tested to the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in oat. The results were
compared to those with an accredited GC-MS analysis. For the interpretation of
the results the linear regression analysis was made and paired t test was applied
to reveal the 95 per cent significance level. An oat sample with the DON content
of 0.76 ppm (GC-MS analysis) resulted on average 0.81 ppm when analyzed in
six parallel samples with the RSD percentage of 14. The repeatability of the
analytical system itself in six determinations resulted in an average of 0.84 ppm
with RSD % 15. If the same sample was read for six times in the reader the
average value was 0.81 ppm with RSD % of only 2.4 %. Thereafter altogether 30
oat samples containing 0.5 – 2.6 ppm DON as measured by GC-MS were tested
followed by regression analysis. As a conclusion based on all these tests the semi
quantitative Rida® Quick DON met the requirements of the Commission
Regulation (EC) 401/2006 for a quantitative DON determination where the RSD
percentage should be equal or less than 20. The results, however, suggest that a
single analysis resulting the DON content close to legislative limits should be
confirmed with an accredited quantitative analysis.
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxins, DON, analysis
127

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P36 - Comparison of Veratox® for T-2/HT-2 ELISA test
with GC-MS and LC-MS methods
S. Rämö 1 , P. Parikka 1 , A. Asola, 2 M. Jestoi 2
1 MTT Agrifood Research Finland, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland and 2 Finnish Food Safety authority Evira,
00790 Helsinki, Finland
E-mail: sari.ramo@mtt.fi
Neogen Veratox® for T-2/HT-2 toxin is ELISA test which promises 100 % cross
reaction for both toxins. The usefulness of the test was studied in MTT during
2011-2012. The possible matrix interferences were tested for wheat, barley and
oats, which were analyzed with a GC-MS reference method: Wheat did not show
any matrix interference. However, the need for matrix calibration for barley and
oats was observed. T-2 and HT-2 toxin free barley and oats samples were spiked
with toxin levels of 25 ppb to 250 ppb. Matrix interference was clear for barley,
whereas for oats the test’s calibration could be used.
T-2 and HT-2 toxins are a more considerable problem in oats than other grains in
Finland. 20 oats samples, which were analyzed with LC-MS in 2011, were chosen
for ELISA analysis. The ELISA tests were done during four days in August 2012.
The standards and samples were transferred to wells according to the instruction
of the kit. The highest calibration level is only 250 ppb and most of the sample
extracts needed extra dilutions for quantitative result. The absorbances were
measured with 650 nm with Tecan Infinite F200 microwell reader and Magellan
software. The acceptable correlation (r ≥ 0,995) of the calibration curve were not
achieved in the first day, but were excellent (r = 0.999) in 2 nd and 4 th day. The
variation between the absorbance values of the same calibration level was low,
because of close measurements days and the same lot number of used kits.
ELISA results of 20 oats samples were compared with LC-MS results. The slope
of the regression line was 1.226, so the ELISA gave little bit higher results than
LC-MS method. ELISA test worked quite well when sum concentration of T-2 and
HT-2 toxins was 25 - 250 ppb.
Keywords: T-2, HT-2, ELISA, correlation
128

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P37 - Validation of an ELISA for the determination of
fumonisin in maize samples for human consumption
R. De Pace, C. Franchino, R. Damiano, M. Marino, V. Vita.
Department of Chemistry, Experimental Zooprophylaxis Institute (IZS) of Puglia and Basilicata, Via
Manfredonia 20, 71100, Italy
E-mail: r.depace@libero.it
The fumonisins are mycotoxins that mainly contaminate maize and its products.
The enforcement of the recently established legal limit for fumonisins at the
European Community level, as set out in Regulation CE/1126/2007, and the high
incidence of contamination by these toxins of such a common grain crop as
maize, have made the problem of the fumonisins even more immediate. The
establishment of these maximum permissible fumonisin limits is thus justified both
for health reasons and due to the need to provide the supervisory authorities and
food companies with a precise normative reference. Following the indications of
the European organisations relating to the analytical quality and reliability of data,
it has become necessary to have a validated method for use in official monitoring
that is both fast and reliable. The objective of this report is to provide the results of
our study of a validation process for the fumonisins in maize used for human
consumption that uses an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in
agreement with European Community Decision 2002/657/EC. Based on the
results obtained, the analytical method defined in our study achieves the required
aim and represents a further tool that is now available to all operators in the
sector of risk assessment. The applicability of this method was verified by
performing tests on official samples obtained through the competent bodies.
While this remains within the limits of a small case study, we can confirm that this
monitoring system is effective, and that the levels of contamination found in the
samples analysed do not raise concerns for health and hygiene at present.
However, there remains the need to ensure continuity in the quality and quantity
of the necessary actions for the protection of consumers from possible
contamination by the fumonisins.
Keywords: fumonisins, validation, analytical methods, exposure monitoring
129

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P38 - Prediction of deoxynivalenol content in wheat by
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
C. Tibola, J. M. C. Fernandes, M. Nicolau
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Wheat, Rodovia BR 285, km 294, 99001-970,
Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
E-mail: casiane.tibola@embrapa.br
The main Brazilian wheat growing area is located in the South, where the main
limiting factor for wheat production is the excess of humidity, which favors
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) outbreaks. The mycotoxin analysis requires the
development of rapid, reliable and sensitive screening methods, in order to meet
legislation requirements and to protect consumers. Near infrared spectroscopy
(NIRs) has been used as a method to predict the quality and safety of different
agricultural products due to the speed of analysis, minimal sample preparation
and low cost. The objectives were to conduct a large-scale and multi-year
deoxynivalenol (DON) monitoring and to develop a NIRs calibration model based
on DON results obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
(LC-MS/MS). A total of 412 wheat kernel samples and 450 ground wheat samples
from southern Brazilian wheat-growing regions, during the 2009 to 2011 cropping
seasons, were analyzed. The wheat samples were scanned by NIRs before and
after the milling process. Only the ground samples were analyzed for DON
concentration by the reference method. The results from LC-MS/MS indicated that
DON was abundant in the region and it was detected in 390 samples from 450
analyzed (86,6% of the total analyzed samples), in all period. The mean DON
content was 1,516 µg kg -1 , ranging from 140 to 8,025 µg kg -1 . Cross-validation
indicated that the calibration model was able to discriminate between low and
high DON levels, for both whole wheat and ground wheat, explaining 71% and
83% of the variability, respectively. The NIRs technique is promising as a
screening tool to segregate highly contaminated grain, thus providing safer
products for feed and food industry. Furthermore, the technique may be useful to
discard genotypes that accumulate high DON content in wheat breeding
programs.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum, Fusarium graminearum, screening methods,
mycotoxin
130

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P39 - PCR chemotyping of Fusarium graminearum, F.
culmorum and F. cerealis isolated from winter wheat
in Wallonia, Belgium
P. Hellin, G. Dedeurwaerder, J. Ghysselinckx, A. Legrève
Université catholique de Louvain – Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Phytopathology,
Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.03, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
E-mail: pierre.hellin@uclouvain.be
Within the pathogen complex responsible for Fusarium head blight (FHB) are
some species that can produce mycotoxins that accumulate in the grains, creating
a threat to human and animal health. In Europe, type B trichothecenes, especially
deoxynivalenol (DON), are frequently found in grain batches. Most of the genes
involved in producing these mycotoxins (TRI genes) are grouped in a 12-gene
core cluster (TRI cluster). Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. cerealis
possess this cluster, but the presence or absence of certain TRI genes, as well as
their functionality, results in a strain capable of producing either nivalenol (NIV) or
deoxynivalenol and a related acetylated derivative (3- or 15-ADON). Because of
the different levels of toxicity in these secondary metabolites, it is important to
have a better knowledge of the population in Belgium in order to estimate the risk
posed by Fusarium species occurring in wheat ears. Two multiplex PCR
reactions, targeting the TRI3 and TRI13 genes, were used to differentiate the
strains of the three species cited above in terms of the possible chemotypes (NIV,
3-ADON and 15-ADON). In all, 105 single-spore strains of F. graminearum, 90 of
F. culmorum and 20 of F. cerealis, isolated from winter wheat, were tested. The
three chemotypes were identified in the F. graminearum population, with the vast
majority of the strains (93%) being of the 15-ADON chemotype. For F. culmorum,
the 3-ADON chemotype was prominent (76.6%) and the rest of the strains were of
the NIV chemotype. The 20 tested F. cerealis strains could produce only
nivalenol. The different proportions of chemotypes in F. graminearum and F.
culmorum and the existence mixed-chemotype populations in the field indicate
different specificities of the chemotypes in epidemics.
Keywords: Fusarium head blight, mycotoxin trichothecene, genotype
131

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P40 - Induction of cytotoxicity and apoptosis in
mouse blastocysts by enniatin
W.-H. Chan
Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian
University, Chung Li, Taiwan
E-mail: whchan@cycu.edu.tw
Enniatins (ENNs) are mycotoxins found in Fusarium fungi and they appear in
nature as mixtures of cyclic depsipeptides. In this report, we examined the
cytotoxic effects of ENNs on mouse embryos at the blastocyst stage, subsequent
embryonic attachment and outgrowth in vitro, and in vivo implantation by embryo
transfer. Blastocysts treated with 5 μM ENN exhibited significantly increased
apoptosis and a corresponding decrease in total cell number. Importantly, the
implantation success rate of blastocysts pretreated with ENN was lower than that
of their control counterparts. Moreover, in vitro treatment with 5 μM ENNs was
associated with increased resorption of post-implantation embryos and
decreased fetal weight. Our results collectively indicate that in vitro exposure to
ENNs induces apoptosis and retards early post-implantation development after
transfer to host mice. In summary, we have shown that ENN induces cellular
apoptosis in both the ICM and TE of mouse blastocysts, leading to decreased
implantation, embryonic development, and viability. Clearly, ENN is a potent
injury risk factor for normal embryonic development. However, further studies are
required to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which ENN affects embryonic
development as well as the teratogenic actions and regulatory mechanisms of
ENN in human embryogenesis.
Keywords: enniatin, blastocyst, apoptosis, embryonic development
132

SESSION 2: SECONDARY METABOLITES – BIOCHEMISTRY,
BIOSYNTHESIS, FEED AND FOOD SAFETY
P41 - Evaluation of antifungal activity of ethanol and
methanol extracts from Punica granatum peels on
fungal strains producing mycotoxins
H. Kadi 1 , N. Nahal Bouderba 1 , S. Moghtet, H. A. Lazouni 2 .
1 Laboratoryof Plant Resource Development and Food Security in Semi Arid Areas, South West of
Algeria, BP 417, University of Bechar, Algeria; 2 Natural Product Laboratory, University Abou Bakr Belk
aid, BP119, ImamaTlemcen, Algeria
E-mail: hamidkadi08@yahoo.fr
The worldwide contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins poses a
significant health problem. Mycotoxins can cause acute or chronic intoxication
and damage to humans and animals after ingestion of contaminated food and
feed.
Considering these as a first step the objective of our work is to evaluate the
antifungal activity of some extracts from Punica granatum peels on some fungal
strains producing mycotoxins. Pomegranate is an ancient fruit and a known rich
source of bioactive compounds. It is only recently that modern scientists have
systematically evaluated the fruit for its various medicinally useful properties. In
the present work four extracts obtained by an ethanol, methanol extraction and
maceration from Punica granatum peels were tested for their antifungal potential
against three species of Aspergillus such as A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, and
one species of Penicillium such as P. expansum.
The assessment of antifungal activity is assayed by radial growth technique on
solid medium content selected volumes of peel Punicagranatum extracts. The
assessment of mycotoxinogenesis is released on Y.E.S medium mix with selected
volumes of peel Punicagranatum extracts. The results of our work indicate that all
the four extracts prevent totally the mycilial growth in solid and liquid medium with
a percentage of 100% of all the fungal strains in selected concentration. Moreover
the methanol extract was the more effective one and the fungal strain A.
ochraceus was the most sensible one for all the extracts.
In conclusion the results indicate that all the extracts which have been obtained
from Punica granatum peels got an antifungal activity against the four fungal
strains.
Keywords: mycotoxins, antifungal activity, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Punica
granatum peels, methanol extract, ethanol extract
133

134

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P42 - Fusarium graminearum/Gibberellea zeae
perithecia formation on winter wheat straw and maize
stalks in Swedish climate
P. Persson, H. Bötker, A. K. Kolseth
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Crop Production Ecology, PO Box 7043, SE 750 07
Uppsala, Sweden
E-mail: paula.persson@slu.se
High levels of the Fusarium generated mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was a major
problem in cereal grain in Sweden during 2011 and 2012. Fungal analyses of
grains showed that Fusarium graminearum was the main cause of the toxin
contaminations. The spread of F. graminearum is mainly thought to be caused by
macroconidia originating from contaminated plant material of a previously grown
crop. The role of ascospores formed by its sexual stage Gibberella zeae in the
spread in North European climate conditions is poorly studied. To investigate the
importance of ascospore production in Swedish climate we studied perithecia
formation on winter wheat straw and maize stalks together with ascospore
formation. A F. graminearum strain isolated from winter wheat grain, known to
produce perithecia, was multiplied in liquid medium which was used as inoculum.
Winter wheat straw and maize stalks were sterilized and soaked in F.
graminearum inoculum for 5 min and were incubated at room temperature for
seven days. The material was thereafter placed outdoors in Uppsala in late May
and registered every five days until early July for perithecia formation, including
one registration late August. When perithecia started to form, microscope glass
slides with a transparent tape were placed a few centimeters over perithecia, as
spore traps, with regular changes until late August. The slides were kept in room
temperature until microscope readings. (Method according to Manstretta, V. &
Rossi, V., UCSC, Piacenza, Italy)
The results showed that perithecia were formed during the whole test period both
on winter wheat straw and abundantly on maize stalks. Registered ascospores
peaked the second half of July. This indicates that ascospores may play an
important role in the wider spread of Fusarium graminearum in the North
European area. The experiment will be repeated 2013.
Keywords: Gibberella zeae, perithecia, ascospores
135

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P43 - Heterochromatin protein 1 (Hep1) deletion in F.
graminearum causes hypervirulence on wheat heads.
S. Boedi 1 , M. Imer 2 , U. Güldener 3 , T. Nussbaumer 3 , K. Kugler 3 , M. Sulyok 2 , V.
Preiser 2 , G. Siegwart 2 , E. Sam 2 , M. Lemmens 2 , H. Bürstmayr 2 , R. Krska 2 , K.
Brunner 2 , J. Strauss 1
1 Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
Vienna, University and Research Center Tulln (UFT), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln,
Austria; 2 Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; 3 Helmholtz Zentrum München,
Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764
Neuherberg
E-mail: stefan.boedi@boku.ac.at
Chromatin modifications and formation of facultative heterochromatin have been
shown to be involved in the regulation of secondary metabolism gene clusters in
the fungal model organism Aspergillus nidulans. Based on that work we deleted
the heterochromatin protein-1 homologue, Hep1, in F. graminearum Ph-1
background and measured its impact on histone H3K9 methylation by ChIP
analysis, confirming its functionality. We investigated the effect of Hep1 deletion
on the ability of F. graminearum to infect wheat heads of the susceptible cultivar
Remus and found the hep1 mutant to be hypervirulent with a ~2 fold increased
infection rate. These findings correlated with an increased production of the
trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) during pathogenic growth on living wheat
heads. Interestingly the hep1 mutant produced less DON than the Ph-1 wildtype
on axenic minimal medium and the produced DON amounts on dead wheat
heads, which served as non- response control, were much smaller than the
produced amounts on living wheat heads. This indicates that the plant response
system plays a crucial role in the activation of this secondary metabolite cluster as
well as that a crosstalk between heterochromatin status and pathogenicity exists.
Our aim in this study is to understand the molecular basis of the hypervirulence
caused by hep1 deletion as well as to investigate the effect of the plant response
on F. graminearum by determination of the transcriptome levels of the hep1
deletion versus the Ph-1 wildtype strain on alive and dead (non-responding)
wheat heads using RNA-seq methodology. Preliminary results show that the plant
response has a huge systemic impact on F. graminearum transcript levels what
will be further investigated. The RNA-seq analysis of the complex infection
samples will also mark plant genes differentially responding to the hep1 mutant.
Keywords: Fusarium graminearum infection of wheat, heterochromatin protein 1,
secondary metabolism, RNA-seq
136

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P44 - A rapid in vitro assay to select mutants of
Fusarium impaired in pathogenicity.
F. Spanu 1 , B. Scherm 1 , V. Balmas 1 , I. Camboni 1 , A. Marcello 1 , M. Pasquali 2 ,
Q. Migheli 1
1 Dipartimento di Agraria - Plant Pathology and Entomology Unit and Unità di ricerca Istituto Nazionale
di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
2 CRP - Gabriel Lippmann, Environment and Agro-Biotechology Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422
Belvaux, Luxembourg
E-mail: fspanu@uniss.it
Fusarium culmorum, along with Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium
pseudograminearum, is one of the most important pathogens of wheat worldwide,
causing foot and root rot (FRR) and fusarium head blight (FHB). In the central and
southern areas of Italy, F. culmorum is predominant as the FRR causal agent on
durum wheat. Symptoms include pre- and post-emergence death of the
seedlings, brown discoloration on coleoptiles, roots and pseudostem, brown
lesions on the basal portion of the stem, tiller abortion and formation of
whiteheads, resulting from premature death of the plant. As a consequence,
significant yield losses are reported. Knowledge on genes triggering FRR on
durum wheat seedlings is still limited. F. culmorum mutants originating by random
and targeted insertional mutagenesis methods are being analysed in their
developmental capability, level of virulence and aggressiveness during the first
steps of kernel colonisation. However, greenhouse experiments are difficult to
perform for large collections of putative mutant strains due to the need of large
facilities, temperature and humidity control, and the time required (three to four
weeks after inoculation) to observe the first symptoms. We have developed a
simple in vitro pre-selection bioassay to analyse the development of fungal
hyphae during the first steps of colonisation, consisting in placing - for each strain
to analyse - 10 mycelium discs (Ø 90 mm) bearing one durum wheat seed into a
Petri dish and incubating 3 days in the dark. While the wild-type strain entirely
surrounded the seed by forming a complex network of thick and sturdy hyphae,
thus preventing germination before coleoptile growth, mutant strains impaired in
pathogenicity did not hinder the emergence of the primary root from the caryopsis.
This method proved to be as reliable as in planta assays, suggesting a potential
role for general use of in vitro testing of FRR-impaired mutants. We propose to
further validate this test on a broader collection of strains altered in their virulence
within the frame of an inter-laboratory collaboration.
Keywords: Foot and root rot, durum wheat, seed germination, bioassay, fungal
virulence
137

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P45 - Fusarium poae: chemotype, plant-pathogen
interaction and response to oxidative stress triggers
A. Vanheule 1,2 , K. Audenaert 1,2 , S. De Saeger 3 , M. Höfte 2 , G. Haesaert 1,2
1 Department of Plant Production, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience
Engineering, Building C, University College Ghent, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
2 Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience
Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
3 Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000
Ghent, Belgium
E-mail: adriaan.vanheule@hogent.be
Fusarium Head Blight is a devastating small-cereal disease, affecting yield and
crop quality of such agronomically important crops as wheat and barley. The
disease is caused by a blend of Fusarium species, in which Fusarium poae has in
recent years in Belgium become more and more important.
Sampling in the field and subsequent single spore isolation have led to the
creation of an in-house F. poae collection. Over the course of a PhD thesis, this
collection will be analyzed from different angles to achieve a comprehensive
understanding of this pathogen. The use of media that induce trichothecene
synthesis in combination with UPLC-MS/MS have led to the identification of up to
5 different chemotypes in the population. The implications of this are discussed in
relation to incidence data of several relevant F. poae toxins in the field, and in
food and feed products, collected over an extensive survey in 2012.
The role of F. poae toxins in plant colonization is unknown. Several strategies are
presented to elucidate this role in an in vitro and in vivo approach, including
detached leaf and germination assays, and infection studies with pure toxins, and
F. poae isolates of different chemotypes. Cytological staining presents the means
to interpret defense responses of the wheat plant. Where possible, preliminary
results are presented.
The much more researched species F. graminearum mainly produces the
mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). In recent years, a role in fungal defense and
tolerance to oxidative stress has been attributed to this compound. Using the
application of different fungicides as a model system for oxidative stress, it is
possible to research whether F. poae behaves similarly. Simultaneously,
resistance of the pathogen to these fungicides is assessed, and tested as a
possible explanation for the increased importance of F. poae. Preliminary findings
are presented.
Keywords: Fusarium poae, trichothecenes, resistance, oxidative stress
138

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P46 - Study of the in vitro growth and pathogenicity of
a collection of Fusarium spp. and Microdochium
nivale obtained from the ear and the collar of wheat
collected in the central region of Algeria
H. Boureghda 1 , F. Djellialia 1
Département de Botanique- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSA) El Harrach-Algies-
Algeria
E-mail: hou.boureghda@gmail.com
The study of pathogenicity and in vitro growth of a collection of 22 isolates
belonging to different Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F.
verticilliodes, F. avenaceum, F. lateritium, F. solani) and M. nivale obtained from
the ear and collar of wheat harvested in the central region of Algeria had been
made. The effect of temperature on the in vitro growth showed that the optimum
growth for species F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. lateritium, and F. solani was
at 25 ° C, while F. verticilliodes, M. nivale and F. avenaceum exhibited optimum
growth at 20 ° C. In general, the growth of F. lateritium, F. culmorum, F.
graminearum and F. solani increased between 15 and 25 ° C and those of F.
avenaceum, F. verticiliiodes and M. nivale between 10 and 20 ° C. Pathogenicity
tests were carried out in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, pathogenicity test was carried
out by exanimating the effect of the pathogen species on the in vitro coleoptile
growth rate of wheat seedlings. The pathogenicity of the seven species in vitro
was evaluated at different temperatures 15 ° C, 20 ° C, 25 ° C and 30 ° C and
showed the aggressiveness of all the isolates tested. Regardless of the isolate
origin (collar or ear), species F. culmorum, F. graminearum and F. verticilliodes
showed the highest percentages of reduction of the coleoptile growth at 15 ° C (>
96% reduction), while M. nivale at 20 ° C (> 95%), and 30 ° C (> 98 %) for F.
solani compared to control seedlings. In vivo pathogenicity tests were carried out
by using two methods, ear infection and soil inoculation (to evaluate disease
severity on the collar and the root of wheat seedlings). Pathogenicity test on the
collar showed that all Fusarium spp. and M. nivale isolates induced symptoms on
the collar and root also those obtained from diseased ear. However F.
graminearum and F. culmorum isolates obtained from diseased collars caused
disease severity indices higher than the isolates obtained from ears. Also, it was
found in this study that isolates belonging to the genus Fusarium isolated from the
collar induced typical symptoms of Fusarium head blight on the ear and the
disease severity of isolates was independent of isolate origin (collar or ear).
Results obtained in this study showed that there is no correlation between the
pathogenicity of all Fusarium and M. nivale isolates on the collar and on the ear.
Keywords: Fusarium, Microdochium, In vitro growth, pathogenicity
139

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P47 - Trichothecene production by Fusarium
graminearum isolates from Argentina and its
relationship with aggressiveness and fungal
colonization of the wheat spike
I. Malbrán 1 , C. A. Mourelos 1 , P. A. Balatti 1 , Q. Migheli 2 , G. A. Lori 1
1 Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad
Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 119, CC 31, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 2 Dipartimento di
Agraria - Plant Pathology and Entomology Unit, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, I
- 07100 Sassari, Italy
E-mail: imalbran@yahoo.com.ar
In Argentina, at least 20 epidemics of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) of wheat,
caused by Fusarium graminearum, have been registered in the last 50 years. The
damages induced by the disease are further aggravated by the frequent presence
in affected grains of mycotoxins, mostly deoxynivalenol (DON), which may cause
health problems to human and animals. In the present work we investigated the
correlation between the aggressiveness of F. graminearum isolates from
Argentina, its capacity to colonize the spike and the accumulation of DON in
wheat grains. Fourteen isolates of F. graminearum were tested for
aggressiveness in point inoculated (PI) spikes of field grown wheat in two years of
trials. Inoculated spikes were hand threshed and the resulting rachis were
superficially disinfected, cut in their component parts and plated on potato
dextrose agar medium (PDA) to analyze the colonization of the vascular system.
Grains were ground and DON was quantified by means of the RIDASCREEN ®
FAST DON ELISA kit (R-Biopharm). Isolates significatively differed in the severity
of the symptoms of FHB (F = 7.34; p < 0.01), DON production (F = 5.91; p < 0.01)
and percentage of colonized portions of the rachis (F = 7.22; p < 0.01). A close
correlation was found between the severity of FHB and DON (r = 0.9073),
colonization and severity (r = 0.7106), and colonization and DON (r = 0.8081).
The presence of the pathogen in the rachis was verified even in asymptomatic
spikes in a percentage that was highly superior to that of symptomatic spikelets
for all treatments. Furthermore, even isolates with a limited capacity of induction
of visible symptoms of FHB were able to colonize the vascular tissue of wheat
spikes and to produce considerable amounts of DON.
Keywords: Fusarium head blight, deoxynivalenol, wheat
140

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P48 - Study of in vitro growth and pathogenicity of
some isolates of Fusarium spp. causal agent of
Fusarium head scab (FBH) of wheat in Algeria
R. Renane
Département of botanique Institut national Agronomique (INA), El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria,
E-mail: rracha8@yahoo.fr
The study of the effect of temperature on in vitro growth of Fusarium spp. isolates
obtained from wheat spike exhibiting typical symptoms of head scab (ear blight)
showed that the optimum growth was at 25°C for all isolates belonging to the four
species of the Fusarium genus. The species were F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F.
moniliforme and F. solani; with a lack of growth of all isolates at 35°C. Among the
species studied, the F. culmorum isolates showed the highest rates of growth at
all temperatures tested (15, 20, 25 and 30°C). It was also noticed that the growth
rate of the four species studied increased between 20 and 25°C, and decreased
between 25 and 30°C. Pathogenicity tests of Fusarium spp. isolates were carried
out in vitro and in planta. The pathogenicity test in vitro was assessed by
examining the coleoptile growth rate of wheat seedlings. The results obtained
showed that all Fusarium spp. isolates were pathogenic. These induced
retardation in coleoptile growth compared to the control at 20, 25 and 30°C. The
most pathogenic of the four species was F. moniliforme isolates which conferred a
complete reduction in coleoptile growth (100 %) at 25°C and 30°C. For the other
isolates the highest rate of reduction in coleoptile growth was (95.92 %) for F.
culmorum and 95.26% for F. avenaceum at 25°C, while the highest rate of
reduction 95.28% for F. solani was obtained at 30°C. Pathogenicity carried out by
soil inoculation and evaluated by the severity attack at the collar level estimated
by a disease scale from 0 to 3 showed that the highest disease index (2.58) was
conferred by F. avenaceum isolates, followed by F. moniliforme (1.28), F. solani
(1) and least by F. culmorum (0.53). Results obtained in this study showed that
there is no correlation between in vitro growth and agressiveness of Fusarium
isolates used in this study and also between agressiveness assessed by the
reduction in coleoptile growth and the attack at the collar level. Furthermore it was
shown that Fusarium isolates which induced head scab of wheat was also
aggressive on root and collar of wheat.
Keywords: wheat, Fusarium, Trichoderma , biological control
141

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P49 - Pathogenicity of Fusarium temperatum and
Fusarium subglutinans on maize stalk and ear under
artificial inoculation under field conditions
J. Lević 1 , F. Munaut 2 , J. Scauflaire 2 , S. Stanković 1 , D. Ivanović 1 , V. Krnjaja 3
1 Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Belgrade-Zemun, S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade, Republic of
Serbia; 2 Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Laboratory of Mycology,
Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2,
L7.05.06, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; 3 Institute for Animal Husbandry, Autoput 16, 11080,
Belgrade-Zemun, Republic of Serbia
E-mail: jlevic@mrizp.rs
Pathogenicity of Fusarium temperatum, a new species morphologically similar
and phylogenetically closely related to F. subglutinans, was observed on stalk and
ear of maize (Zea mays L.). In 2010, this species was established in the culture
collection of the Maize Research Institute, stored since 2004. Based on
interspecies mating compatibility analyses and confirmed with AFLP fingerprint
profiles (done by Munaut), two of 20 tested F. subglutinans isolates belonged to
the species F. temperatum. These isolates originated from sorghum (Sorghum
bicolour (L.) Moench.) grain. In 2011 and 2012, pathogenicity of 20 (2 F.
temperatum and 18 F. subglutinans, respectively) and 4 isolates (2 of each F.
temperatum F. and F. subglutinans), respectively, was tested on stalk and ear of
two maize hybrids. The artificial inoculation of stalk was done by insertion of a
Fusarium-inoculated toothpick into the second internode 7 days after silking.
Control plants were inoculated with a sterile toothpick. After 6 weeks, disease
intensity was evaluated on the stalk longitudinal section by the 0-6 scale (0 -
necrosis localised at the inoculation spot; 6 - necrosis spreads to other
internodes). Ear inoculation was done with 2-ml spore suspension in silk channels
3-5 days after silking. Control plants were treated with 2 ml sterile water. The
disease intensity was assessed on ears immediately prior to harvest, according to
the 1-7 scale (1 - no symptoms; 7 - 76-100% infected kernels). There were not
statistically significant differences in pathogenicity between isolates of F.
temperatum and F. subglutinans, either on stalk or ear. Differences in hybrids
responses and symptoms that isolates of fungal species caused on stalks and
ears were poorly visible. According to our knowledge, the F. temperaturm
occurrence on sorghum seed as well as its pathogenicity on maize ear and stalk
are detected for the first time in the world.
Keywords: F. temperatum, F. subglutinans, maize, sorghum
142

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P50 - Effect of timing of inoculation and Fusarium
species on the development of Fusarium head blight
and deoxynivalenol contamination in oat
A. Xue 1 , Y. Chen 1 , C. Ren 2 , and M. Savard 1
1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling
Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; 2 Baicheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 17 Sanhe
Road, Baicheng, Jilin 137000, China
E-mail: allen.xue@agr.gc.ca
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of oats in Canada. To
supplement the development of FHB-resistant cultivars, we examined the
influence of timing of inoculation and pathogenicity of four common Fusarium spp.
on development of FHB and deoxynivalenol (DON) content using 12 oat
genotypes under controlled environment conditions. Both timing of inoculation and
Fusarium spp. significantly affected the development of FHB symptoms and DON
contents in the harvested grain. Early inoculations at or before the complete
emergence of ears resulted in little or no visible FHB symptoms but DON
contaminations ranging from 0.9-3.7 ppm were detected in the harvested grains
from these symptomless plants. Severe levels of FHB were observed on all the
oat genotypes with infected spikelets (IS) ranging from 40 to 75% and DON
content ranging from 6.3 to 10.2 ppm, when inoculated at or after the 50%
anthesis stage. The timing of inoculation at the 50% anthesis was considered the
most appropriate as it allowed a sufficient time for disease development and
assessment prior to the physiological maturity of the plants. Of the four Fusarium
spp., F. culmorum and F. graminearum were equally highly pathogenic, having
areas under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of 45.3 and 47.3, and DON of
10.4 and 14.3 ppm, respectively. DON was not detected in the harvested grain
from plants inoculated with F. avenaceum or F. sporotrichioides. Fusarium
sporotrichioides resulted in the lowest AUDPC (31.2) and were significantly less
pathogenic than the two highly pathogenic species. Fusarium avenaceum
resulted in AUDPC of 36.7, which was not significantly different from those of
neither the highly pathogenic species nor the weakly pathogenic species. The
Fusarium spp. ´ oat genotype interactions were not signficant, suggesting that
breeding for resistance to F. graminearum may also give enhanced resistance to
other Fusarium spp.
Keywords: Fusarium head blight, oat, Avena sativa, deoxynivalenol
143

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P51 - Selective pathogenicity and virulence of
Fusarium graminearum species complex members on
maize, wheat and sorghum
I. Beukes 1 , C. de Klerk 1 , L. J. Rose 1 , G. J. van Coller 1, 2 , B. Flett 3 , A. Viljoen 1
1 University of Stellenbosch, Department of Plant Pathology, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South
Africa; 2 Directorate Plant Science, Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Private Bag X1,
Elsenburg 7607, South Africa; 3 Grain Crops Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag
X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
E-mail: ibeukes@sun.ac.za
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, gibberella ear rot (GER) of maize and grain
mold (GM) of sorghum is caused by, amongst others, members within the
Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC). Grains infected with these
pathogens are commonly contaminated with trichothecene mycotoxins, which is
associated with health complications in humans and animals. It has been
suggested that host specificity exists within the FGSC, possibly due to differences
in cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazolinone compounds or other
antimicrobial composites in different cereal hosts. In this study, the host
preference of five FGSC members, represented by 26 isolates obtained from
different South African grains was assessed on wheat, maize and sorghum.
Radial growth of these isolates on potato dextrose agar at 12 and 24-h
illumination did not differ significantly between the members. Sporulation of
cultures under the same light conditions resulted in F. boothii producing the most
and F. acaciae-mearnsii the least spores. Wheat heads were inoculated with five
isolates each from five FGSC members, previously isolated from South African
grown wheat, to establish whether a difference in virulence could be observed
between them. Inoculations showed that all FGSC members were pathogenic to
wheat, with F. cortaderiae being the least and F. graminearum s.s the most
virulent. Macroconidia from different isolates of the same FGSC member were
then combined and inoculated onto sorghum and maize plants in the field, and
disease development and trichothecene production measured after harvest.
Inoculation with F. meridionale resulted in the highest disease incidence and
severity on maize kernels. Infection with F. meridionale was supported by the
production of nivalenol in both maize and a brown sorghum cultivar. Fusarium
graminearum s.s. and F. cortaderiae could not be associated with GER of maize
or GM of brown sorghum, and was unable to produce their associated mycotoxins
within these grains.
Keywords: Fusarium graminearum species complex, host preference
144

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P52 - Aggressiveness and deoxinivalenol production
of Fusarium graminearum isolates from different
inoculum sources
C. A. Mourelos 1 , I. Malbrán 1 , P. A. Balatti 1 , Q. Migheli 2 , G. A. Lori 1
1 Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad
Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 119, CC 31, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 2 Dipartimento di
Agraria - Plant Pathology and Entomology Unit, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, I
- 07100 Sassari, Italy.
E-mail: mouceci@yahoo.com.ar
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is one
of the most important fungal diseases affecting wheat. In addition to the severe
yield and quality losses the disease causes, trichothecene contamination of
infected grains poses a serious threat to human and animal health. In Argentina
more than three quarters of the total arable land is cultivated under no-tillage.
Large quantities of crop residues remain on the soil surface, representing the
principal reservoir of F. graminearum. Furthermore, in the southern hemisphere
the presence of weeds in the field throughout the entire year has proven to be of
epidemiological importance as an inoculum source for FHB development. The aim
of this work was to analyze aggressiveness towards wheat of F. graminearum
isolates from different sources. Thirty-three isolates obtained from crop residues
and symptomless inflorescences of gramineous (GW) and non-gramineous
weeds (N-GW) were identified as F. graminearum based on their morphological
and cultural characteristics, and confirmed by species-specific PCR.
Aggressiveness of the isolates and FHB effect on thousand kernel weight (TKW)
were tested by point inoculation (PI) of field grown wheat spikes. Inoculated
spikes were hand threshed, grains were ground and DON was quantified by
means of the RIDASCREEN® FAST DON ELISA kit (R-Biopharm). All isolates
induced FHB symptoms on the spikes and accumulated DON in the grains. The
isolates obtained from GW differed significantly in aggressiveness from those
from N-GW (F=4.78, p

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P53 - Fusarium crown rot of wheat: a survey of
Minnesota wheat fields
R. Dill-Macky, E. J. Koeritz, B. Zagaran
University of Minnesota, 495 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
E-mail: ruthdm@umn.edu
Crown rot (CR), a common disease of wheat, is caused by Fusarium species,
including Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. These same fungi incited
devastating Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) epidemics in the USA’s Upper Midwest
over the past two decades. The symptoms of CR, like many root diseases,
frequently go undetected. It is likely that CR is present every growing season in
Minnesota leading to thinner stands, reduced tillering, fewer kernels per head and
reduced kernel weights. It is estimated that root diseases cause crop losses of 3-
5% in an average year. As CR compromises the root system, greater losses
would be expected in years where environmental conditions favor CR
development early in the season and when late-season moisture stress
exacerbates the impact of the disease.
Despite of the potential importance of the root diseases, virtually no research has
been conducted recently on the impact of the root diseases of wheat in our
region. In 2012, we established a project to determine the importance and
relative frequency of root diseases, including CR and common root rot (Bipolaris
sorokiniana), in wheat in Minnesota.
In 2012, we conducted a survey across the wheat production region of the state,
collecting samples from over 50 fields. Observations of the root systems made in
the field suggest that root diseases, including CR, were more prevalent than we
anticipated with most fields having plants showing visual symptoms of root
diseases. We estimated that over 20% of tillers had died prematurely as a result
of root disease in the most severely impacted fields. CR appeared to be the most
prevalent disease based on the visual observation of symptoms. Plating of crown
tissues on semi-selective media was conducted to determine the fungal
pathogens present, confirming our field observations. A number of Fusarium spp.
were isolated from the collected samples.
Keywords: Fusarium, crown rot, wheat
146

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P54 - Fusarium Head Blight agents and mycotoxin
contamination in barley kernels in Italy
M. Giannini 1 , G. Beccari 2 , M. Montanari 3 , L. Ricci Vitiani 2 , L. Covarelli 2 , A.
Prodi 1
1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie (DIPSA), Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127,
Bologna, Italy, 2 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo
XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy, 3 INRAN Settore Sementiero, Sezione di Bologna, Via Sicilia 2,
40024 Osteria Grande, Bologna, Italy
E-mail: marta.giannini2@unibo.it
In 2011 in Italy about 8% of the whole surface planted with cereals was cultivated
with barley, mainly intended, in order of importance, for livestock alimentation,
malt industry and human food. Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a very important
disease of wheat and barley worldwide which causes grain yield and quality
reductions and that may lead to the accumulation of mycotoxins, secondary
fungal metabolites that pose a serious health risk to humans and animals. The
fungal species frequently associated with FHB of cereals in Europe are F.
graminearum, F. culmorum and F. avenaceum, but in the last years particular
importance has been given to Fusarium species belonging to the Sporotrichiella
section such as F. poae and F. langsethiae, considered potential type A and B
trichotechene producers.Thirty-five kernel samples of distic and polistic barley,
hulless and covered, collected in Italy during 2011 in the Italian regions Emilia
Romagna, Marche, Umbria and Lazio were analyzed for the presence of fungal
species and for mycotoxin contamination. Pure cultures of Fusarium spp. were
identified both morphologically by microscopy and molecularly by species-specific
PCR assays. Furthermore, ELISA assays were performed on milled kernels for
deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin quantification. F. poae and F. tricinctum were
the most detected species, followed by F. langsethiae, F. avenaceum, F.
graminearum and F. equiseti. The high incidence of the first two species may
justify the presence of T-2 toxin found in the grain. DON contamination was
almost absent.
Keywords: Fusarium, FHB, barley, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol
147

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P55 - Occurrence of Fusarium species isolated from
Barley and Bread wheat grain and detection of
Deoxynivalenol in Northern Tunisia
L. Gargouri Kammoun 1,2 , M. Mnari-Hattab 1 , M. Ghanmi 1 , M. Rabeh Hajlaoui 1
1 Laboratory of biotechnology applied to agriculture, the National Institute for Agricultural Research,
INRA Tunisia, Rue Hedi Karray, 2049 Ariana, University of Carthage Tunisia; 2 Higher school of
Agriculture of Kef, University of Jendouba, Tunisia
E-mail: lobna_kammoun@yahoo.fr
Cereals contaminated by Fusarium sp. and their mycotoxins, e.g. deoxynivalenol
(DON) cause a variety of toxic effects on humans and animal health throughout
the world. This study examines the occurrence and the influence of Fusarium
infection levels of barley and bread wheat grain on its quality. This study was
carried in Northern Tunisia in 2011 and 2012 crop year. Five regions including
Beja, Jendouba, Bizerte, Zaghouan, and Tunis were prospected. Twenty fields
were visited and morphological identification showed that 85% were identified as
Fusarium culmorum, 10% as F. pseudograminearum, and 5% as F. avenaceum
from Barley. However, only 30% were identified as F. culmorum from bread
wheat. The amounts of trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) in harvested grains
collected from these fields were determined by RIDASCREEN DON Enzyme
Immunoassay kit (ELISA). Results indicated that the level of DON contamination
in the positive samples was low, with a range of 0.2-1 ppm (mean 0.256 ppm) in
60% of barley samples, and range of 0.5-1 ppm (mean 0.3 ppm) in 30% of bread
wheat samples. This is the first study with indicate the occurrence of Fusarium
species on barley and bred wheat. Through our analysis we confirm the
increasing importance of F. culmorum on cereals in Tunisia.
Keywords: Fusarium, Barley, bread, wheat, DON
148

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P56 - Fusarium species associated to durum wheat
during 2011-2012
L. Gargouri Kammoun 1,2 , K. Ferchichi 3 , M. Rabeh Hajlaoui 2
1 Higher school of Agriculture of Kef, University of Jendouba, Tunisia; 2 Laboratory of biotechnology
applied to agriculture, the National Institute for Agricultural Research, INRA Tunisia, Rue Hedi Karray,
2049 Ariana, University of Carthage Tunisia; 3 Higher school of Agriculture of Mograne, University of
Carthage, Tunisia
E-mail: lobna_kammoun@yahoo.fr
Fusarium head blight is a divesting disease spread throughout the world, and it
occurred previously in Northern Tunisia. Environmental factors such as
temperature, precipitation, air humidity are mainly responsible for the occurrence
of Fusarium species. In 2011 and 2012, the rainy and warm weather was very
favorable for the occurrence and development of Fusarium Head Blight in durum
wheat particularly in the region of Bizerte situated at the North of Tunisia. The aim
of this study is: to evaluate the development of the disease during this crowing
season, to identify the fungi associated with this disease, to study the
pathogenesis of seed germination and scaling ears. Analysis of Deoxynivalenol
accumulation by ELISA test was also made for harvested grains, and after ear’s
artificial inoculation. Morphological identification of fungi from grain revealed the
presence of Fusarium culmorum (80%), F. pseudograminearum (18%), and
Microdochium nivale var. (2%). After that, F. culmorum which is the mostly
isolated was tested at different spore suspensions on seed germination, and on
artificially inoculation of ears under controlled conditions. Results showed the
impact of this fungus on yield. In fact its presence in wheat causes a decrease of
germination and grain’s weight. Detection of deoxynivalenol by the ELISA test
using the Kit Readascreen DON revealed the presence of low levels DON ranged
from 0.1 to 0.2 ppm.
Keywords: Fusarium head blight, wheat, ELISA
149

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P57 - Analysis of the Fusarium graminearum species
complex in Brazil shows high diversity and changes
in species prevalence affected by host and
geographic region
E. M. Del Ponte 1 , T. J. Ward 2 , D. J. Tessmann 3 P. R. Kuhnem 1 , C. N. Silva 3 , L.
B. Gomes 1 , P. Spolti 1 , C. P. Nicoli 1
1 UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil; 2 USDA-ARS 1815 N.
University St., 61604, Peoria, IL, USA; 3 UEM, Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
E-mail: emerson.delponte@ufrgs.br
A deeper understanding of F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) diversity in
central and southern Brazil based on the analysis of a large number (n=1050) of
isolates distributed in four new populations that were obtained between 2009 and
2011 from: 1) diseased heads from >150 wheat fields (n= 663 strains); 2) maize
kernels from fields at both central and southern regions (n=104); 3) maize stubble
showing perithecia obtained from 20 cultivated and non-cultivated fields (n=271);
and 4) rice kernels from fields in the southern growing-region (n=12). Multilocus
genotyping (MLGT) was used to determine species identity and trichothecene
genotypes for most isolates. For those from maize kernels, partial gene
sequences of TEF, tri3 and tri12 were used. For the wheat population, it was
found that F. graminearum with a 15-ADON genotype was dominant (83%),
followed by F. meridionale with a NIV genotype (12.8%), F. cortaderiae with
mostly NIV and a few 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (2.6%), F.
austroamericanum with mostly 3-ADON and a few NIV (1.2%) and F. asiaticum
with the NIV genotype (0.4%). Frequency of F. meridionale in wheat increased
with the decrease of latitudes. For the maize kernel population, F. meridionale
was dominant (72%), followed by F. graminearum with the 15-ADON genotype
(14.5%) and F. cortaderiae with the 3-ADON and NIV genotypes (13.5%). For the
maize stubble population, F. meridionale was dominant (50%), followed by F.
graminearum with the 15-ADON genotype (30%) and F. cortaderiae with the NIV
and 3-ADON genotypes (20%). For both maize populations, higher diversity was
found at higher latitude and elevation. Finally, F. asiaticum with the NIV genotype
was the sole species found in rice kernels. These results show that several
species coexist in the subtropical to tropical agricultural regions of Brazil where
host and geographic (climatic) region shape species composition.
Keywords: Gibberella zeae, multilocus genotype, trichothecenes
150

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P58 - Fusarium species associated with Head blight
and Foot and Root Rot on durum wheat in Sardinia,
Italy: Results from a 12- year survey
V. Balmas 1 , A. Marcello 1 , G. Goddi 2 , B. Scherm 1 , B. Satta 2 and Q. Migheli 1
1 Dipartimento di Agraria - Plant Pathology and Entomology Unit, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via
E. De Nicola 9, I - 07100 Sassari, Italy; 2 Agenzia LAORE- Sardegna, Via Caprera 8, 09123 Cagliari,
Italy
E-mail: balmas@uniss.it
Fusarium foot and root rot (FRR) and Fusarium head-blight (FHB) are the most
damaging diseases of durum wheat in Italy. The aetiology of the disease has
been monitored in Sardinia (Tyrrhenian Islands) during twelve years (2001-2012)
over approximately 100 fields in different agroclimatic areas of Sardinia. For each
field/year, between 20 to 50 basal stems and spikes were collected in order to
identify the main causal agents and their associated species. A total of 171 kernel
samples yielded in the last three years (2010-2012), were analysed for the
presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated forms, while 74 grain
samples were also analysed for contamination by T2-HT2 mycotoxin. The
quantitative analysis of mycotoxins was carried out with a Lateral Flow
Immunoassay (Rapid One Step Assay, Charm Sciences Inc. – Foss). FRR was
found more frequently than FHB, and it was mainly incited by Fusarium
culmorum. Similarly, in most of the sampled fields the prevalent species causing
head-blight was F. culmorum, but in some few areas of central and southern
Sardinia, Fusarium graminearum was the main pathogen. Fusarium
sporotrichioides, Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium poae and Fusarium
crookwellense were also isolated, albeit at a lower frequency. DON was detected
in 34% of the analysed samples, while 71% of the samples turned out to be
positive to T2-HT2. Comparing the data from three years, the highest percentage
of DON-positive samples corresponds to the lowest percentage of T2-HT2positive
samples. All tested samples remain behind the compulsory limit
established by the European Union (EU) for the presence of DON (1750 ppb),
whereas 6% (i.e., 17% of all DON-positive assays) showed a DON contamination
over 100 ppb. At present, no legal limits are imposed for T2-HT2 concentrations.
Nonetheless, only 3% of the examined samples (i.e., 4% of all T2-HT2-positive
assays) showed T2-HT2 concentration values over 50 ppb.
Keywords: epidemiology, deoxynivalenol, T2-HT2 toxin, Lateral Flow
Immunoassay, food safety
151

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P59 - Head blight of wheat in South Africa is
associated with numerous Fusarium species and
chemotypes
G. J. van Coller 1,2 , A.-L. Boutigny 2 , L. Rose 2 , T. J. Ward 3 , S. C. Lamprecht 4 , A.
Viljoen 2
1 Directorate of Plant Science, Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg
7607, South Africa; 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1,
Matieland 7602, South Africa; 3 Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit,
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA; 4 Plant
Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7600,
South Africa
E-mail: altus@sun.ac.za
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is caused by numerous Fusarium species,
including trichothecene-producers. In South Africa, FHB is mostly associated with
irrigated wheat rotated with maize. Twenty symptomatic wheat heads were
collected from four cultivars each in irrigated fields during 2008 and 2009 in the
Northern Cape Province (12 sites), in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) (seven sites), the
Free State (six sites), at four sites in the Bushveld (2009), and under dryland
conditions in the Western Cape (four sites). A total of 1323 Fusarium isolates
were obtained from kernels, identified molecularly and morphologically, and
chemotyped. Fifteen Fusarium species were isolated, with the F. graminearum
species complex (FGSC) dominant at most sites. Other Fusarium spp. included F.
avenaceum, F. brachygibbosum, F. cerealis, F. chlamydosporum, F. culmorum, F.
incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), F. lunulosporum, F. oxysporum, F.
poae, F. pseudograminearum, F. solani, F. tricinctum, the Gibberella fujikuroi
species-complex and an unknown Fusarium species. Fusarium
pseudograminearum was dominant at one location in the Free State and in the
Western Cape. Isolates representing the FGSC were identified using a
microsphere-based Multilocus Genotyping Assay (MLGT). FGSC members
included F. graminearum s.s. (85.2%), F. boothii (8.3%), F. meridionale (3.6%), F.
acaciae-mearnsii (1.4%), F. cortaderiae (1.1%), and F. brasilicum (0.4%). The 15-
ADON chemotype was most common in 2008 and 2009, the 3-ADON chemotype
in the Western Cape in 2009 and at one location in the Free State (2008 and
2009), and the NIV chemotype was most common at one site in KZN in 2009.
This extensive survey reported F. lunulosporum for the first time on wheat
worldwide and identified production areas of concern in South Africa regarding
mycotoxin contamination.
152

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P60 - Fusarium mycotoxin contamination and
Fusarium species in Polish wheat in 2010-2012
P. Ochodzki, T. Góral, I. Grzeszczak
Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute NRI, Radzików, 05-870
Blonie, Poland;
E-mail: p.ochodzki@ihar.edu.pl
Monitoring of cereals contamination by mycotoxins and fungi play an important
role in food safety control system in Poland. In three consecutive years 2010-
2012 grain of two winter wheat varieties: Bogatka (resistant) and Muszelka
(susceptible) and one winter durum wheat cv. Komnata (very susceptible) from
the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing experimental stations (26, 32 and 23
respectively) were collected and analyzed. Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK %),
Fusarium species profile and content of main mycotoxins in grain were analyzed.
Trichothecenes B content in 2010 was relatively low and reached 0,132 ppm
(0,099-0,345 ppm) for Bogatka and 0,171 (0,105-651ppm) for Muszelka. Among
Fusarium species dominated trichothecenes B and zearalenone-producing F.
graminearum. Other species (F. culmorum, F. poae, F. langsethiae, F.
avenaceum) occurred in a lower extent. In 2011 trichothecenes B content was
higher and reached 0,171 (0,014-0,793) 0,533 (0,036-2,304) and 1,994 ( 0,065-
4,670) for Bogatka, Muszelka and Komnata, respectively, with similar distribution
of Fusarium species.
Year 2012 was most favourable for Trich B production, with an average content
Trich B 0,264 ppm (0,015-1,370), 0,736 ppm (0,021-2,669) and 3,344 (1,259-
9,229) ppm in Bogatka, Muszelka and Komnata, respectively. Most prevalent
mycotoxin detected in grain was DON, while DON- derivaties and NIV were
detected in much lower concentration In some of samples, mainly cv. Komnata
in T-2 toxin was detected in appreciable amount in 2011 and 2012.
Results clearly showed high variability of all of traits in years, but also strong
differences between varieties and localizations. Most resistant variety in terms of
mycotoxin contamination and FDK scores was Bogatka, while both Muszelka nad
Komnata revealed high susceptibility to Fusarium.
Results shows need for further improvement of wheat resistance, especially in a
case of durum wheat.
Project was financially supported by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxins, trichothecenes, resistance, wheat, durum
153

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P61 - Fusarium head blight of wheat in Algeria:
Preliminary investigations into the relationship with
some isolates and cultivars resistance
S. Hattab–Touati 1 , C. Barreau 2 , Z. Bouznad 3
1 Université Tlijène Laghouat, Algeria; 2 INRA UR MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883
Villenave d’Ornon, France; 3 Laboratoire de Phytopathologie et Biologie moléculaire, ENSA El Harrach,
Alger
E-mail: z.bouznad@ensa.dz
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important fungal disease of wheat, where it may
contribute to a significant reduction in crop and are therefore of great economic
importance. These Fusarium spp have also a potential to produce mycotoxins that
cause a potential health risk when contaminated grain. Also there are numerous
reports on how species differentially respond to different isolates and cultivars. In
Algeria there are two species which are frequently isolated from infected ear and
seeds: F. graminearum and F. culmorum, with a higher frequence for the later
species. During two last years, several experiments were carried out with four
isolates of F. culmorum inoculated in field on common cultivated varieties, to
determine their potential chemotype to produce toxins and to investigate into the
relationship with their aggressiveness and cultivars resistance.
The results obtained by PCR Taq Man using a specific probe both " chemotype "
known for F. culmorum suggest that isolates T52006 and T72007 have the
capacity to produce Nivalenol and Fusarenone X toxins (chemotype NIV / FX) and
isolate BD2011 and BT2011 produces Deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol 3-
Acetyl (chemotype DON / 3-ADON). The toxinogenic potential was also looked for
in vitro on sterile grains of rice; the analyses of the TCTB by HPLC / DAD allowed
to confirm the chemotypes of 4 isolates and to determine their toxinogenic
potential. It is shown that 2 isolates of chemotype DON/ 3-ADON produce levels
of toxin much superior to those NIV / FX isolates.
A quantification of Trichothecens B ( TCTB) by HPLC / DAD on 104 samples of
grains obtained from ears of 8 varieties inoculated in field, showed well and
confirmed that isolates T52006 and T72007 produces NIV and FX toxins, while
isolates BD2011 and BT2011 produce DON and 3-ADON toxins. The levels of
NIV / FX are clearly lower than the levels of DON / ADON. The 8 varieties of
wheat showed a significant variation in the level of accumulation, otherwise these
first results show that there is a correlation between the level of invasion of the
grain and the quantity of accumulated toxin.
Keywords: Wheat, Fusarium head blight, F. culmorum, Trichothecenes B (TCTB)
154

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P62 - Biodiversity of Fusarium spp. on cereals in
different regions of Russia
T. Kolomiets, E. Kovalenko, M. Kiseleva, L. Pankratova, N. Zhemchuzhina
All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology; Moscow region, Odintsovo district, str. Institute, b.5,
VNIIF; Moscow Russia.
E-mail: lomi1@yandex.ru
Monitoring survey of species causing fusarium head blight, root rot and snow
mold of cereals was carried out in 11 regions of Russia. The dominating role of
Fusarium spp. was indicated. Twelve species of genus Fusarium were identified
by long-time mycological tests. Widely distributed species and limited species
were detected by comparative analysis of occurrence of pathogens with fusarium
effects on wheat, barley and rye crops in different regions. F. nivale
(Monographella nivalis), F. culmorum and F. sporotrichoides were predominated
with the highest frequency through the pathogens causing fusarium head blight
and snow mold on winter rye. F. culmorum, F. oxysporum were predominated
through the pathogens causing root rot. F. sporotrichoides was prevailing within
the complex of fungi affecting an ear of winter rye and barley. F. oxysporum was
indicated with the highest frequency through the pathogens of wheat root rot. It
demonstrated higher adaptability than pathogens of fusarium head blight F.
graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and snow mold F. nivale (Monographella
nivalis). There was distribution zonality of Fusarium spp in Russia excepting F.
oxysporum. F. heterosporum (G. gordonii), F. moniliforme (G.moniliformis),
F.graminearum (G.zeae) were dominated in southern regions of European
Russia; F. culmorum - in northern regions; F. gibbosum - in Urals. F.
heterosporum and F. culmorum were equally presented in central Russia. F.
heterosporum was indicated with high frequency in Siberia. Occurrence of F.
sporotrichioides was increasing in Easten Siberia. This fungus was predominated
in Far East. This distribution zonality was dependent on soil and climate traits of
the regions. With low frequency of occurrence in the majority of regions of
Russian Federation following species have been identified: F. solani (Nectria
haematococca), F. avenaceum (G. avenacea), F. sambucinum (G. pulicaris), F.
semitectum (F. incarnatum), F. lateritium (G. baccata).
Keywords : Fusarium, species, frequency, zonality
155

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P63 - Interspecific and intraspecific variability of
Fusarium fungi
T. Kolomiets, L. Pankratova, E. Kovalenko
All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology; Moscow region, Odintsovo district, str. Institute, b.5,
VNIIF; Moscow Russia
E-mail: lomi1@yandex.ru
Pathogen fungi of genus Fusarium causing fusarium head blight, root rot and
snow mold of wheat have the high genetic variability. Samples from infected
plants consist of several species and special forms which are different by
morphology and cultural traits, sporulation ability, pathogenicity and phytotoxicity.
There were 2-7 morphotypes of each Fusarium species identified by the long-time
observation of morphology and cultural traits. The correlation between
sporulation ability and morphology of Fusarium isolates was not shown. The
reliable differences were shown for pathogenicity and phytotoxicity between
Fusarium spp. F. sporotrichioides and F. sambucinum(Gibberella pulicaris) have
the high level of pathogenicity. The maximum of phytotoxicity was demonstrated
for F. graminearum (G.zea) and F.nivalis (Monographella nivalis). The moderate
level of pathogenicity and phytotoxicity was demonstrated for F. oxysporum and
F. culmorum. Pathogenic and toxic fungi were presented during the whole of
vegetation of wheat cultivars. Fusarium fungi have the high intraspecific
variability. A sample from 19 isolates of F. graminearum was composed from 10
isolates with high phytotoxicity, from 8 without any phytotoxicity, and a single with
moderate phytotoxicity. A sample from 13 isolates of F. oxysporum consisted of a
single isolate with moderate phytotoxicity, 6 isolates with low phytotoxicity and 6
isolates without any phytotoxicity. Isolates with high toxicity have not always high
pathogenicity. There were 3 isolates of F. graminearum without any pathogenicity
and 6 with moderate pathogenicity from the total sample of high toxigenic
isolates. Two directly contrary isolates of F. сulmorum were selected by
pathogenicity and phytotoxicity. They are pathogenic but they have low
phytotoxicity up to nothing. No isolates with complex of high pathogenicity and
phytotoxicity were identified through Fusarium fungi from wheat.
Keywords: Fusarium, variability, pathogenicity, phytotoxicity
156

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P64 - Plant pathogenic fungal interactions in oats
A.-K. Kolseth, P. Persson
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Crop Production Ecology, P.O. Box 7043,
SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
E-mail: anna-karin.kolseth@slu.se
In Sweden 20% of all the small grain cereals cultivated is oats, a crop that up until
now has been considered to be at good break crop in crop rotations including
other small grain cereals. In recent years cereal infections with Fusarium
langsethiae and F. graminearum in oats have been severe and problematic for
the farmers, mainly lowering the quality of the yield through mycotoxin production.
F. langsethiae is found more often in oats than other cereals while F.
graminearum has not been considered a problem in oats until the last years. The
main objective of the presented study was to learn more of the biology of F.
langsethiae. The experiment was designed to study under which environmental
conditions F. langsethiae spreads to new plants and within plants during the
vegetation period, and which of the plant developmental stages are most sensitive
to infection by F. langsethiae. An additional objective was to study how F.
langsethiae interacts and perform together with the two other common species
found in Sweden, F. graminearum and F. culmorum.
Analyses of plants reveal no detectable endophytic infection of F. langsethiae
suggesting it has an epiphytic life style. Its pattern of infection also confirms it
being a minor pathogen, since it did not cause early plant death, which, in
comparison, both F. graminearum and F. culmorum did. In addition, F.
langsethiae seem to hamper the infection of F. graminearum, either by direct
competition or by triggering the immune response in oats or a combination of the
two.
Keywords: Gibberella zeae, perithecia, ascospores
157

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P65 - Molecular and chemical analysis of
trichothecene diversity of Gibberella zeae populations
from corn, wheat and potatoes in eastern Canada
R. R. Burlakoti 1 *, L. Tamburic-Illincic 2 , V. Limay-Rios 2 , R. D. Peters 3 , and P.
Burlakoti 2
1 Weather INnovations Incorporated, Chatham, Ontario; 2 University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus,
Ridgetown, Ontario; 3 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
E-mail: rburlakoti@weatherinnovations.com
Gibberella zeae, a principal pathogen of Fusarium head blight of wheat and ear
rot of corn in Canada, causes significant yield and quality losses as well as
contaminates grains with trichothecene mycotoxins. The fungus is also a potato
pathogen and is routinely recovered from potato tubers showing symptoms of
Fusarium dry rot in Canada. Corn, wheat and potatoes are economically
important crops in eastern Canada and these crops are commonly rotated or
grown in nearby fields. Therefore, comparative analysis of the trichothecene
diversity and population structure of G. zeae isolates from these crops will be
useful to develop strategies to manage the diseases in these crops. In addition,
multiyear comparisons of fungal populations across diverse regions will identify
the impact of weather patterns and other agronomic factors on pathogen
populations and disease potential. Gibberella zeae isolates were recovered from
corn and wheat grain samples collected from 25 diverse locations in Ontario
during 2010 and 2011. Fungal isolates from potato were recovered from samples
collected in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Approximately
250 single spore strains of G. zeae (187 from corn, 49 from wheat, and 14 from
potatoes) were characterized and trichothecene genotypes were identified using
TRI3- and TRI-12 based molecular markers. Molecular analysis revealed that the
majority of G. zeae strains from corn and wheat were 15-Acetyl-DON (15ADON)
types (97% and 98%, respectively). Interestingly, all the G. zeae strains from
potatoes were 3-Acetyl-DON (3ADON) types. The ability of representative isolates
to produce 3ADON and 15ADON was verified in rice culture with TLC and
quantified using an ESI-LC-MS/MS system. Characterization and trichothecene
profiling of G. zeae isolates collected in 2012 is in progress. This study will
provide base-line data on 3ADON and 15ADON profiles of G. zeae isolates from
wheat, corn and potatoes in eastern Canada.
Keywords: Gibberella, Trichothecene, population structure
158

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P66 - PCR validation and chemotyping of causal
Fusarium species of Fusarium head blight on south
african wheat
N. Baloyi 1 , S. L. Sydenham 1 , C. I. P. De Villiers 1 , M. Gryzenhout 2
1 ARC-Small Grain Institute, Bethlehem, Free State Province, South Africa, Private Bag X29, 9701;
2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State Province, South
Africa, P.O. Box 339, 9300
E-Mail: sydenhams@arc.agric.za
Species identification and chemotyping of 203 single spore isolates collected from
Fusarium head blight (FHB) symptomatic wheat spikes from four widespread and
representative localities (Dundee, Groblersdal, Frankfort and Vaalharts) were
validated using molecular assays. Single spore isolates were plated on potato
dextrose agar (PDA). DNA was extracted with the modified
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method (Saghai-Maroof et al. 1984).
Species-specific primers were used for PCR analysis (Obanor et al. 2012). The
presence of mycotoxins, NIV, 3-ADON and 15-ADON, was determined using tri12
and tri13 PCR primers. PCR products were run on 2% agarose gels stained with
GR-green and sizes were determined with a 100bp DNA ladder.
Three Fusarium species were identified: F. graminearum, F. boothii and F.
pseudograminearum. In Frankfort both F. graminearum and F.
pseudograminearum where found. F.graminearum and F.boothii were both found
in Groblesdal. Dundee and Vaalharts only had F.graminearum present. F.
graminearum was the predominant causal species of FHB on wheat in all four
localities. Two trichothecene types, 15-ADON and NIV, were detected among the
isolates, with the 15-ADON type predominating in all the localities. No 3-ADON
producing isolates were found. These results identifying F. graminearum as the
predominant casual species of Fusarium head blight on wheat in South Africa
correlate well with findings published by Boutigny et al. (2011). This information
will help breeders and pathologists safeguard wheat, enabling them to target
useful/appropriate resistance against the specific causal Fusarium species.
Additionally, it will help with the establishment of a Fusarium isolate collection to
be kept at the ARC-SGI for future reference.
Keywords: chemotype, F. graminearum, species-specific primers, trichothecenes
159

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P67 - Genetic and mycotoxigenic diversity of isolates
belonging to the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti
species complex, and recovered from maize and
banana in China
F. Munaut 1 , J. Scauflaire 2 , M. Gourgue 2 , C. Bivort 2 , Y. Qi 3 , A. Wu 4 , S. de
Saeger 5 , D. Zhang 4 , F. Van Hove 1
1 Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Applied Microbiology, Mycology,
Mycothèque de l’UCL (BCCM TM /MUCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; 2 Université catholique de
Louvain, Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
3 Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Environment and Plant Protection Institute,
Haikou, Hainan Province, China; 4 College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University (SJTU), Shangai, China; 5Universiteit Gent (UGent), Faculteit Farmaceutische
Wetenschappen, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent, Belgium
E-mail: francoise.munaut@uclouvain.be
In the frame of a research project aiming to describe the Fusarium spp diversity on maize
and banana in four Chinese provinces, 80 out of the 201 isolates obtained were identified
as belonging to the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex. Isolates were identified
on basis of the Elongation Factor-1 a sequences (EF), which were then submitted to a
phylogenetic analysis together with four isolates representative of four phylogenetic
species inside the complex (F. incarnatum s.s., F. lacertarum, F. scirpi and F. equiseti). On
maize, five main phylogenetic groups were determined (I, II, III, IV and V), from which three
groups (I, II and V) were also recovered from banana. Surprisingly, groups I, II, III and V
can be correlated to phylogenetic species described in completely different ecosystems by
O’Donnell et al. (2009) (from human beings) and by Funnell-Harris et al. (2010) (from
sorghum). Furthermore, one possible new phylogenetic species (group IV) was detected.
Genetic diversity of the FIESC isolates was analyzed using the AFLP technique. A total of
200 polymorphic bands were generated for 28 FIESC isolates from maize and were used
to construct a phenetic tree. The EF phylogenetic groups were clearly clustered separately
by AFLP, with bootstrap values >70%. The groups II and V presented an approximate
similarity of only 50% and 40 % from the other cluster, respectively. This raises the
taxonomical status of the groups. Within each cluster, an important genetic diversity is
observed, although no strict correlation can be made with any parameters of collect such
as location, field, etc. Preliminary results on banana isolates showed similar results as well
as the occurrence of an important genetic diversity.
Molecular studies have demonstrated that the FIESC isolates do not possess the FUM
gene cluster. Nevertheless, it has been reported that FIESC isolates are able to produce
type A and B trichothecenes. Due to the fact that trichothecenes are also produced by
Fusarium graminearum, which was frequently isolated from Chinese maize, the origin of
trichothecene contaminations on that crop has to be reconsidered. Furthermore, the
occurrence of FIESC isolates on both maize and banana, which are often cultivated close
to each other, raises the question of possible cross-contaminations.
Keywords: Fusarium, FIESC, maize, banana, China, phylogeny, AFLP, mycotoxins
160

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P68 - Population analysis of Fusarium graminearum
sensu stricto from wheat and maize in the United
Kingdom
R. Basler 1,2 , S. Edwards 1 , J. Thomas 2
1 National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, United Kingdom;
2 Harper Adams University, Newport, TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
E-mail: ryan.basler@niab.com
Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (s.s) is a diverse toxigenic species that
contaminates wheat and maize in variable climates. In the United Kingdom wheat
is the major arable land crop, 1,969,000 hectares annually, and maize is an
emerging crop with an increase of 20% over six years to 146,000 ha. Maize in
the UK is primarily intended for silage and improved cultivars and changes in the
climate have contributed to increases in UK maize production. The diversity of
Fusarium species and their associated mycotoxins was determined in UK maize
with a survey of kernel and stalk samples in 2011 and 2012 from fifteen sites.
The predominant species isolated were F. culmorum (45%) and F. graminearum
s.s. (44%) in addition 12 other Fusarium species were identified at lower
frequencies. To compare the genetic architecture in F. graminearum s.s. in UK
maize and wheat eighty-two samples of UK wheat kernels were screened for F.
graminearum s.s. in 2012. The species diversity and toxigenicity between maize
and wheat are being analysed with mini-, variable number tandem repeats, and
micro-satellite markers. Presently the molecular phenotyping of the isolates
indicates regional characteristics associated with nivalenol producing isolates of
maize F. graminearum s.s. to be in the south and south eastern maize growing
regions of the UK.
Keywords: Fusarium graminearum, nivalenol
161

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P69 - The French Fusarium Collection: a living
resource for mycotoxin research
L. Pinson-Gadais, M. Foulongne-Oriol, N. Ponts, C. Barreau, F. Richard-
Forget
INRA UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
E-mail: lpinson@bordeaux.inra.fr
Fusaria are responsible for prejudicial diseases on cereal crops worldwide, such
as crown rot and Fusarium head blight. Beyond economic losses due to infection
symptoms, these pathogens can produce several types of mycotoxins that are
harmful to livestock and humans. They are extremely diverse at the intra-specific
levels in terms of types as well as quantities of toxins that a strain can produce.
Developing appropriate strategies to limit contamination with Fusarium
mycotoxins requires a greater knowledge about this variability. We have collected
a large number of toxinogenic Fusarium strains. Our assortment now includes
about 800 strains, mostly from the species graminearum, culmorum, verticilloides,
proliferatum, and temperatum. Species were identified based on morphology and
real-time PCR. More than half of our strains were further characterized for toxin
production using biochemical and/or real-time PCR-based tools. We isolated
about 70 F. graminearum strains from either wheat or maize grains originating
from different French cereal production areas. Our results show a high
representation of 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol-producing strains in our French
samples. Within the same chemotype, we observe a large variability in toxin
production levels. The F. graminearum strains were characterized with
microsatellite markers and show a large genetic diversity. Two groups were
delineated according to their genetic background, roughly corresponding to
strains isolated from European one hand and America in the other hand. Our
results are also in agreement with the fact that only F.graminearum sensu stricto
strains seem to be detected in France so far. The demonstrated genetic and
phenotypic diversity provides a sound ground for countless downstream studies
such as genetic association and quantitative genetics to understand the
determinism of toxin production. Such information should be doubtlessly
considered in plant breeding efforts and other disease management strategies
aimed at reducing the mycotoxin risk in food and feeds. Our collection is a
valuable tool to improve our understanding of toxigenic diversity in Fusarium
species. It is managed through a database gathering all information collected on
each strain, already available upon request and soon publically available as a
web-based interface.
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxin, database, diversity
162

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P70 - ToxiFusaDB: the online catalogue of the MycSA
Fusarium strains collection
V. F. Wong Jun Tai 1,2 , L. Pinson-Gadais 2 , C. Fernandez 1 , C. Barreau 2 F.
Richard-Forget 2
1 INRA - UMR0927 I2M, Département Génie Civil et Environnemental de l'Institut de Mécanique et
d'Ingénierie de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33607 Pessac Cedex; 2 INRA – UR1264 -
Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (MycSA), 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, F-33882
Villenave d’Ornon Cedex
E-mail: lpinson@bordeaux.inra.fr
More than 100 species belong to the Fusarium genus. Among them,
phytopathogenic fungi can infect various crops worldwide causing significant
economic losses. In addition, toxigenic Fusaria can produce a wide array of
mycotoxins and represent a serious threat for food and feed safety. Tracking and
understanding Fusarium diversity is therefore critical for the development of
efficient strategies to control fungal attacks and mycotoxin contamination.
The MycSA research group collected more than 400 strains of Fusarium spp.
[F.graminearum, F.culmorum, F.verticillioides and F.proliferatum] contaminating
french wheat and corn harvests. All stored strains are genotyped using species-
and chemotype-specific markers. The F. graminearum strains were further
characterized with a set of 20 microsatellites markers (see poster “The French
Fusarium Collection: a living resource for mycotoxin research”). The toxigenic
potential - amount of toxins a strain can produce when cultivated on kernels in
optimal conditions – has been determined for all Fusarium strains included in the
MycSA collection. According to these original and highly interesting phenotyping
data, the MycSA collection is unique in Europe. To promote communication,
education, exchange and dissemination of these Fusarium characterized strains
among the national and international research community, an online public
access catalog has been developed. Catalogue consultation does not require
specific knowledge on the Fusarium strains complexity and diversity. The
catalogue can be browsed or searched using multiple criteria (Fusarium species,
chemotype, toxigenic potential…), and strains of interest can be ordered online.
Keywords: Fusarium, Catalogue, Distribution, Php, MySQL, HTML / CSS /
JavaScript
163

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P71 - Real time PCR for FHB quantification: bias
analysis?
S. Elbelt 1 , S. Fromentin 1 , V. Laval 1 , C. Barreau 2 , F. Carpentier 1 , C. Ducos 2 , C.
Lannou 1 , F. Techini 1 , J. Toussaint 3 , C. Vitry 3 , L. Pinson-Gadais 2
1 INRA, UR1290 Bioger_CPP, bat 13, avenue L. Bretignière, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France;
2 INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon,
France; 3ARVALIS Institut du Végétal, bat 13, avenue L. Bretignière, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon,
France
E-mail: vlaval@versailles.inra.fr
A better understanding of the FHB species complex and particularly of the way
species interactions influence epidemic development and toxin production
requires accurate, sensitive and specific molecular diagnostic tools, such as realtime
PCR. Nine qPCR tests specifically designed for the most represented
species of the FHB complex on wheat in Europe: F. graminearum, F. culmorum,
F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. langsethiae, F. tricinctum, F. sporotrichioides, M.
majus and M. nivale were assessed for their potential for diagnosis. We present
here the results of quantification analysis performed in three laboratories which
use different mix and real time PCR apparatus. The variation in quantification will
be discussed. In one laboratory the limits of the diagnostic was further studied by
analysing DNA extraction and real time PCR repeatability. Statistical analysis was
performed on results obtained from two extractions of 222 samples and three real
time PCR analysis performed per extraction. First results show the importance to
carefully test real time PCR parameters when developing real time PCR tools for
diagnosis or epidemiological studies.
Keywords: Molecular diagnostic tools, real-time PCR, FHB, inter-laboratory
validation tests
164

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P72 - Fusarium spp. on maize in Belgium, from
biodiversity to biocontrol
J. Scauflaire 1 , C. Liénard 1 , M. Gourgue 1 , G. Foucart 2 , M. Mary 2 , F. Renard 2 , A.
Callebaut 3 , F. Munaut 1,4
1 Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Laboratory of Mycology, Croix
du Sud 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; 2 Centre Indépendant de Promotion Fourragère (CIPF),
UCL, Croix du Sud 2/11, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; 3 Centre d'Etude et de Recherches
Vétérinaires et Agrochimiques (CODA-CERVA), Leuvensesteenweg 17, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium;
4 UCL, ELI, Laboratory of Mycology, MUCL, Croix du Sud 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Email: jonathan.scauflaire@uclouvain.be
Numerous Fusarium species are important mycotoxin-producing pathogens affecting maize
in Belgium. Crop quality is often reduced by Fusarium rot diseases, and mycotoxin
contaminations can pose a serious problem for animal health. As several of these
mycotoxins are integrated into European legislation, field monitoring and accurate
identification of the Fusarium species remain important tasks, allowing relevant preventive
or curative measures.
During epidemiological surveys performed in Belgium since 2005 (*), an extensive
collection of more than 7000 Fusarium isolates characterized at the species level was
established at the MUCL collection. A total of 24 different Fusarium species were identified
to occur on maize ears and stalks, of which F. graminearum (43%), F. crookwellense
(16%), F. avenaceum (14%), F. culmorum (10%) and F. temperatum (5%) were the most
abundant. According to pathogenicity tests (and mycotoxin screenings), F. avenaceum
(MON, ENN producer), F. culmorum (3A-DON, NIV, ZEN producer) and F. temperatum
(MON, BEAU, ENN producer) showed the ability to cause seedling malformation and
emergence reduction in early season; while F. graminearum (DON, 15A-DON, ZEN, NIV
producer) and F. crookwellense (NIV, ZEN producer) were always involved in ear or stalk
rot diseases at the end of the growing season, alone or simultaneously.
Impacts of environmental factors, cultural practices and hybrid selection were analyzed in
the frame of an integrated disease management system. Although climatic conditions are
the major factor affecting Fusarium rot diseases, adequate crop rotation with a non-cereal
culture and the selection of a less susceptible maize hybrid offered a significant reduction
of Fusarium infestation and associated mycotoxin contamination at the end of the growing
season.
Biologically-based inputs can be used to interfere with damping-off diseases caused by
Fusarium species. Therefore, fungal rhizopheric isolates were collected from Belgian maize
fields and screenings are in progress for the selection of biological control agents (BCA) of
F. avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. temperatum. Until now, several isolates of genus
Trichoderma, Penicillium and Bionectria demonstrated strong in vitro antagonism against
these damping-off pathogens and were selected for further greenhouse and field tests. In
the context of an integrated disease management system, such fungal BCA should
improve crop health, minimize the economic and environmental costs of controlling plant
pathogens and promote sustainable agricultural production.
(*) Funded by the Service Public de Wallonie, DGARNE, Direction de la Recherche.
Keywords: biocontrol, Fusarium spp., maize, mycotoxins
165

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P73 - Creation of the State Collection of Fusarium
fungal strains
E. Kovalenko, N. Zhemchuzhina, T. Kolomiets, M. Kiseleva, L. Pankratova
All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology; Moscow region, Odintsovo district, str. Institute, b.5,
VNIIF; Moscow Russia
E-mail: zhemch@mail.ru
The ARRIP State Collection of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms includes more
than 500 strains of genus Fusarium, such as F. culmorum, F. oxysporum, F.
sporotrichoides, F. semitectum (F. incarnatum), F. javanicum, F. moniliforme
(Gibberella moniliformis), F. heterosporum (G. gordonii), F. gibbosum (G.
intricans), F. avenaceum (G. avenacea), F. sambucinum (G. pulicaris), F.
graminearum (G. zeae), F. lateritium (G. baccata), F. nivale (Monographella
nivalis), F. solani (Nectria haematococca), F. redolens, F. tricinctum, responsible
for such plant diseases as Root Rot, Scab (Head Blight), Leaf Blotch (Snow
Mold), Fusarium Wilt. The collection was created as the result of long-term
monitoring of the specific and interspecific composition of pathogenic mycoflora
on the fields of agricultural cultures in different regions of Russia and it is regularly
replenished with new specimens. Intraspecific variability of pathogens has been
studied concerning their morphological properties, pathogenicity and phytotoxicity.
The cataloguing of Fusarium strains with the indication of full characteristics of
their main properties has been carried out. Fusarium species are characterized by
a high genetic variability and are able to lose the viability and change their
physiological properties in the course of long-term storage. Included into the State
collection strains are regularly tested and re-cultured to maintain stable
morphological and pathogenic properties. Strains of fungi are stored using the
following methods: in test tubes on the standard nutritious medium and on grain at
+4 0 С, in Eppendorf microtubes filled with 50% glycerin at -80 ° C and as lyophilized
material (mycelium and spores) on strips of filter paper in cryotubes at -80 ° C. As
required, pathogenic strains are removed from the storage and used for the
research and applied activities.
Keywords: Fusarium, collection, cataloguing, storage
166

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P74 - The molecular characterization and
determination of genetic variability in Fusarium
verticilloides strains isolated from maize in Turkey
B. Kansu 1 , P. Marin 2 , M. T. Gonzalez-Jaen 2 , B. Tunali 1
1 Ondokuz Mayis University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, 55139, Samsun-
Turkey; 2 Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Jose Antonio
Novais 12, 28040 Madrid-Spain
E-mail: kansu_bayram@yahoo.com
Maize ear rot is one of the most important and common disease in maize fields of
Turkey, as well as all over the world. The causal agents of this disease include
some of the Fusarium species, but Fusarium verticilloides (Gibberella
moniliformis, G. fujikuroi mating population A) is considered the main responsible
for decreasing yield in fields. Additionally this species produces several
mycotoxins, especially fumonisins, which are dangerous for human and livestock.
In order to devise effective strategies to reduce both pathogen growth and
fumonisin risk it is necessary to gain knowledge about the genetic variability and
the population structure to detect potential populations and lineages that might
exist in terms of toxin profile, response to antifungal agents or differential climatic
features. These aspects were studied using the partial sequences of the IGS
region (Intergenic Spacer of rDNA units) and the translation elongation factor 1 α
gene (EF1-α) of a representative sample (66 strains) of F. verticilloides isolated
from six different agro-climatic regions of Turkey. Additional strains from diverse
geographic origins were also included in the phylogenetic analyses performed
using PAUP. The fumonisin-producing ability of the F. verticillioides strains was
tested using a specific PCR assay based on FUM1 gene, a key gene of fumonisin
biosynthetic pathway. All the strains were positive to the analysis. Additionally,
mating type alleles, MAT-1 and MAT-2, were determined in all the strains.
Percentages of MAT-1 and MAT-2 idiomorphs were 63.2% and 36.8%,
respectively. The separate and combined IGS and EF1-α phylogenies were
obtained and discussed in comparison with previous analyses reported and in
relation with climatic factors.
This research was supported by the Project Office of Ondokuz Mayıs University of
Turkey (PYO.ZRT.1904.012.010) and was supported partially by the Ministry of
Science and Innovation of Spain (AGL2010-22182-C04-01).
Keywords: Fusarium verticilloides, IGS, EF–1, species-specific PCR
167

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P75 - Monitoring of maize contamination by Fusarium
mycotoxins in Poland in 2012
P. Ochodzki 1 , E. Czembor 2
1 Department of Plant Pathology, 2 Department of Grasses, Legumes and Energetic Plants, Plant
Breeding and Acclimatization Institute NRI, Radzików, 05-870 Blonie, Poland
E-mail: p.ochodzki@ihar.edu.pl
Evaluation of maize contamination by Fusarium and mycotoxins plays an
important role in food safety control systems in the World, including Poland. In
2012 we collected 106 samples grain of 30 maize varieties of different earliness
type (9 early-type FAO 230-240, 9 of medium-early FAO 240-260 and 11 of
medium-late type FAO 260-290) from 10 experimental stations of Research
Centre for Cultivar Testing. Fusarium incidence, species profile and content of
most important mycotoxins : deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FUM) were
analyzed. In 33 samples fumonisins level exceeded level 250 ppb (mean value
1210 ppb, maximum 5990 ppb). In 79 samples DON level exceeded 250 ppb (
mean value 560 ppb, maximum 4770 ppb), and in 3 samples DON content was
higher than EU guidance level (1750 ppb). Of 10 experimental stations, most
favorable conditions for both FUM and DON production were found in
Subcarpathian Province, Southeastern Poland. In this region FUM cumulation in
early varieties was lower than in medium-early and medium late ones ( 1060,
1700 and 1580 ppb respectively), whereas DON content ranged from 570 and
660 ppb to 1250 ppb in early, medium-early and medium late types respectively.
Very high variability in mycotoxin content between varieties and locations was
found.
Project was financially supported by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxins, trichothecenes, maize
168

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P76 - Fusarium verticillioides and F. subglutinans
mating types – distribution and molecular structure
E. Jabłońska, M. Wit, W. Wakuliński
Department of Plant Pathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences; 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776
Warsaw, Poland
E-mail: emilia.jablonska@gmail.com
Fusarium genus comprises several toxigenic species associated with maize,
including F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans. Both species are the members of
Liseola section and causative agents of the ear rot of maize, while F. verticillioides
is also considered to be the most prolific producer of fumonisins.
The teleomorphs of F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans belong to the Gibberella
fujikuroi species complex. Both species are heterothallic fungi with a dimictic
mating system typical for numerous Ascomycota and governed by two
idiomorphic alleles, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. High genetic diversity observed in these
species and the coexistence of the two mating types in fungal populations at the
same geographical scale may suggest the occurrence of the so-called cryptic sex.
As the proportion of the two complementary thalli of opposite mating types is an
important factor for the occurrence of the sexual process in heterothallic Fusarium
species, the aim of the study was to determine the frequency of both idiomorphs
(MAT1-1 and MAT1-2) and to describe the MAT locus structure.
For this purpose a total of ninety-nine Fusarium isolates collected from infected
corn kernels were examined. On the basis of classical mycological methods of
morphological identification, 47 isolates were identified as F. verticillioides, and 52
– as F. subglutinans. Subsequently, morphological identification was verified
molecularly using SCAR markers.
The mating type identification revealed frequency proportions different from an
expected result of 1:1 distribution of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, according to the chisquare
test. In the F. subglutinans population the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs
occurred with frequency 35% and 65% respectively, while F. verticillioides mating
type proportion was unexpectedly highly segregated with the ratio of 15% MAT1-1
and 85% MAT1-2.
The analysis of the MAT locus structure of F. verticillioides revealed the presence
of substitutions, most of them being transitions, and deletions occasionally.
Keywords: Fusarium, maize, idiomorphs, mating types
169

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P77 - Geographic distribution and multilocus analysis
of Fusarium subglutinans and F. temperatum from
maize worldwide
A. Susca, A. Villani, G. Mulè, G. Stea, A.F. Logrieco, A. Moretti.
Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
E-mail: antonio.moretti@ispa.cnr.it
Fusarium temperatum is a new described species occurring on maize in Belgium,
closely related to F. subglutinans (Scauflaire et al., 2011). Both species are
considered morphologically identical and associated to the Fusarium maize ear
rot disease complex. Preliminary data indicate that F. temperatum and F.
subglutinans correspond to the two cryptic species F. subglutinans group 1 and
group 2, respectively. They have a different toxigenic profile. While both species
produce fusaproliferin and moniliformin, only F. temperatum produces beauvericin
(Moretti et al., 2008). Geographical distribution and the correct identification of
these two species represent the baseline to evaluate the plant exposure to
mycotoxins and possible toxigenic risk on maize. In this study, 130 strains
isolated from maize worldwide and morphologically identified as F. subglutinans
were studied by a multilocus sequence analysis of four independent gene regions
(β-tubulin, calmodulin, RNA polymerase II and elongation factor 1α). The results
obtained showed that 70 strains (54%) were identified as F. temperatum and were
isolated from Australia, Germany, Italy, Netherland, Poland, Slovakia, South
Africa and Turkey. On the other hand, 60 (46%) strains were identified as F.
subglutinans and originated from Argentina, Germany, Italy, Poland, Serbia,
South Africa, Turkey, and USA. In addition, the phylogenetic analyses showed for
both species different levels of intra-specific variability, in relation to each gene,
with higher level of variabillity due to the elongation factor 1α. Overall these data
showed that F. temperatum and F. subglutinans are common in maize worldwide
although further data are needed to confirm the absence of F. temperatum in
American Continent. These results represents reason of further concern
worldwide for the toxigenic risk related to consumption of maize kernel
contaminated by this pathogen.
Keywords: maize, phylogeny, F. subglutinans, F. temperatum
170

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P78 - Molecular characterization of Fusarium species
occurring on olive fruits in Apulia
S. Frisullo 1 , A. Susca 2 , G. Stea 2 , A. Villani 2 , L. Prudente 1 , M. Contursi 1 , P.
Ferrara 1 , A. Logrieco 2 , A. Moretti 2
1 Università di degli Studi di Foggia, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente,
Foggia, Italy; 2 Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy
E-mail: antonio.moretti@ispa.cnr.it
Olive cultivation is one of the most important crop in Apulia, with 377,526 hectares
cultivated and 10,102,300 quintals of olive production. In a survey aimed to
evaluate the fungal colonization of olive fruits carried out in the whole Apulia
Region, 5 fields for each of the 92 localities selected were investigated. From the
survey, together with fungal strains belonging to Botriosphaeriae, Colletotrichum,
Diplodia, Neofusicoccum and Penicillium genera, several hundreds of strains
belonging to Fusarium genus have been isolated mainly from olive fruits and, at a
lesser extent, also from branches. The strains of Fusarium were identified at a
morphologically level, resulting species able to produce a wide range of
mycotoxins such as cyclohesadepsipeptides, moniliformin and trichothecenes.
However, since each Fusarium species can have a specific mycotoxin profile, the
toxicological risk related to their occurrence can be highly variable, according with
the main species colonizing the olive fruits and must be accurately assessed.
Confirmation of strain identification was carried out by using molecular approach.
One-hundred and forty-eight representative strains were analyzed by sequencing
a portion of calmodulin and β-tubulin genes, which have been proved to be
effective for distinguishing species in Fusarium. Data have shown, for the first
time, a wide genetic diversity within the population of Fusarium isolated from
olives. In particular, F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. longipes, F. merismoides,
F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani, and F. torulosum were identified.
However, many strains could not be assigned to any species and therefore may
represent new entities within the genus. The occurrence of some highly toxigenic
Fusarium species suggests that a toxicological risk can occur in olive fruits highly
contaminated by Fusarium and that such risk must be constantly monitored, also
in order to evaluate possible influence of climatic changes on the Fusarium
spread on this crop in Apulia.
Keywords: olive fruits, Fusarium acuminatum, calmodulin, β-tubulin
171

SESSION 3: PATHOGENESIS – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION
GENETICS
P79 - Evaluation of Fusarium wilt resistance among
the accessions of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
H. H. Altinok 1 , C. Can 2 , F. Boyaci 3 , V. Topçu 3
1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey;
2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey; 3 West
Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
E-mail: ahandan@gmail.com
Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum (Schlechtend: Fr.) f. sp. melongenae; Fomg)
is one of the most destructive and widely distributed diseases of eggplant in
Turkey. Resistant cultivars are yet to be developed against this pathogen. In this
study, eggplant accessions were tested with three highly virulent Fomg isolates
(MS-7, UBR-9 and Fomg10) in order to evaluate the presence of field resistance
to Fusarium wilt. The plant material for the resistance screening study consisted
of 13 accessions of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), namely, “AGR-703,
Amadeo F1, Anatolia F1, Angela F1, Brigitte F1 Corsica F1, Hadrian, Hawk, Kemer,
Köksal, Nouma, Sharapova, Yula”. Observations were recorded from leaves at
7 th , 11 th , 14 th , 18 th 21 st , and 25 th days using a disease rating scale. The disease
severity (%) and the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) for each of the
Fomg isolates were calculated by scale values. Disease incidence ranged from
10% to 95% at eggplant seedlings. According to test results, AGR-703 was found
resistant; Köksal and Hawk were moderately resistant, Amadeo F1, Corsica F1,
Anatolia F1, Sharapova, Brigitte F1, Angela F1, Nouma and Yula were moderately
susceptible and Hadrian and Kemer were identified as susceptible. Due to its
strong resistance against the pathogen, among the all accessions tested, AGR-
703 is considered as the most appropriate for rootstock in eggplant cultivation
where Fusarium wilt is present in the soil.
Keywords: Fusarium wilt, cultivar, rootstock, disease severity, eggplant
172

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P80 - Breeding resistance for Fusarium head blight in
supporting higher efficiency of the integrated plant
management in wheat
Á. Mesterházy, S. Lehoczki-Krsjak, M. Varga, Á. Szabó-Hevér and B. Tóth, P.
Nicholson and M. Lemmens
Cereal Research Ltd., Alsókikötősor 9, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
E-mail: akos.mesterhazyabonakutato.hu
The experience shows that the breeding of more resistant wheat genotypes is a
slow process in spite of the efforts done. The genetic background is complicated;
the additive effect of different QTLs is seldom expressed, sometimes different
gene combinations might be more susceptible. Most of the QTLs determine FHB
reaction, some other only FHB or DON, but only a few influences all. Most of the
QTLs are of low or medium effect and many of them cannot be validated. Often
they determine traits that influence disease development, but have nothing
common with physiological resistances Type I-V.
The strong selection for Type II resistance was less effective than thought
because fhb1 major QTL determines only 30-40 % os the resistance, the other
part is coming from other Type I and Type II QTLs. For this reason a change is
now under way to use spraying inoculation more for selection than single floret
inoculation. Within the native or local wheat programs many lines and genotypes
were found with higher resistance to FHB and their use is more expanded as was
before. The high resistance level Asiatic sources resulted in higher resistant
plants, but seldom varieties, because the bad agronomy form is hard to correct
during the breeding. In the Szeged breeding program several of this type have
very high resistance level with acceptable agronomy background. At present the
native originated varieties from Szeged give an increasing acreage in Hungary,
the leading cultivar is Csillag, but others like Fény, Körös, Berény, and Rozi are
also in increasing.
The fungicide trials showed that these cultivars in epidemic conditions showed
moderate symptoms and combined with fungicide treatment with better
technology, also under epidemic conditions the low DON contamination can be
secured (below the EU limit 1.25 ppm DON).
Acknowledgements: The authors express their thanks for financial support to
projects FP7 MycoRed KBBE-2007-2-5-05, contract No. 222690, and GAK
(OMFB-00313/2006 ).
Keywords: resistance, breeding strategies, DON, QTL, Integrated plant
management
173

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P81 - Breeding of cereal cultivars resistant to
Fusarium fungi
T. Kolomiets, L. Pankratova, E. Kovalenko
All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow Region, Odintsovo district, str. Institute,
b.5, VNIIF, Moscw, Russia
E-mail: lomi1@yandex.ru
Breeding of cereal cultivars resistant to Fusarium fungi causing fusarium head
blight, root rot and snow mold is the important problem all over the world,
including Russia. Genetic diversity of world gene accessions was studied for
selection of breeding sources resistant to Fusarium fungi. Ecological and genetic
differentiation of species of host plant was taken into account. Total of 5000
wheat cultivars from different genetic groups was screened with identification of
different types and rates of disease severity of root rot and snow mold. There was
6,7% resistant lines from winter accession of bread wheat (T. aestivum), 8,8% -
from spring accessions of bread wheat, 1,4% - from spring accessions of durum
wheat (T. durum) selected by screening to resistance. The high resistance was
shown for Triticale lines. The samples from Aegilops aucheri, Ae.ovata,
Ae.columnaris, Ae.triuncialis, Ae.koteshyi species were resistant to fusarium
diseases. Distribution of resistant wheat lines dependent on their geographical
origin. Winter wheat cultivars with moderate resistance to fusarium root rot were
dominated in Western Europe (Icsu – France, Horpacsi – Hungry, Yasen –
Bulgaria etc.) and in North America (Chiefkan, Archamp, Benni, Coker 9227 –
USA etc.). Resistant spring bred wheat cultivars were revealed within 8
ecological-geographical groups presented majority of countries. The focus of
interest was on accessions introduced from North and South America, India, as
well as international and regional nurseries (Laura - Canada, Achut - Nepal,
Vectis - USA, BVF-2 - Mexico etc.). Durum wheat cultivars with moderate
resistance were dominated in the Mediterranean regions and in the southwesten
Asia (Aya de Carvo - Portugal, 80/57 – Italy, Ak-bugda - Dagestan, k.6397 -
Georgia, k.6397, k. 36269 - Armenia). The origin of wheat cultivars with high
resistance to snow mold was West Europe (Glockner, Agent, Aron - Germany,
Szemes - Hungary, Turda 81 - Rumania, Sol IV - Sweden).
Keywords: Fusarium, wheat, cultivars, breeding
174

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P82 - Interaction between Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL)
for Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance and
Fusarium graminearum 15-ADON and 3-ADON
chemotypes in spring wheat
L. Tamburic-Ilincic, A. Muckle, A. Schaafsma
University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, 120 Main St. E. Ridgetown, Ontario, N0P2C0, Canada
E-mail: ltamburi@uoguelph.ca
Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) (FG) is the principal cause of Fusarium head
blight (FHB) in North America, one of the most serious diseases of wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.). Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most important mycotoxin
produced by FG. 15-acetyl DON (15-ADON) and 3-acetyl DON (3-ADON)
chemotypes of FG produce DON and 15-ADON and DON and 3-ADON analogs,
respectively. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FHB resistance from a
Wuhan x Nyubai spring wheat population were previously published. In the
present study we investigated: 1) which QTL or QTL combination (no QTL, 3B, 5A
and 3B+5A) result in the lowest FHB symptoms and DON accumulation and 2)
whether FG chemotype and QTL class interacted. We used eight lines (two from
each QTL class) and six FG isolates (three from each chemotype group) in field
experiments conducted over three years. Wheat lines were spray-inoculated at
50% anthesis with FG isolates and water (control). FHB symptoms were recorded
as severity and incidence and their product calculated as FHB index. The
harvested grain was analyzed for total DON using ELISA method, while 15-ADON
and 3-ADON analogs were confirmed using gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS). The lowest level of total DON and FHB index was
recorded in wheat lines from the 3B QTL class. In fact lines carrying both QTLs
had higher DON content than lines carrying each QTL individually. Lines
inoculated with either 15-ADON or 3-ADON FG reacted similarly, with no
interaction between chemotype and QTL class. Our results suggest that breeding
for FHB resistance in this population using only the 3B QTL is the best strategy
for development of wheat lines with lower DON level and FHB index regardless of
the FG chemotype used in the inoculations.
Keywords: Fusarium, wheat, resistance, mycotoxins
175

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P83 - Advantage of using native sources of FHB
resistance in breeding winter wheat in Ontario,
Canada
L. Tamburic-Ilincic
University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, 120 Main St.E. Ridgetown, Ontario, N0P2C0, Canada
E-mail: ltamburi@uoguelph.ca
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most serious diseases of wheat. FHB
reduces grain yield and quality, and the fungus produces mycotoxins, such as
deoxynivalenol (DON). The most practical way to control FHB is through the
development of resistant cultivars. In addition to exotic sources of FHB resistance
(such as ‘Sumai 3’ and ‘Frontana’), ‘native’ sources of resistance are commonly
used in wheat breeding programs in North America. ‘Native’ winter wheat has
better quality and higher yield compared to ‘exotic’ wheat and progenies with
good quality, yield and unique FHB resistance could be identified faster. In the
current study, we developed a double haploid (DH) population from cross Pioneer
25R47 (susceptible to FHB) and Vienna (moderately resistant to FHB). 110 DH
lines were screened for FHB resistance in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Each line was
inoculated with a combined suspension of macroconidia of four Fusarium
graminearum isolates at 50% anthesis. Plots were misted daily beginning after the
first plots were inoculated until three days after the last plots were inoculated.
FHB symptoms were recorded as severity (the percent spikelets infected) and
incidence (the percent heads infected) and a fusarium head blight index (FHBI)
was calculated as the product of severity and incidence divided by 100. The
harvested grain was analyzed for DON level using ELISA method (EZ-Quant®
www.diagnostix.ca). Average FHBI, DON level and yield for Pioneer 25R47 was
14%, 6.3 ppm and 4.9 t/ha and for Vienna was 4.9%, 4.6 ppm and 5.0 t/ha.
Several breeding lines with lower FHB index and DON level than Vienna were
identified. The highest yield across the population was 5.4 t/ha. These results
indicate that progenies, with better performance than parents, should be identified
in relatively short period of time by using DH technology and ‘native’ sources of
FHB resistance.
Keyword: Fusarium, wheat, resistance
176

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P84 - Evaluation of German winter wheat cultivars for
resistance against Fusarium head blight and
mycotoxin reduction
B. Rodemann
Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute of plant protection in field crops and grassland, Messeweg 11/12, 38104
Braunschweig, Germany,
E-mail: bernd.rodemann@jki.bund.de
Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) and
Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) belongs to the most damaging disease in
cereal crops. Both species were described to produce deoxynivalenol (DON) and
DON derivatives and zearalenone depends on the proved isolates. Different
studies revealed significant relations between DON content and characteristics of
FHB infection. However the relationship between disease symptoms and DON
content is not yet well understood in every case. This could be important for
minimizing the risk of mycotoxin contamination of grains and foodstuffs.
For official cultivar disease ranking, the susceptibility of German cultivars and new
breeding lines against FHB was evaluated every year. Under field conditions the
FHB nursery was investigated at six different sites in Germany.
Furthermore, the FHB and AUDPC were calculated using both incidence and
severity. In some cases the DON contamination of the grains was also analyzed.
New registered winter wheat cultivars in 2010 and 2011 showed FHB symptoms
between 5 to 55% assessed 28 days after inoculation.
Investigated grain samples showed DON contents up to 7.4 mg/kg. A strong
correlation coefficient (r=0.74**) was observed between visual disease symptoms
and mycotoxin concentrations. In accordance to this data a ranking for FHB and
DON on a scale from 1-9 (1= low susceptible / low toxin; 9= high susceptible /
high toxin) could be made. By cultivation low fusarium susceptible varieties the
DON contamination could be reduced by 50-70%. The performance of resistance
cultivars in reduction of deoxynivalenol is comparable to the efficacy of fungicides
used for fusarium head blight control.
Keywords: Fusarium, cultivar, resistance, mycotoxins
177

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P85 - Promising Fusarium head blight resistance in
durum wheat
N. Prat 1,2,3 , B. Steiner 1 , T. Langin 2 , O. Robert 3 , H. Buerstmayr 1
1 BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department IFA-Tulln, Institute for
Biotechnology in Plant Production, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; 2 INRA-Université Blaise
Pascal, UMR 1095, Genetic, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, 63039
Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex 2, France; 3 Florimond-Desprez, 3 rue Florimond Desprez, BP 41, 59242
Cappelle-en-Pévèle, France
Cultivated tetraploid wheat, especially durum wheat (Triticum durum), is highly
susceptible to the wide-spread disease Fusarium head blight (FHB). While many
resistance QTL have been reported in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) the
QTL identified in tetraploid wheat do not provide satisfactory FHB resistance. To
overcome T. durum susceptibility attempts have been made to introgress
resistance alleles from wild and cultivated relatives. In this study, back-cross lines
derived from crosses of T. durum and FHB resistance sources including Triticum
dicoccum (cultivated emmer), Triticum dicoccoides (wild emmer) and Triticum
aestivum (bread wheat) have been used as resistant parental lines in several bi-
and multi-parental crosses with T.durum. A large population has been developed
allowing the evaluation of FHB resistance derived from relatives in an
agronomically acceptable durum background. This population was evaluated in
2012 in disease nursery through artificial inoculation at BOKU University in Tulln
(Austria). FHB disease symptoms were visually scored, morphological (plant
height) and phenological (flowering date) traits were recorded. Based on this first
year trial, the population showed a large genetic variation for the different traits
evaluated. More interestingly, a large spectrum of response for FHB resistance
was observed among the lines ranging from highly resistant to susceptible. These
first results are promising and need to be confirmed in 2013 trials. A subset of 500
lines will subsequently be analyzed through both linkage and genome-wide
association mapping. The lines will be genotyped in high-density at INRA
Clermont-Ferrand (France) using GENTYANE platform and phenotyped at two
locations: Florimond-Desprez in Cappelle-en-Pévèle (France) and BOKU
University in Tulln (Austria).Through this project, we expect to unveil QTL linked
with resistance and/or increased susceptibility and to evaluate the importance of
epistatic interactions for FHB resistance in durum wheat.
We acknowledge funding of this project by CIFRE (Conventions Industrielles de
Formation par la Recherche).
Keywords: FHB, disease resistance, tetraploid wheat, durum
178

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P86 - Selection of aggressive Fusarium isolates for
breeding
M. Ittu 1 , I. Ciocazanu 2
1 National Agricultural Research Development Institute (NARDI) Fundulea, 1 N. Titulescu street,
915200 Romania; 2 Pioneer Hi-Breed Seed Agro SRL, com. Ganeasa, sat Sindrilita DN 2, km 19,7, jud.
Ilfov, 077010, Romania
E-mail: ittum@ricic.ro
Fusarium species from Gibberella fujikuroi complex (F.verticillioides,
F.proliferatum and/or F. subglutinans) are important fungal pathogens that cause
pink ear rot (PER), a disease of maize with devastating impact on yield losses
and food safety. Use of reliable Fusarium isolates for assessment of host
resistance and understanding of relation between phenotypic scoring and
Fumonisin (FUM) accumulation are crucial for developing strategies to minimize
the associated risks to disease.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate: i) selection of aggressive isolates
for large scale inoculums production in several Fusarium populations, sampled
from South Romania and ii) relation between disease scores and FUM content
under artificial field inoculation.
New pathogenic isolates are obtained each two years, by specific procedures.
Aggressiveness of the new isolates was evaluated under artificial inoculation in
seedling stage, data being expressed as reduction of coleoptyle length in
inoculated seedlings vs. noninoculated ones (as % of control). Isolates causing
greatest reduction in coleoptiles growth were considered as most aggressive and
were selected for large scale production of inoculum for breeding purposes.
Multienvironment assessment of resistance under artificial field inoculations
performed with highly aggressive F. verticillioides isolates, obtained in this way,
revealed a very close negative correlation between pink ear rot rating (1=very
sensitive, 9=very resistant) and FUM content (ppm) across years, according to
correlation index that ranged from r=-0.729, N=61 (2008) to r=-0,815, N=15
(2010).
Based on these findings it could be assumed that selection for reduced symptoms
(pink ear rot score) should fairly allow identification of genotypes with reduced
FUM content.
Keywords: aggressiveness, Fumonisin (FUM), resistance, maize
179

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P87 - Developing test method to oats and barley for
resistance to Fusarium langsethiae
P. Parikka, M. Jalli
MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
E-mail: paivi.parikka@mtt.fi
Importance of T-2/HT-2 toxins produced by F. langsethiae has increased recently
in many countries, especially in Northern Europe and presence of toxins
particularly in oats, raises questions of resistance in cultivars. Testing resistance
in field conditions is difficult because of competing infections. F. langsethiae is the
earliest Fusarium species infecting flowers and it has been detected in oats and
barley at heading. Normally, Fusarium infections are dependent on humidity and
infections in dry conditions are rare. F. langsethiae, however, can establish
infections in field conditions without long-lasting high relative humidity.
Development of greenhouse test to F. langsethiae was started at MTT Agrifood
Research Finland in 2009 first on oats and later also some barley cultivars were
included in the test calibration. Development and transmission of infection was
studied by inoculating seedlings and developing plants at different growth stages:
starting at young seedling stage and ending at panicle emergence and flowering.
Inoculations with F. langsethiae spore suspension were made with a hand
sprayer. Temperature and humidity were regulated according to plant
development and inoculation periods. High humidity was maintained in
greenhouse shortly before and after inoculation. Observations of infection were
made one and two weeks after inoculation and of harvested grain by plating
kernels on peptone-PCNB agar plates.
F. langsethiae sprayed on young oat seedlings did not continue development
further in plants and did not infect panicles. Inoculation at shoot development was
also unable to proceed up to panicles, and when sprayed at flag leaf stage the
fungus could only occasionally infect panicles. Successful infections were
obtained when plants were inoculated at head/panicle emergence or one week
after that. In oats, the later inoculations resulted in higher infections. Differences
between cultivars could be obtained in observations both in oats and barley.
Keywords: cultivars, resistance, infection
180

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P88 - Variation for Fusarium head blight resistance
and Fusarium toxins accumulation in winter triticale
lines inoculated with Fusarium culmorum
T. Góral 1 , H. Wiśniewska 2 , P. Ochodzki 1 , D. Walentyn-Góral 1 , I. Grzeszczak 1 ,
J. Beletr 2 , Z. Banaszak 3 , M. Pojmaj 3 , D. Kurleto 3 , M. Konieczny 3 , G.
Budzianowski 4 , A. Cicha 4 , K. Paizert 4 , H. Woś 4
1 Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute NRI, Radzików, 05-870
Blonie, Poland; 2 Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszyńska str., 60-479
Poznan, Poland; 3 Danko Plant Breeders Ltd., Choryń 27,64-000 Kościan, Poland; 4 Plant Breeding
Strzelce Ltd., 20 Główna str., 99-307 Strzelce, Poland
E-mail: t.goral@ihar.edu.pl
Resistance to Fusarium head blight of 29 winter triticale lines, and three cultivars
‘Borwo’, ‘Fredro’ and ‘Mikado’ was evaluated. Triticale was sown in the field
experiments in Cerekwica near Poznań and in Radzików near Warsaw. At
flowering, triticale heads were inoculated with three Fusarium culmorum isolates.
Fusarium head blight index was scored and after the harvest percentage of
Fusarium damaged kernels was assessed. Triticale grain was analyzed for the
contents of trichothecenes B (deoxynivalenol and derivatives, nivalenol) and
zearalenone.
The average FHB indexes were similar in both locations and amounted 19.8% in
Radzikow, and 19.9%. in Cerekwica. Percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels
was higher in Cerkwica (53.7%) than in Radzików (26.8%). An average content of
DON in Radzików amounted to 8,690 ppm and was lower than in the second
location – 19.543 ppm. In Cerekwica there were also large quantities of NIV in
grain. The average content was 10.048 ppm, while in Radzików it was very low –
0.324 ppm. Considerable amounts of DON derivatives in grain in both locations
were detected (1,815 ppm of 3AcDON and 1,913 ppm of 15AcDON). The content
of the ZON in the grain from Cerekwica was very high and amounted to 1123 ppb,
while in Radzików was 6 times lower - 200 ppb. Concentrations of trichotecenes B
in both locations as well as zearalenone in both locations correlated significantly.
Relationships between FHB index and mycotoxin contents were statistically
insignificant in both locations. In contrast, FDK percentages correlated
significantly with mycotoxin contents.
In both locations the parallel experiments with 36 winter wheat were carried out.
Triticale proved to be less infected than wheat (ears, kernels). However, content
of mycotoxins (trichothecenes), was higher in triticale grain than in wheat grain.
These results showed that there is a threat of contamination of triticale grain with
mycotoxins despite weaker FHB symptoms.
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxins, resistance, triticale
181

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P89 - Identification of physiological traits in wheat
conferring passive resistance to Fusarium head blight
S. Jones, J. Foulkes, D. Sparkes, R. Ray
University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, Sutton
Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD, UK
E-mail: sbxsj@nottingham.ac.uk
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by a complex of Fusarium and Microdochium
species, is a devastating fungal disease of cereals worldwide that leads to
reductions of grain yield, quality and safety. Developing cultivars with improved
FHB resistance is considered an essential step towards reducing the impact of
this disease.
This study aimed to identify and quantify plant and ear traits in wheat conferring
passive resistance to FHB through disease escape. Two field experiments were
carried out in 2010 and 2011 using 5 UK winter wheat cultivars and 10 doubledhaploid
lines derived from a cross between a spring wheat line of large-ear
phenotype from CIMMYT, Mexico, and the UK winter wheat cultivar, Rialto. All 15
wheat genotypes were ground inoculated at GS 30 using oat grains infected with
a mixture of Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. langsethiae,
F. poae, Microdochium majus and M. nivale. Plant and ear characteristics of the
wheat genotypes were assessed at GS 65. Visual disease symptoms were scored
at regular intervals from mid-anthesis onwards and used to calculate the area
under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for each wheat genotype.
Multiple linear regression with groups was used to identify significant physiological
traits related to AUDPC for the two seasons. Stem length, flag leaf length and ear
length were the predominant plant characteristics which accounted for a
significant (P

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P90 - Chemotype-specific Fusarium isolates applied
for phenotyping of type II resistance to FHB in wheat
M. Ittu 1 , L. Cana 1 , P. Cornea 2 , V. Gagiu 3
1 National Agricultural Research Development Institute (NARDI) Fundulea, 1 N. Titulescu street,
915200 Romania - 2 CBAB Biotehnol, Faculty of Biotechnology of the Agronomical Science and
Veterinary Medicine University , 59 Marasti Blv, Bucharest, Romania - 3 National Institute of
Research&Development for Food Bioresources (IBA), 5 Ancuta Baneasa street, 020323, Bucharest,
Romania
E-mail: ittum@ricic.ro
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most important wheat diseases
throughout the world. Development and deployment of varieties resistant to FHB
is the most effective option to minimize losses and is of major concern in wheat
breeding program from NARDI-Fundulea.
Occurrence of 3-ADON chemotype in some local Romanian Fusarium
populations, in which previously the chemotype 15-ADON was prevalent as in
many regions from North America and Central Europe (Ward et al, FGB, 2008,
Miedaner and Talas, Int. Symp. Fusarium Head Blight, 2012), has been reported
(Ittu et al, Romanian Agricultural Research, 2012). As a consequence,
comparative assessment of host resistance to both chemotypes is required from
the breeding perspective. The objectives of this study were to: (1)evaluate the
aggressiveness of chemotype-specific 3ADON and 15ADON Fusarium isolates
and (2)investigate the corresponding resistance Type II to FHB in wheat cultivars
and breeding lines. 40 Romanian and international wheat genotypes were point
inoculated under field condition with six selected Fusarium isolates, three of each
3-ADON and 15-ADON chemotypes (years 2011 and 2012).
Very significant differences among the both Fusarium chemotypes and the
chemotype-specific isolates were found, the amount of disease and pathogen
spread across all wheat genotypes being in 2011 on average higher in 3-ADON
isolates for all FHB traits: severity, %(34.8); AUDPC (324.6); FDK,%(67.0) as
compared to 15ADON isolates: severity, %(21.0); AUDPC (190); FDK,%(44.0).
The overall DON contamination of grains in both environments was higher in
entries ranked relatively as susceptible (85-120ppm/kg), in comparison to the
resistant ones (>25-68.4 ppm/kg), across the isolates of each Fusarium
chemotype.
With a few exceptions the resistance scores were better in most resistant
genotypes, irrespective of Fusarium chemotype.
These findings suggest the importance to develop germplasm with higher
tolerance to DON contamination, if increase of divergent Fg populations become
problematic and different mechanisms for resistance to pathogen and associated
mycotoxins could be found.
Keywords: resistance, aggressiveness, DON chemotype, wheat
183

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P91 - Mapping QTLs for Fusarium head blight
response in a durum wheat elite population
M. Maccaferri 1 , S. Corneti 1 , A. Ricci 1 , S. Stefanelli 1 , E. Braida 2 , P. Lancioni 2 ,
K. Ammar 3 , A. Prodi 1 , A. Pisi 1 , M. Pascale 4 , V. Lippolis 4 , A. Massi 2 , R.
Tuberosa 1 .
1 Department of Agricultural Science - University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna-Italy;
2 Società Produttori Sementi Bologna, Via Macero 1, 40050 Argelato- Italy; 3 CIMMYT, Carretera
Mexico-Veracruz KM. 45, 56130 Texcoco-Mexico; 4 Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA),
National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari-Italy
E-mail: marco.maccaferri@unibo.it
Durum wheat is strongly affected by Fusarium head blight (FHB). Thus,
understanding the genetic basis of resistance is a major objective of breeding. In
this study, a population of 249 F7:8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) obtained from
the cross Kofa (desertDurum®) x Svevo (Italia cultivar) has been evaluated for
FHB response in five artificially inoculated field trials (mix suspension of F.
graminearum and F. culmorum conidia) carried out in 2010 and 2011 in Italy and
Mexico. Fusarium incidence and severity, grain yield, number of grains per spike,
percentage of fusarium-damaged kernels, thousand kernel weight, deoxynivalenol
(DON) content were recorded. Heritability values of FHB symptoms were medium
to high across trials (from 35 to 62%). Both Kofa and Svevo showed intermediate
responses, while the RILs showed extensive transgressive segregation, allowing
us to map 14 QTL clusters for FHB responses and DON content. Only two of
these QTL clusters, on chromosomes 2A and 7B, were coincident with QTLs for
heading date. Two major QTLs consistently proved to affect FHB response across
trials were located on chromosome arms 2BL and 3BS, in coincidence with major
QTLs for plant height, peduncle length, senescence and grain yield previously
identified in this population (Maccaferri et al. Genetics 178: 489-511). In both
cases, the alleles responsible for constitutive reduced height and peduncle length,
increased senescence rate and decreased grain yield were also associated to
increased fusarium susceptibility. The role of these two QTLs is being further
investigated with near isogenic lines, particularly to elucidate the pleiotropic vs.
tight linkage relationships, in view also of the FHB escape associated to plant
eight. Four QTLs for DON content were also found, two of which were DONspecific
and did not influence other disease symptoms. The contribution of "AGER
- Agroalimentare e Ricerca", project “From Seed to Pasta” is acknowledged.
Keywords: FHB, Triticum durum, molecular markers, marker assisted selection
184

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P92 - Forthcoming development of diverse FHB and
DON resistant wheat in South Africa
S. Sydenham, C. De Villiers
ARC-Small Grain Institute, Bethlehem, Free State Province, South Africa, Private Bag X29, 9701
E-mail: sydenhams@arc.agric.za
In South Africa (SA) Fusarium head blight (FHB) has the potential to become an
epidemic on spring irrigation wheat under favourable conditions. Furthermore,
there are no moderate to highly tolerable FHB wheat varieties commercially
available in SA yet. Additionally, no fungicide is officially registered for the control
of FHB on wheat. Of major concern is the fact that deoxynivalenol (DON)
mycotoxin levels in wheat grain are not officially monitored as there is no
legislation or guidance level in place.
To avoid continual dependence on Sumai-3 based resistance, FHB nurseries and
novel resistant wheat sources are imported annually, diversifying the available
FHB resistance gene pool. Imported resistant donors/nurseries are screened by
the point inoculation method in the glasshouse and are further characterised with
targeted FHB resistance linked SSR markers. Only novel verified FHB resistant
donor sources are selected to be used further in variety development. Targeted
directional crosses for two focused programmes (one backcross focused and
other gene stacking focused) are carried out in the glasshouse based on
phenotypic and molecular data. Field trials of parental resistant donors and
developed material will be planted in a honey-comb design and artificially
inoculated (grain and liquid inoculum) under irrigation. Superior performing FHB
resistant entries will be selected based on glasshouse data, field trial performance
and molecular marker data.
Objective of this study is to develop diverse Fusarium head blight and DON
resistant adapted wheat germplasm by using a combined approach of phenotypic
screening and marker-assisted selection. The ultimate goal is to successfully
pyramid or stack a number of FHB QTL/genes from diverse donor sources into
top performing wheat cultivars that are well adapted to South African irrigation
areas, with increased FHB resistance, reduced DON accumulation, reduced
kernel damage and reduced yield loss.
Intended outcomes include both the successful commercial release of FHB
resistant cultivars as well as a series of FHB resistant germplasm registrations.
Keywords: Fusarium Head Blight, gene pyramiding, SSR markers, resistance
QTL/gene
185

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P93 - Identification and characterization of wheat
genes contributing in plant resistance to the
mycotoxin deoxynivalenol
A. Perochon, C. Arunachalam, K. Heinrich, A. Kahla, S. Walter, G. Erard, F.
Doohan
Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions Group, School of Biology and environmental Science, College of
Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
E-mail: alexandre.perochon@ucd.ie
We focus on identifying biochemical pathways involved in the wheat response to
the Fusarium virulence factor deoxynivalenol (DON). Using functional genomics
techniques, DON-responsive transcripts were identified: these included transcripts
encoding a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, a multidrug resistance protein
ABC transporter, cytochrome P450s and novel proteins.
Based on the results, candidate genes were silenced in wheat heads using virusinduced
gene silencing (VIGS). We found that heads with reduced transcript
levels developed more DON-induced bleaching as compared to control treatment.
These studies have also highlighted a novel, evolutionary divergent protein
involved in the wheat response to DON. Transient expression and microscopy
studies showed this protein fused to a fluorescent tag localised within punctate
areas of the nucleus of wheat cells. Yeast two hybrid experiments suggest that
this protein interacts with SnRK1 (SNF1-Related Kinase 1) and NAC transcription
factors. Thus, it is likely that this novel protein is involved in genes expression
regulation. We are currently characterizing these interactions and the role of this
protein in plant stress responses.
Keywords: mycotoxin, wheat, VIGS, protein-protein interaction
186

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P94 - Resistance of winter wheat breeding lines to
Fusarium head blight and accumulation of Fusarium
toxins in grain
H. Wiśniewska 1 , T. Góral 2 , P. Ochodzki 2 , D. Walentyn-Góral 2 , J. Belter 1 , M.
Kwiatek 1 , J. Bogacki 3 , T. Drzazga 4 , B. Ługowska 3 , P. Matysik 5 , E. Witkowski 6 ,
K. Rubrycki 7 , U. Woźna–Pawlak 7
1 Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszyńska str., 60-479 Poznan,
Poland; 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute NRI, Radzików,
05-870 Blonie, Poland; 3 Danko Plant Breeders Ltd., Choryń 27,64-000 Kościan, Poland; 4 Małopolska
Plant Growing Company – HBP LLC, 4 Zbożowa str., 30-002 Kraków, Poland; 5 Plant Breeding
Strzelce Ltd., 20 Główna str., 99-307 Strzelce, Poland; 6 Plant Breeding Smolice Ltd., Smolice 41, 63-
740 Kobylin, Poland; 7 Poznań Plant Breders Ltd., 5 Kasztanowa str., 03-004 Tulce, Poland
E-mail: hwis@igr.poznan.pl
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important cereal disease caused by Fusarium
species. Disease is mainly damaging for bread wheat. The aim of this work was
(1) to evaluate FHB resistance variability of wheat lines and (2) to analyze
concentration of Fusarium toxins in grain. This research was conducted on 71
winter wheat lines differing in genetic background. Cultivars ‘Arina’ and ‘Tonacja’
were used as controls. Lines were sown in two field experiments located in
Cerekwica, Western Poland and in Radzików, Central Poland. Field experiments
were established as a randomized complete block design. Wheat heads were
inoculated at flowering stage with conidial suspension of Fusarium culmorum
isolates producing deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenon (ZEA),
at a rate of 100 000 spores per mL. The disease was rated 14 and 16 days after
inoculation. Fusarium head blight index (FHBi) was calculated.
FHBi ranged from 8.3 to 49.9%. Only 3 lines showed infection below 10%.
Percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) was high, ranging from 50.2% to
98.0%. The FDKs of ‘Tonacja’ and ‘Arina’ cultivars were also high (65.2 and
69.7%). However, the FDK of line ‘DED’ (susceptible check) was 82.2%.
Fusarium damaged kernels of only 5 genotypes did not exceed 60.0%. The
correlation coefficient of FHBi versus FDK was significant (r=0.575).
Grain from 35 lines from two locations, with low FHBi and FDK, was analyzed for
the presence of Fusarium toxins. DON amount was the highest, and ranged from
7.041 ppm to 22.651ppm. The total amount of NIV was also high, ranging from
3.331 ppm to 19.285 ppm. The lowest concentration of ZEA was found in ‘Arina’ –
128 ppb, the highest ZEA level was 8432 ppb.
Research was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
projects: HOR hn 801 - 13/11 and HOR hn 078-801-9/11.
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxin, resistance, wheat
187

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P95 - Evaluation of Fusarium Head Bblight resistance
in a panel of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)
A. Brunazzi 1 , S. Greggio 2 , P. Lancioni 1 , E. Braida 1 , P. Mantovani 1 , R. Bovina 1 ,
G. Gasparini 1 , S. Tonti 3 , A. Prodi 4 , G. Ferrazzano 1
1 Società Produttori Sementi S.p.A. (PSB), Via Macero 1, 40050 Argelato (BO), Italy; 2 Università degli
Studi di Ferrara, Via Paradiso 12, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; 3 Ente Nazionale delle Sementi Elette (ENSE)
Via Ca’ Nova Zampieri 37, 37057 San Giovanni Lupatoto (VR), Italy; 4 Dipartimento di Scienze e
Tecnologie Agroambientali (DiSTA), Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
E-mail: a.brunazzi@prosementi.com
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium spp. is one of the most
destructive fungal disease of wheat; it causes dramatic yield and quality losses
and contamination of cereal products with mycotoxins, in particular
deoxynivalenol (DON). The release of new varieties resistant to FHB and less
affected by mycotoxin contamination, is the most efficient way to contrast this
disease, with no additional costs for the farmers and with advantages for the
consumers health.
In this study, we set up a two year field experiment under artificial inoculation with
a mixture of virulent and toxigenic strains of Fusarium culmorum and F.
graminearum in Argelato (Bologna), in order to evaluate a panel of durum wheat
genotypes (100) for their reaction to FHB; three common wheat varieties know to
be resistant to FHB (Sumai 3, Gondo and Heilo) were also included as resistant
control.
At anthesis, ten spikes per genotype were tagged and harvested separately. FHB
incidence and severity were rated on the selected spikes in two different times.
We also evaluated: Fusarium Damaged Kernels (FDK), Area Under the Disease
Progress Curve (AUDPC), Damage Index (DI) and DON content.
The disease incidence and severity data matrixes were analyzed by ANOVA and
the analyses revealed the presence of significant difference among the
investigated genotypes.
Highly significant correlation were detected between DI and AUDPC (r=0.96,
p

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P96 - Oat resistance to HT2 and T2-producing
Fusarium langsethiae
T. Stancic 1 , S. Cowan 2 , C. Howarth 2 , S. Edwards 1
1 Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK - 2 IBERS, Aberystwyth University,
Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB
E-mail: tstancic@harper-adams.ac.uk
Fusarium langsethiae, a species which was first described in 2004, is known to be
the predominant mycotoxin producing species on oats (Avena sativa L.) in the UK
and results in contamination of the grain with the trichothecene mycotoxins HT2
and T2. The European Commission is setting indicative limits for the combined
concentration of HT2 and T2 (HT2+T2) in food and feed. In observational studies
across the UK between 2002 and 2008 around 16% of samples collected at
harvest exceeded the proposed investigative limit of 1000 µg/kg HT2+T2 for
unprocessed oats intended for human consumption. Winter variety trials tended to
have higher levels of HT2+T2 compared to spring variety trials. It is not clear
whether the difference observed is due to agronomic (i.e. drilling date) or genetic
differences.
To test the hypothesis that the difference observed were not due to agronomy, six
spring and six winter varieties were drilled together in randomised block
experiments at three sites in the UK in autumn 2011 and in spring 2012. Samples
of panicles and grain samples are currently being quantified for HT2 and T2.
To test the hypothesis of whether crop height is a resistance trait, samples of
panicles were collected from a field trial run by Aberystwyth University of a
mapping population developed from a cross between short and tall winter oat
varieties (Buffalo and Tardis). Samples are currently being analysed for F.
langsethiae DNA and HT2+T2 concentration. Preliminary results indicate that
taller lines had a consistently low level of HT2+T2 whereas shorter lines had
either a high or a low level of HT2+T2. The Buffalo x Tardis mapping population
will be used for the identification of QTL for susceptibility and to determine genetic
linkage with other agronomic traits such as height.
Keywords: Fusarium langsethiae, HT2, T2, oat
189

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P97 - Susceptibility of cereal species to Fusarium
langsethiae, a potent producer of HT2 and T2
S. Edwards, N. Opoku, M. Back
Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire. TF10 8NB, UK
E-mail: sedwards@harper-adams.ac.uk
A field survey was performed to study Fusarium langsethiae in wheat, barley and
oats in commercial UK crops (2009 – 2011). Plants sampled (from tillering to
harvest) were divided into roots, leaves, lower stem, upper stem and
inflorescence/head sub-samples depending on the growth stage of the cereal. F.
langsethiae DNA was quantified using real-time PCR and fusarium mycotoxins
HT2 and T2 were estimated from head samples at harvest using ELISA. Results
showed oat to contain the highest levels of both F. langsethiae DNA and HT2+T2
mycotoxins in harvested heads of the cereals studied. The development of F.
langsethiae in all three cereals appeared to be similar. Head infection, if it
occurred, started at head emergence rather than at flowering. Seemingly
symptomless oat heads could have high levels of F. langsethiae DNA and
HT2+T2, confirming previous suggestions that F. langsethiae is a symptomless
pathogen of oats.
To identify if differences observed between cereals were genetic, rather than
agronomic, field experiments were conducted with spring and autumn sown
cereals (wheat, barley and oats) at two sites. Experiments contained three
varieties of each cereal in a split plot design with variety as a sub-plot of cereal in
a randomized block design with four blocks. The same agronomy was applied to
all plots. F. langsethiae DNA and HT2+T2 were quantified in cereal heads and
grains at harvest. Similar results were obtained for all four experiments. There
were significantly higher F. langsethiae DNA and HT2+T2 in oats compared to
wheat and barley and there were significant differences between oat varieties.
Regression analysis of HT2+T2 to F. langsethiae DNA concentration grouped by
cereal identified that wheat and barley samples fitted on the same line but a
different line existed for oats which had a higher concentration of HT2 and T2 per
unit of F. langsethiae DNA.
Keywords: langsethiae, HT2, T2, oat
190

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P98 - Impact of co-infection by Microdochium spp.
and Fusarium graminearum on the assessment of new
wheat varieties’ tolerance to FHB and deoxynivalenol
B. Méléard 1 , E. Gourdain 1 , M. Gauthier 1 , P. Du Cheyron 2
1 Service Qualités-Valorisations, ARVALIS - Institut du végétal, Station Expérimentale, 91720
Boigneville, France; 2 Service Génétique, Physiologie et Protection des Plantes, ARVALIS - Institut du
végétal, IBP – Université Paris Sud, Rue de Noetzlin – Bât. 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
E-mail: B.MELEARD@arvalisinstitutduvegetal.fr
By choosing the variety to produce, a farmer has a good mean to manage the
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) risk and their associated toxins. Many efforts have
been made by breeders since a few years in France to improve tolerance of new
varieties to FHB, mostly for F.graminearum. Also the assessment of new varieties
on this criterion is a major stake. For this reason the French registration system
(Comité Technique Permanent de la Sélection) has developed specific trials by
using maize debris spread on soil and water spraying. New varieties are
evaluated by a notation from very sensitive to tolerant. Sometimes the
observations reveal the presence of both F.graminearum and Microdochium
fungus in the trials. In this case the question is to know if such a situation does
impact the ranking of varieties according to the ratio between F.graminearum and
Microdochium on the grain by the way of a difference in the production of toxins.
A multilocal trials network has been used in a collaborative research project
named ECOFUSA with the financial support of CASDAR (Compte d’Affectation
Spéciale pour le Développement Agricole et Rural). Neuf varieties have been
characterised for the presence of F. graminearum and Microdochium by the mean
of visual notation, quantification of fungus and Deoxynivalenol (DON) content in
grain.
For the statistical treatment trials have been classified in 3 groups according to
the ratio between F. graminearum and Microdochium on the grain. Data have
been analysed by a mixed model taking into account the following factors, variety,
precocity, location x year and Fusarium/Microdochium ratio. Differences in the
ranking of varieties for DON content in the trials are non-significant. This
preliminary study that needs to be continued seems to show that a trial where the
rate of Microdochium compared to F. graminearum is high (until 50%) could be
used to classify varieties on their susceptibility to DON accumulation.
Keywords: FHB, DON, varieties, co-infection
191

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P99 - Testing varieties at GEVES for resistance to
Fusarium head blight on cereals: A way to improve
genetic progress in the French Catalogue and to
reduce the use of pesticides
V. Cadot 1 , J. P. Maigniel 2
GEVES (Groupe d’Etude et de contrôle des Variétés Et des Semences- French Group for the Study
and Inspection of Varieties and Seeds), 1 25 Rue Georges Morel - CS 90024 - 49071 BEAUCOUZE
Cedex – France, 2 Domaine de l'Anjouère - 49370 LA POUEZE- France
E-mail: valerie.cadot@geves.fr
Testing candidate varieties resistance to pests and diseases for registration in the
French catalogue is very important for varietal innovation, as it provides a
description of resistant varieties to the farmers and could also encourage
breeders to improve the level of disease resistance; GEVES being responsible for
carrying out these studies. Regarding cereal diseases,resistant cultivars are
advantaged by bonus points in the final cotation of Value for Cultivation, Use and
Sustainability, in order to facilitate their registration. For Fusarium Head Blight, a
bonus is accorded for a cotation superior or equal to 6 and a penalty is given for a
cotation inferior or equal to 3, with the resistance cotation from 1: susceptible to 9:
resistant. FHB resistance is assessed over a two year period in a specific CTPS
network, composed of 7 winter wheat trials, with twenty controls shared in 4
groups of earliness. The trials were contaminated, either by corn stubbles with
Fusarium graminearum, or by spraying a mixture of F.culmorum and F.
graminearum; strains being chosen in accordance with their toxinogenocity for
deoxynivalenol (DON) and aggressiveness. From 2008 to 2012, the evolution of
the resistance level to Fusarium of 150 registered cultivars was studied, with
about 30 registered cultivars per year out of 80 applicants. The amplitude of the
resistance cotation goes from 2.5 to 6.5 and the median is worth 4.4. A genetic
progress of the resistance level was observed, with a significant reduction of the
susceptible class (from 31% cultivars to 9%), an important increase of the
intermediate class (from 53% to 71%) and a slight increase of the resistant class
(from 16 % to 21%). Integration of DON into the CTPS is currently being
considered.
Keywords: Fusarium, wheat, registration, resistance
192

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P100 - S-Methyl-DON: Chemical synthesis and toxicity
of a novel DON metabolite
T. Weigl-Pollack 2 , G. Wiesenberger 1 , P. Fruhmann 2 , H. Mikula 2 , C. Hametner 2 ,
B. Kluger 1 , R. Schuhmacher 1 , R. Krska 1 , J. Fröhlich 2 , G. Adam 1
1 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str, 20 - 24, A
3430 Tulln Austria; 2 University of Technology, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, A-1060 Vienna,
Austria
E-mail: gerlinde.wiesenberger@boku.ac.at
Previously performed microarray studies of deoxynivalenol (DON) treated barley
revealed a strong up-regulation of cysteine biosynthesis genes, providing the first
evidence for glutathione-mediated detoxification of DON (Gardiner et al., 2010).
S-Methyl-DON (SMD) is a plant metabolite of DON first described to occur in
Fusarium infected barley and wheat by Kushalappa et al. in 2010. Our hypothesis
is that SMD is derived from a DON-cysteine adduct, which is again generated by
processing of a DON-glutathione adduct. The in planta occurrence of a DONglutathione
conjugate, and of DON-S-Cys-Gly and DON-S-Cys after DON
treatment has recently been demonstrated (Kluger et al., 2012). Presumably SMD
is generated by activity of a cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase and subsequent
methylation of DON-SH. The aim of this study was to synthesize SMD for
structure determination, as reference substance for quantification, and for toxicity
testing. SMD was obtained by reaction of DON with iodomethane and thiourea in
the presence of sodium carbonate and wet polyethylene glycol. 2D-NMR was
used to elucidate the structure of the purified main product, which revealed the
desired addition of a methylthio group to the double bond of DON (C10), but also
formation of an intramolecular hemiketal (C15-OH reacting with the C8-keto
group). The SMD concentration required for 50% growth inhibition of a sensitive
yeast bioindicator strain was about 9-fold higher than for DON. Tests for the
inhibition of protein synthesis of wheat ribosomes (using a wheat germ in vitro
translation system) showed that SMD is at least 12-fold less toxic than DON. This
strongly indicates that addition of the much larger cysteine and glutathione
substituents should also lead to detoxification due to steric hindrance preventing
interaction of the toxin-conjugate with the ribosomal target.
Keywords: glutathione, conjugate, processing, detoxification
193

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P101 - Functional characterization of a lipid transfer
protein associated with Qfhs.ifa-5A
G. Siegwart, J. J. Peter, W. Schweiger, H. Buerstmayr
BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1180 Vienna - Department for
Biotechnology in Plant production, A-3430 Tulln
E-mail: gerald.siegwart@boku.ac.at
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a substantial disease for wheat and other small
grain cereals. Resistance is generated by many QTL, all providing a distinct part
to the mutually produced quantitative resistance. Beneath these many QTL, two
of them are outstanding as they provide together about 40% of the total
resistance – these QTL are designated Fhb1 and Qfhs.ifa-5A. (Buerstmayr 2002,
Buerstmayr 2003). It is not known which or how many genes are responsible for
the effect of these QTL, but potential candidates could be used as target for virusinduced
gene silencing (VIGS) in order to transiently silence the gene and hence
experience differences in spread of the disease. A candidate gene that was
shown strongly associated with the major type I resistance QTL Qfhs.ifa-5A in
Affymetrix microarray as well as in RNA-seq encodes a Lipid transfer protein
(LTP). LTPs are small and abundant proteins involved in membrane biosynthesis,
lipid trafficking, cutin/suberin formation as well as in stress response and defense
against bacterial or fungal pathogens. (Kirubakaran, 2008)The candidate
emerged due to its high upregulation (150x), when comparing mock-inoculated
near-isogenic lines (NIL) that only differed in Qfhs.ifa-5A, suggesting constitutive
expression associated with the QTL. We mapped the LTP close to the centromere
on chromosome 5AL, proving that it only seems to be associated with Qfhs.ifa-5A,
but not the causal protein itself, as this is located on 5AS. Nevertheless there is a
strong connection between the LTP and the QTL, so we subjected it to our VIGSpipeline.
We transiently silenced the gene in a NIL only harboring Qfhs.ifa-5A,
which should facilitate comparison between silenced- and control plants. We
observed a faster spread of disease symptoms and earlier wilting, compared to
controls. Results of two independent biological replications using two different
silencing-constructs both times as well as qPCR validation will be presented.
Keywords: LTP, Virus induced gene silencing, Qfhs.ifa-5A, wheat
194

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P102 - Transient silencing of a PR-4 gene decreases
type I resistance against Fusarium graminearum
J. J. Peter, G. Siegwart, W. Schweiger, B. Steiner and H. Buerstmayr
BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1180 ViennaDepartment for
Biotechnology in Plant production, A-3430 Tulln
E-mail: gerald.siegwart@boku.ac.at
Pathogenesis-related proteins (PR) are part of the complex defense arsenal of
plants against a wide range of pathogens. Among them members of the class 4
proteins (PR-4) have the capability inhibiting the germination of Fusarium
culmorum and also Fusarium graminearum spores (Caruso et al. 1996). We have
investigated the transcriptomic response of the highly resistant wheat line CM-
82036, a derivative of Sumai3, to infection with F. graminearum and identified a
novel PR-4 gene highly upregulated in response to the pathogen (250-fold). This
gene is unrelated to the two prominent resistance QTL Fhb1 and Qfhs.ifa-5A
encoded by CM-82036, as it remains significantly changed after statistically
reducing the CM-82036 response to the response of a near-isogenic line
harboring both QTL in a susceptible background. Similarly we identified a WIR1
gene, which is also highly upregulated (>60-fold) for the non-Fhb1/Qfhs.ifa-5A
related background of CM-82036. We have cloned these genes and performed
virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to see whether transiently silencing has a
negative impact on the high resistance of CM-82036. We observed a significantly
faster initial infection of spikelets within the first days after inoculation with F.
graminearum spores in plants with the repressed PR-4. Similarly we tested tested
WIR1 for which initial test results also look promising. Detailed results will be
presented.
Keywords: PR, virus induced gene silencing, WIR1, wheat
195

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P103 - RNA-Sequencing as a tool for the analysis of
the pathosystem maize-Fusarium verticillioides
A. Lanubile, V. Maschietto, A. Marocco
Institute of Agronomy, Genetics and Field Crops, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia
Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
E-mail: alessandra.lanubile@unicatt.it
Fusarium verticillioides is the causal agent of Fusarium ear rot in maize and
contaminates the grain with fumonisins, a family of mycotoxins that affects feed
and food. Concern is increasing about the fumonisins because of emerginig
evidences of their involvement in several human and animal diseases.
To clarify the molecular processes undergoing in maize upon infection, the RNA-
Seq technology has been applied to characterize the expression profile of
resistant and susceptible kernels of maize 72 hours after F. verticillioides
infection.
More than 100 million sequence reads were generated for condition
(infected/uninfected). The sequence reads were analyzed to measure gene
expression levels, to detect alternative splicing events and single nucleotide
polymorphisms. We observed 2,006 and 2,629 differentially expressed genes 72
hours after infection for the resistant and susceptible maize genotypes,
respectively, of which 927 were in common and showed 5,342 SNPs variants.
About 320,000 and 175,000 reads mapped on Fusarium genome in the
susceptible and resistant genotypes, respectively, and 129 fungal genes were
differentially regulated in both lines. This exhaustive overview of gene expression
dynamics demonstrates the utility of RNA-Seq for identifying single nucleotide
polymorphisms and describing how plant transcriptomes change during pathogen
infection. The identification of differentially expressed plant genes that interact
with fungus will produce useful tools for the identification of candidate genes, the
development of molecular markers and their use for selection of resistant maize
genotypes by means of marker assisted selection.
Keywords: RNA-Seq, candidate genes, Fusarium verticillioides, Zea mays
196

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P104 - Maize/Fusarium interaction and ear rot
resistance in the CANADAIR project
C. Balconi, C. Lanzanova, A. Torri, S. Locatelli, R. Redaelli, P. Valoti, N.
Lazzaroni, H. Hartings
Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Unità di Ricerca per la Maiscoltura, CRA-
MAC, Via Stezzano, 24 - 24126 Bergamo-Italy
E-mail: carlotta.balconi@entecra.it
Within the framework of the CANADAIR project, a bilateral collaboration between
CRA-MAC and, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed
Research Centre (ECORC), will allow achieving a complementation and
integration of transcriptome data, and the genes that are commonly regulated
during maize response to Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides will be
identified. Commonly regulated genes could act as functional markers of
resistance in both diseases. The tests performed on maize lines will allow the
identification of genetic materials with affordable resistance to both pathogens.
Recently, CRA-MAC focused its research activity on the identification of genetic
and molecular bases of maize resistance to F. verticillioides through i) artificial
inoculation screening of germplasm comprising local varieties, lines obtained
through local breeding programs or commercial hybrids and ii) the implementation
of microarray experiments. Selected inbred lines, exhibiting opposite patterns of
susceptibility/tolerance, have been used in transcriptome analyses.
The ECORC Research Group of Linda Harris is involved in the investigation of
transcriptional changes taking place during the maize - F. graminearum
interaction. The group carried out transcriptional analyses of maize resistant or
susceptible genotypes, analysing transcriptional changes in kernel tissues. In
addition, the ECORC group has developed a recombinant inbred line (RIL)
population (F6) of >400 lines derived from CO441 (tolerant) x B73 (susceptible),
segregating for resistance to F. graminearum.
The collaboration will see the exchange of data and materials. Microarray results
will be shared in order to highlight the most repeatable and therefore affordable
data. During 2012, the most resistant and susceptible RILs identified by ECORC
were provided to CRA-MAC and tested through field artificial inoculation for
resistance to F. verticillioides; similarly, the most F. verticillioides-resistant and
susceptible lines identified by CRA-MAC were tested for F. graminearum
resistance by the ECORC group. Both tests will be repeated during 2013 maize
growing season.
Research developed in the frame of CANADAIR Project, Ministero delle Politiche
Agricole Alimentari e Forestali (MiPAAF).
Keywords: Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium graminearum, resistance genes,
Zea mays L.
197

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P105 - Fusarium verticillioides ear rot and fumonisin
accumulation resistance in Italian maize germplasm
A. Torri, C. Lanzanova, S. Locatelli, N. Berardo, R. Redaelli, P. Valoti, C.
Balconi
Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Unità di Ricerca per la Maiscoltura,CRA-
MAC, Via Stezzano, 24 - 24126 Bergamo-Italy
E-mail: alessio.torri@entecra.it
Maize germplasm was shown to possess a wide genetic variability for the main
components of the grain; the maize germplasm preserved at CRA-MAC in
Bergamo, with its over 5000 accessions, is one of largest in Europe and can be
exploited to find a potential genotype with better nutritional value and pathogen
resistance. Mycotoxin contamination in maize grain, carried by fungal pathogens,
is a worldwide threat to both safety of human food and animal feed.
With the aim to deepen the knowledge of maize genetic resources useful in
breeding programs, a set of 14 traditional Italian inbred lines and 27 local varieties
was chosen, on the basis of their differential fumonisin accumulation in the grain,
after artificial Fusarium verticillioides inoculation field experiments (2009-2010).
Inbred lines were tested in OPEN pollination trials, during 2011 and 2012, in two
locations (Bergamo and S. Angelo Lodigiano); in addition, a set of 27 local
varieties was tested in Bergamo (2011-2012).
This test implied: i) field artificial inoculation through the Kernel Inoculation Assay
method at 15 days after mid-silking, using a mixture of two toxigenic F.
verticillioides strains; as controls: sterile water inoculated (internal KIA control),
and non-inoculated ears; ii) infection evaluation: number of contaminated kernels
(NCK) at the point of inoculation: iii) visual rating evaluation of non-inoculated
controls; iii) evaluation of internal kernel infection (IKI); iv) quantification of
fumonisins in the grain. The inoculation technique applied in this study was
effective in discriminating genotypes with regard to their response to kernel
infection and to fumonisin accumulation. Large variability of response to
inoculation was found among the inbred lines and among the local varieties; this
research highlighted some interesting Italian sources of resistance to fumonisin
accumulation. Correlations between visual evaluation, internal kernel infection
and fumonisin content in the grain, are in progress.
The research recognises the financial support of the Research Programs RGV-
FAO and MICOPRINCEM, Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali
(MiPAAF)
Keywords: Fusarium verticillioides, germplasm, artificial inoculation, Zea mays L.
198

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P106 - Genetic variation for ear rot resistance and
mycotoxin content of Polish maize elite inbreed lines
after inoculation with Fusarium graminearum and F.
verticillioides
E. Czembor 1 , A. Waśkiewicz 2 , Ł. Stępień 3
1 Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – NRI, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; 2 Department of
Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
3 Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
E-mail: e.czembor@ihar.edu.pl
Poland is the fifth European producing country of maize, with an increasing area.
Ear rots caused by Fusarium are important diseases affecting yield and causing
grain mycotoxin contamination. This country has variable weather conditions –
with big differences between regions and years. It is influenced by a mild oceanic
climate from the west and a dry continental climate from the east. Because of this
Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides are two ear rotting species commonly
connected with maize kernel samples and their prevalence depends on
environmental conditions. Inbreed lines which are commonly used in Polish
breeding programmes belong mostly to 2 distinct genetic categories: flint and
dent. However, lines from Lancaster, IDT and SSS groups are also introduced.
One hundred inbreed lines were evaluated across 2011 – 2012. Ear rot resistance
was determined separately after inoculatation with F. graminearum and F.
verticillioides using tooth-picks and under natural infection. Disease severity and
selection pressure after inoculation with F. graminearum was higher than after
inoculation with F. verticillioides. Lancaster, IDT, SSS and SSS/IDT groups were
characterized as a most susceptible. Under natural infection differences between
inbreeds were also significant. Based on the obtained results group of the most
resistant and most susceptible genotypes were taken to determine mycotoxin
content in the kernel samples and rachis fractions (DON, ZEA and FBs) using
HPLC method. The correlation coefficients between toxin content and disease
scores were highly significant. Additionally the presence of Fusarium species,
which colonized kernels under natural infection was determined (based on the
SCAR-PCR markers and the translation elongation factor (tef-1alpha) sequences
analyses). F. verticillioides was the prevalent species (>75% of samples tested
contained this pathogen). The ability of F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides to
produce fumonisins was confirmed by the identifiaction of the FUM1 gene
presence.
Keywords: ear rot resistance, maize inbreed lines, toxin content, sources of
resistance
199

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P107 - Fusarium wilt and its implications on alfalfa
perenniality
E. Petrescu
National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea
E-mail: nuti_petrescu85@yahoo.com
In alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) breeding the main objectives are improve yielding,
increase forage quality and levels of disease resistance.
Alfalfa diseases result from the interactions between susceptible alfalfa cultivars,
pathogens, a conducive environment, and occasionally from improper crop
management practices. Alfalfa diseases can reduce yields, reduce forage quality,
destroy stands, decrease perenniality, increase susceptibility to winter kill and
other biological and environmental stresses.
Developing varieties resistent to different kind of diseases is the most important
alfalfa breeding objective around the world, including Romania. Alfalfa crops may
be affected by different groups of pathogens causing specific symptoms as it
follows: crown and root rot diseses, wilts and foliar diseases. Above the second
group, Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis is the
most important one.
This is a soilborne, necrophitic, plant pathogenic fungus with many species that
cause serious plant crop losses in the world. The fungus can survive in the soil
as mycelium or as spores in the absence of its host. If a host is present, mycelium
from germinating spore penetrates the host roots, enters the vascular system
(xylem) in which it moves and multiplies, and causes the host to develop wilting
symptoms. This is often a chronic condition, causing the plant to slowly decline.
The disease usually occurs in two or more years stands and the most favourable
conditions are: wet soils for long periods, frequently cutting and susceptible
cultivars.
The present paper reports the etiology, pathogenicity, morphology and the culture
media characteristics of Fusarium wilt pathogene.
The paper also represents the first step of a future project regarding the
development of screening methodology and identifying the resistance sources to
Fusarium wilt in Romanian alfalfa breeding material.
Keywords: Alfalfa, Fusarium wilt, perenniality
200

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P108 - Effect of phlobaphene accumulation in maize
kernel pericarp on Fusarium ear rot levels in
Lombardia
G. Venturini, G. Assante, L. Babazadeh, D. Salomoni, S. L. Toffolatti, R. Pilu,
A. Vercesi
Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione Territorio Agroenergia (DISAA), Università
degli Studi di Milano,Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milano-Italy
E-mail: giovanni.venturini@unimi.it
Fusarium ear rot (FER) is one the most serious maize fungal diseases especially
in Lombardia, the most important maize producer region in Italy. The main
aetiological agents of FER are Fusarium species belonging to Gibberella fujikuroi
species complex, in particular F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. FER usually
does not lead to significant yield losses, but its causal agents are well known
producers of mycotoxins such as fumonisins. Control measures in Italy consist of
one - two treatments against the European corn borer, but additional preventive
means are required in order to assure a more effective protection. Breeding
efforts have been undertaken to increase resistance to FER and in particular
phlobaphenes seem to be able to reduce the fumonisin accumulation in kernels.
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of pericarp phlobaphenes on FER
rating under field conditions. Two hybrids, one with P1-rr allele providing
pigmentation in pericarp and the other carrying P1-wr allele without phlobaphenes
accumulation in pericarp, were sown in 2011 and 2012 in four different locations
in Lombardia. The frequency and severity of FER, together with the incidence of
latent infections caused by G. fujikuroi clade and the fumonisin content, were
assessed in each genotype at the four field trials.
Significant but not univocal differences in FER frequency and severity between
the two genotypes were found only in 2012. Latent infections were significantly
more frequent on P1-wr genotype in two fields and on P1-rr in the same location
for two years. A similar distribution pattern was also found in the fumonisin level.
Statistical analysis showed that FER indexes are positively correlated with both
latent infections and fumonisin accumulation and significantly influenced not only
by the presence of phlobaphenes, but also by the field location and the year of
cultivation
Keywords: Maize, Phlobaphenes, Fusarium ear rot, Gibberella fujikuroi clade
201

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P109 - Comparative analysis of resistance in Fusarium
wilt-resistant and -susceptible watermelons:
reinforcement of the structure barrier
P. F. Chang 1,2,5 , T. H. Chang 1 , Y. H. Lin 1 , K. S. Chen 3 , J. W. Huang 1 , S. C.
Hsiao 4
E-mail: pfchang@nchu.edu.tw
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an economically important crop and was
reportedly the third largest vegetable cultivated worldwide. However, the soilborne
fungal disease, Fusarium wilt of watermelon, caused by Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), is one of the most important restricting factors for
watermelon production. A well understanding of the interactions between plant
and pathogen can lead to the establishment of more efficient management
strategies. The aims of this research were to study mechanisms contributed to
Fusarium resistance. The comparative analysis of resistance in the resistant JSB
(Chen et al. 2003. Plant Pathology Bulletin 12: 247-254) and susceptible Sugar
Baby (SB) watermelon lines was examined to elucidate the resistance mechanism
of watermelon to Fon. Results showed that Fon colonization was limited to the
area below the shoot base of JSB suggesting that the shoot base is important for
Fusarium resistance in JSB. A significant increase in the enzyme activities of
phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD), and high amounts of
soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics were found in the shoot bases of the
resistant JSB line after Fon inoculation. Furthermore, a high level of lignin
deposition in the cell wall of a vascular bundle was observed in the shoot bases of
Fon-inoculated JSB. In addition, using whole transcriptome sequencing,
transcripts of ligase (EC 6.2.1.12) involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was
highly expressed in the shoot bases of the resistant JSB than in that of the
susceptible SB. The gene for this specific ligase was significantly up-regulated
after Fon inoculation in JSB but not in SB. Results strongly suggest that the
accumulation of wall-bound phenolics, lignin deposition, the increase of PAL and
POD activities, and up-regulated expression of phenylpropanoid pathwayassociated
ligase in shoot base of JSB seedlings may reinforce the structure
barrier in resistant JSB to resist Fon invasion.
Keywords: F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, Citrullus lanatus, Fusarium resistance,
structure barrier
202

SESSION 4: GENETICS OF HOSTS – PLANT RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM,
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
P110 - Identification and characterization of new
resistant accessions to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
pisi within a Pisum spp. germplasm collection.
M. Bani, D. Rubiales, N. Rispail.
Institute for sustainable agriculture – CSIC, Alameda del obispo, Avda. Menendez Pidal s/n,14080
Cordoba Spain.
E-mail: mustapha.bani@gmail.com
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop) is an important pathogen of field pea (Pisum
sativum). At present four races of Fop have been described, races 1, 2, 5 and 6.
Among them, Races 1 and 2 occur worldwide. The constant evolution of the
pathogen drives the necessity to broaden the genetic basis of resistance
to Fop. To achieve this, it is important to have a large germplasm collection
available and an accurate and efficient method for disease assessment. In this
study we searched for new sources of resistance to Fop races 1 and 2 in
a Pisum spp. germplam collection. Different methods of disease assessment
coupling disease incidence, disease rating over time and its related area under
the disease progression curve (AUDPC) were assessed to accurately evaluate
Fusarium wilt disease in a controlled environment. The results of this screening
revealed large variability in the response of the different accessions to Fop race 2
ranging from resistance to susceptible, indicating the quantitative nature of the
resistance to Fop race 2 in this Pisum spp. collection. On the other hand, the
response to Fop race 1 revealed a qualitative distribution, confirming the
monogenic resistance of our genotypes to Fop race 1. Two independent
repetitions of the inoculation experiments indicated that the scoring method was
robust and reproducible and confirmed the highly resistant phenotypes of nine
accessions to both races of Fop. The incorporation of these sources of resistance
to breeding programmes will contribute to improved Fop resistance in pea
cultivars. The characterization of resistance mechanisms acting within selected
resistant accessions by histological methods indicated that, in all resistant
characterized accessions, the progression of the pathogen is blocked in the basal
part of plant suggesting that the main resistance mechanisms act at the root and
crown level.
Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum, Pisum sativum, resistance mechanism, genetic
resistance
203

204

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P111 - Effect of time of application of the fungicide
prothioconazole on Fusarium Mycotoxins in maize
V. Limay-Rios, A. Schaafsma
University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada
E-mail: vlimayri@uoguelph.ca
Maize ear rot, caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum (FG), is the most
important maize disease associated with deoxynivalenol (DON) and zeralenone
(ZON) contamination in the Great Lakes region of North America. Two major
outbreaks occurred in Ontario in 2006 and 2011 resulting in high DON levels
problematic to the swine, ethanol, sweetener and corn industries. Although
fungicides sprays are common for FG control in wheat, no product had been
registered for maize until very recently. In 2010 and 2011, studies to determine
the optimal timing of prothioconazole application (200g a.i./ha) for reducing
mycotoxin accumulation in grain were conducted in controlled replicated
experiments in small-plots under mist irrigation trials and in field scale trials using
two susceptible hybrids. Harvested grain was analysed for a total of 23
mycotoxins using a triple quadruple ESI-LC-MS/MS system. There was not year x
trial interactions. Combined results showed the greatest decrease in total DON
[TDON= DON +15-acetyl-DON +DON-3-glucoside +3-acetyl-DON] and ZON
concentrations (P80% of silks were completely emerged) and R1 (full silking, when >80% of
silks were fully elongated) followed by applications at V18 (18 th leaf fully
elongated, when >80% silk emergence) and R2 (early blister; when >80% of silks
begin to brown, P0.05). Targeting exposed silks is
the most important criterion to maximize prothioconazole effectiveness in
reducing FG toxins. Further work on the interaction between genotype and
fungicide as well as spray application technology are warranted.
Keywords: Fusarium, mycotoxin, maize, fungicide
205

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P112 - Timing and efficacy of fungicides against
Fusarium head blight in malting barley
L. K. Nielsen 1 , S. G. Edwards 2 , D. J. Cook 1 , R. V. Ray 1
1 University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough,
Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; 2 Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10
8NB, United Kingdom
E-mail: Linda.Nielsen@nottingham.ac.uk
Fungicide efficacy and timing of application against Fusarium Head Blight (FHB)
in UK malting barley have not been previously determined. The objectives of the
present study were to evaluate a range of fungicide treatments and their timing of
application against FHB in malting barley. Field experiments using the commercial
cultivar Quench were conducted over two seasons (2011/12) at five different
locations in England. Two locations (one misted and one non-misted) were
artificially inoculated with a mixture of F. poae, F. langsethiae and F. tricinctum.
Two more locations (one misted and one non-misted) were artificially inoculated
with a mixture of F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. tricinctum, F. poae, F.
langsethiae, F. avenaceum, M. majus and M. nivale. One location relied on
natural infection with Fusarium and Microdochium species. Nine fungicide
combinations with four replicates were tested at each experimental location and
year. The key treatments applied at GS 39/45 were a formulation of 263 g ha -1
cyprodinil and 87 g ha -1 isopyrazam or a formulation of 100 g ha -1 fluoxastrobin
and 100 g ha -1 prothioconazole. At GS 59 the following fungicides were tested, 99
g ha -1 prothioconazole, a formulation of 100 g ha -1 fluoxastrobin and 100 g ha -1
prothioconazole, or a mixture of 94 g ha -1 isopyrazam and 99 g ha -1
prothioconazole.
The incidence and severity of FHB and brown foot rot disease were assessed at
GS 75. Fungicide application at GS 39/45 reduced brown foot rot severity by 17%.
Reductions of more than 30% in FHB severity were achieved by all fungicide
treatments applied at GS 59. The fungal biomass of Fusarium and Microdochium
spp. were quantified in harvested grain and stems using species specific real-time
PCR assays and will be used together with quality parameters to further evaluate
the effects of chemical control of FHB.
Keywords: Malting barley, Fusarium Head Blight, fungicides, timing
206

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P113 - Agronomic practices and risk for mycotoxins in
northern cereal production
P. Parikka 1 , S. Rämö 1 , V. Hietaniemi 1 , L. Alakukku 2
1 MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
2 University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Latokartanonkaari 5, FI-00014 University
of Helsinki, Finland
E-mail: paivi.parikka@mtt.fi
Environmental conditions and agronomic practices have impact on prevalence,
infection and mycotoxin formation of Fusarium- species. Reduced tillage creates
different environments for survival of pathogens in stubble and straw in soil or on
soil surface. The microbial populations change during prolonged no-till practices
and cereal rotation and Fusarium species with good saprophytic ability can
increase. Pre-crop can even have less impact on Fusarium than tillage practices.
In Finland, a short-term trial comparing direct drilling and autumn ploughing
showed reduction in prevalence of DON producing F. culmorum in no-till
conditions. Under tillage, DON-producers are observed to infect later, but still
DON contents can be higher than under no-till. Both F. culmorum and F.
graminearum can be more prevalent under tillage than direct-drilling, depending
on weather conditions. On barley, control of leaf diseases with fungicide has
increased F. culmorum infections and DON contaminations. Generally, F.
avenaceum and F. tricinctum benefit of direct drilling and reduced tillage on oats
and barley. F. poae mainly seems to increase under tillage and high infections in
warm conditions can result in increased nivalenol contaminations. Both nivalenol
and DON contents in grain increase towards harvest. Fusarium langsethiae can
be favored by no-till, especially in dry conditions. Fungicide application to control
leaf diseases can in warm conditions and under no-till increase F. langsethiae
infection and T-2/HT-2 contaminations on barley. While head blight control at ear
emergence is not observed to not reduce F. langsethiae infection of oats and
barley, F. sporotrichioides can be strongly affected. In the earlier studies, F.
langsethiae infections and T-2/HT-2 contents were higher on oats than on barley.
During grain development, however, F. langsethiae infections can be very high
also on barley and observed T-2/HT-2 contaminations high in warm conditions. In
cool conditions infections develop later and oats is more affected than barley.
Keywords: tillage, fungicides, crop rotation, mycotoxins
207

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P114 - Effect of direct drilling on Fusarium foot and
root rot in durum wheat, barley and oat in Tunisia
S. Chekali 1 , S. Gargouri 2 , M. Ben Hamouda 3 , H. Cheihk M'Hamed 4 , B.
Nasraoui 5
1 Pôle Régional de Recherche et de Développement Agricoles du Nord-Ouest semi-aride à El Kef. B.P
221 -7100 Le Kef, Tunisia; 2 Laboratoire de protection des végétaux, Institut national de la recherche
agronomique de Tunisie, rue hédi karray 2049, Tunisia; 3 Laboratoire de physiologie végétale Ecole
Supérieure d’Agriculture de Kef, 7119 Le Kef, Tunisia; 4 Laboratoire d’agronomie, Institut national de la
recherche agronomique de Tunisie, rue hédi karray 2049, Tunisia; 5 Laboratoire de phytopathologie,
Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité Mahrajène, 1082
Belvédère-Tunis, Tunisia
E-mail: samirachekali@yahoo.fr
Conservation agriculture (CA) based on direct drilling (DD) emerged in Tunisia
since 1999-2000 as an alternative to conventional agriculture (CA). Its main
objective is to ensure yield stability and rebuilt the soil organic matter to control
soil erosion. But, some previous works showed the risk of pathogens favored by
conditions of permanent mulching. No previous work was done on CA/DD impact
on Fusarium foot and root rot in Tunisia. The effect of DD on Fusarium foot and
root rot incidence for durum wheat, oat and barley over three-year experience
(2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12) was studied in Northwest Tunisia. Roots and crown
isolates, from the three straw cereals, revealed that Fusarium culmorum was the
most observed pathogen. Disease incidences were determined by recovery
frequency of this fungus. DD Increased significantly (P

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P115 - Effect of previous crops and climatic
conditions on Fusarium foot and root rot and yield of
Durum wheat in North West Tunisia
S. Chekali 1 , S. Gargouri 2 , M. Rezgui 3 , T. Paulitz 4 , B. Nasraoui 5
1 Pôle Régional de Recherche et de Développement Agricoles du Nord-Ouest semi-aride à El Kef. B.P
221 -7100 Le Kef, Tunisia; 2 Laboratoire de protection des végétaux, Institut national de la recherche
agronomique de Tunisie, rue Hédi Karray 2049, Tunisia; 3 Laboratoire de science agronomique, Institut
national de la recherche agronomique de Tunisie/ Kef. B.P 221 -7100 Le Kef, Tunisia; 4 USDA-ARS,
Root Disease and Biological Control Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430,
USA; 5 Laboratoire de phytopathologie, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Avenue
Charles Nicolle, Cité Mahrajène, 1082 Belvédère-Tunis, Tunisia
E-mail: samirachekali@yahoo.fr
Fusarium crown and root rot affects most of the small grain cereals over the
world, especially durum wheat. Control of foot and root rot relies heavily on a
break from continuous cropping of cereals to decrease inoculum borne on plant
residues in the soil. The climatic conditions during the year and the preceding
crops were investigated for their effects on yields and the incidence and severity
of Fusarium culmorum and F. pseudograminearum on durum wheat over three
successive years in trials established in 2004 in Northwest Tunisia. Disease
incidences were determined by the frequency of recovery of these two fungi
species in stem bases and roots. The incidences were significantly higher
(P

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P116 - The potential risk of grain colonisation by
fumonisin-producing Fusarium spp. and fumonisin
synthesis in commercial maize in South Africa
B. Janse van Rensburg 1 , N. W. McLaren 2 , B. C. Flett 1,3
1 Agricultural Research Council-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom, 2520, South
Africa; 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300,
South Africa; 3 Unit for Environmental Science and Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-
West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
E-mail: FlettB@arc.agric.za
Fumonisins are carcinogenic mycotoxins that are produced primarily by Fusarium
verticillioides and F. proliferatum on maize, globally. The natural occurrence of
fumonisin producing Fusarium spp. and fumonisin contamination of maize grain
were quantified in selected maize cultivars from the major production areas of
South Africa. Samples were analysed using quantitative (q) real-time PCR to
determine the respective biomasses of fumonisin-producing Fusarium spp.
Fumonisin concentrations were quantified by means of High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated high natural infection by fumonisinproducing
Fusarium spp. and fumonisin concentrations in warmer production
areas such as Northern Cape, North West and Free State Provinces. High
fumonisin producing fungal biomass and concomitant fumonisin concentrations
(above 2 ppm in certain localities) quantified in this study, could negatively impact
grain quality and food safety and security due to the potentially harmful effects of
this mycotoxin on humans and animals. These data, together with meteorological
data were used to develop a preliminary model based on the non-linear, 3dimentional
Lorentzian equation (Sigmaplot 10.0). Fusarium colonisation of grain
and fumonisin concentrations were related to prevailing weather conditions during
early post-flowering and dough stage of grain development, respectively. Both
colonisation and fumonisin production were significantly inversely correlated with
mean maximum temperature (r=-0.77 and r=-0.60, respectively) with an optimum
temperature of 30.5°C and minimum relative humidity (r=-0.83 and r=-0.79,
respectively) with an optimum of 49.5 % during these critical growth periods.
Keywords: Fusarium, fumonisins, epidemiology, incidence
210

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P117 - Influence of weather conditions and planting
dates on deoxynivalenol accumulation in commercial
maize hybrids grown in Ontario, Canada
V. Limay-Rios 1 , R. Burlakoti 2 , K. Vink 2 , A. Schaafsma 1
1 University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada; 2 Weather INnovations
Incorporated, Chatham, Ontario, Canada
E-mail: vlimayri@uoguelph.ca
Fusarium graminearum is the most economically important plant pathogen
associated with ear rot and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in harvested
maize grain in Ontario. Swine are particularly vulnerable to DON exposure
causing feed refusal, weight loss and immune-suppression at low doses. High
levels of ear rot infection were observed in Ontario during the 2006 and 2011
growing season resulting in DON levels higher than the maximum tolerable level
for swine diets. In this study, grain samples from commercial fields and
experimental plots across Ontario collected from 2006 to 2012 were analyzed for
DON with a detection limit of 0.2 ppm. The impact of planting date, hybrid crop
heat unit (CHU) classification and weather conditions during different crop stages
on total DON accumulations in grains was assessed using partial least square
regression analyses. Results showed that hybrid CHU classification had less
influence on the variability of DON accumulation, while planting dates and
weather variables (temperature and rainfall) had a greater impact on DON
accumulation. In general, hybrids planted later had relatively higher DON levels at
harvest than those planted earlier. The maximum temperature during the period
between flowering and grain filling was inversely associated with DON
accumulation. The frequency and amount of rainfall specifically during flowering
(silking to blister stages), grain filling (milking to dent stages), and generally in the
period between flowering and grain filling critically affected the amount of DON
accumulation. In particular, temperature and rainfall during the grain filling period
was relatively more critical to DON accumulation compared with other
development stages. Higher daily maximum temperatures had a negative impact
while higher rainfall amounts had a positive impact on DON accumulation
throughout this period. The findings of this study will be useful to develop a future
weather-based DON prediction tool for maize.
Keywords : Fusarium, mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol, maize, weather, forecast
211

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P118 - Evaluation of Predictive Models for Wheat
Fusarium Head Blight under Growing Conditions of
Quebec, Canada
M.-E. Giroux 1 , A. Vanasse 1 , G. Bourgeois 2 , Y. Dion 3 , S. Rioux 4 , D. Pageau 5 , S.
Zoghlami 6 , C. Parent 7 , E. Vachon 8
1 Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6; 2 Agriculture et Agroalimentaire
Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, J3B 3E6; 3 Centre de recherche sur les grains inc. (CÉROM),
Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, QC, J3G 0E2; 4 Centre de recherche sur les grains inc. (CÉROM), Complexe
Scientifique, Québec, QC, G1P 3W8; 5 Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Normandin, QC,
Canada, G8M 4K3; 6 Fédération des producteurs de cultures commerciales du Québec, Longueuil,
QC, J4H 4G4; 7 MAPAQ, 200 chemin Ste-Foy, 10ème étage, Québec, QC, G1R 4X6; 8 Moulins de
Soulanges, 485 rue St-Philippe, Saint-Polycarpe, QC, J0P 1X0
E-mail: anne.vanasse@fsaa.ulaval.ca
Fusarium head blight is a fungal disease of cereals and maize causing economic
losses to farmers each year. To manage the risks associated with this disease,
many countries have developed predictive models. For instance, they have been
implemented in Ontario (Canada), in the United States, in Argentina, and in Italy,
but none of them have been made in Quebec (Canada). This work aims to
determine which model produces the most accurate predictions of disease
infection and/or mycotoxins content in the weather conditions occurring in
Quebec. Spring wheat was grown during two seasons and winter wheat during
one season at four experimental sites located in the three different cereal
production zones of Quebec. The selected models for evaluation produce
predictions of deoxynivalenol (DON) content (Canada, Italy), disease incidence
(Argentina, Italy infection) and probability of epidemic (United States). Data from
plots without fungicide (52 samplings) was used to test the models listed above.
Then, the reliability of the selected models was evaluated with receiver operating
characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was used to
assess an epidemic or non epidemic situation for each sampling of the data set.
Models from the United States and Argentina were more reliable than the others
when the thresholds recommended in the literature were adjusted. Pairwise
comparisons showed that there was no difference between the areas under the
ROC curves (AUCs) of the American and Argentinean models. The reliability of
the different models will be validated with data from fifty commercial fields.
Therefore, the American and the Argentinean models are a good starting point for
a model adapted to wheat production in Quebec.
Keywords: disease forecasting, fusarium head blight, deoxynivalenol, wheat
212

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P119 - Predicting Deoxynivalenol in Oats under
Northern European Conditions
T. Börjesson 1 , O. Elen 2 , C. G. Pettersson 1 , T. Persson 2 , H. Eckersten 3
1 Lantmännen, P.O. Box 30192 SE-104 25 Stockholm, Sweden; 2 Bioforsk, Norwegian Institute for
Agricultural and Environmental Research, Norway; 3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-
750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
E-mail: thomas.borjesson@lantmannen.com
Contamination of Deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by fungi within the genus
Fusarium, is an increasing problem in the production of oats in Norway and
Sweden. This crop is susceptible to Fusarium-infection especially during the
flowering stage. The goal of this study is to adapt and test a dynamic model,
which, given an inoculum source, calculates the risk of DON contamination in oats
as a function of planting date and the prevailing weather conditions. This model
could be used, alone, or in combination with statistical models. The model,
including the calculation of DON risk indices, is adapted to oats from previous
prediction models of Fusarium infections and DON contamination in wheat (Rossi
et al., 2003, Bulletin OEPP/EPPO 33, 421-425; Del Ponte et al., 2005,
Fitopatologia Brasileira 30, 634-642). Field experiments with four oat cultivars (cv
Axeli, Belinda, Ivory and Kerstin) are carried out at four locations in south-eastern
Norway and western Sweden during the period 2012-2014. The appearance of
panicles over time and the flowering progression within single panicles are
assessed. Daily data of air temperature, precipitation and relative air humidity, are
obtained from weather stations near the field experiments. DON is analyzed in
samples taken at grain maturity using ELISA (Ridascreen, Rhone.Biopharm,
Darmstadt, Germany). Crucial model parameters for the flowering progress of
oats, and thus also for the susceptible tissue that is available for an infection at a
given time, are calibrated against the experimental data. In addition, different
functions to describe the direct impact of weather factors on an infection are
evaluated against experimental and weather data. Subsequently, we apply
different methods to evaluate the model against DON samples collected from
farmers’ fields together with field and management data. Results, so far, indicate
that this model could be a useful tool to predict DON in oats in Scandinavia.
Keywords: DON, flowering, simulation model, weather impact
213

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P120 - A hierarchical bayesian approach to predict the
risk of Fusarium head blight in wheat
J. M. C. Fernandes, M. Nicolau
Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR 285, km 294, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil 99001-970
E-mail: mauricio.fernandes@embrapa.br
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease of increasing concern to both yield
and grain quality. Risk modeling and prediction can be useful in disease
management and new data and statistical approaches can improve accuracy of
the predictions. Ultimately, management decisions need to be based on the
outbreak probability. Currently most approaches for risk assessment rely upon
deterministic weather-driven models based on regression techniques. After more
than a decade of development and use of a FHB decision support system across
Brazil wheat producing areas, an improvement was made taking into account the
prediction of airborne inoculum. Thus, motivating us to explore other modeling
techniques that could provide a cohesive statistical framework and formally
integrate the available information on both disease life cycle and observations.
The improved system is based on a Hierarchical Bayesian (HB) method to
estimate the probability of FHB outbreaks. Prior distributions of the estimates for
each model component were derived from previous studies using MCMC (Markov
Chain Monte Carlo) algorithms. A sample-based approach combines inference
from different crop/disease cycle processes: spore dispersal, wheat heading and
flowering, infection risk and host susceptibility. As result, predictions were
consistent with actual epidemic data both from non epidemic and epidemic years.
This study contributes with novel statistical approaches to predict FHB risk than
can integrate decision support systems to assist on FHB management.
Hierarchical Bayesian modeling is demonstrated as both a useful analytical tool
for FHB risk management and a natural investigative paradigm for developing and
focusing on the release of new wheat cultivars.
Keywords: modeling, risk assessment, decision-making
214

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P121 - Pathogenic fungi associated with Fusarium
seedling root rot in winter cereals in 2012
A. Jonaviciene, R. Semaskiene, S. Suproniene
Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto aleja 1,
Akademija, LT 58344, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania
E-mail: akvile@lzi.lt
In order to establish the species composition of seedling root rot in winter cereals
in Lithuania laboratory and field experiments were done in winter rye ‘Agronom H‘,
winter barley ‘Cinderella‘ and winter wheat ‘Ada‘ at Institute of Agriculture, LRCAF
in 2012. The seeds heavily infected with Fusarium spp. were drilled in the field.
Samples of 400 seeds of each crop were examined on a PDA medium. Infection
level of Fusarium pathogens on the seeds of winter triticale was 42 %, of winter
barley – 38 % and of winter wheat – 45 %. Seedlings with brown spots on the
coleoptiles were collected from untreated plots at BBCH 14-21 growth stages.
Twenty plants per plot were taken from 4 replicates. Samples of plant stem
fragments with symptoms (1-1.5 cm) were washed for 20 min in running water,
surface – sterilized in 1.5 % sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, washed 3 times in
sterile water ant plated onto a PDA medium with 150 mg l -1 streptomycin sulphate
(Irzykowska, Baturo, 2008; Kwaśna et al. 1991). After 10 days of incubation at
20°C, Fusarium spp. was transferred to Petri dishes with PDA and SNA media for
10 days at 23°C and identified according to the manuals of Nelson et al. (1983)
and Leslie and Summerell (2006). F. culmorum, F. avenaceum and F.
graminerum dominated on seedling stem base of winter rye, F. avenaceum, F.
tricinctum and F. graminearum – on winter barley. F. culmorum, F. tricinctum were
identified on winter wheat seedlings.
Acknowledgements: The paper presents research findings obtained through the
long-term research programme "Harmful organisms in agro and forest
ecosystems" implemented by Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and
Forestry.
Keywords: Fusarium, root rot, infection, identification
215

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P122 - Distribution of the airborne inoculum of
Gibberella zeae in Belgium
G. Dedeurwaerder 1 , M. Duvivier 2 , P. Hellin 1 , M.-E. Renard 1 , V. Van Hese 1 , A.
Legrève 1
1 Université catholique de Louvain – Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Phytopathology,
Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.03, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve ; 2 Walloon Agricultural Research Centre,
Plant Protection and Ecotoxicology Unit, Rue du Bordia 11, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
Email: geraldine.dedeurwaerder@uclouvain.be
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a common fungal disease in winter wheat in
Belgium, causing yield losses and sanitary problems due to the production of
mycotoxins by species associated with the disease. Fusarium graminearum
(teleomorph Gibberalle zeae), one of the most important species involved in the
species complex causing FHB, is able to produce wind-dispersed ascospores by
sexual reproduction. In order to analyse the distribution of G. zeae airborne
inoculum throughout the year, particularly between heading and flowering, and to
understand the role of this inoculum in the infection of the wheat ears, a network
of Burkard spore traps was set up in fields in the Walloon region in Belgium in the
2011-2012 growing season. Total DNA from each fragment of spore trap tape,
corresponding to 1 day of sampling, was extracted and the quantity of G. zeae
was assessed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Initial
results showed the occurrence of G. zeae airborne inoculum between heading
and flowering. The relationship between the distribution of the inoculum and the
prevalence of G. zeae on infected ears collected in fields was studied in order to
assess whether spore traps, coupled with real-time PCR, could be used to
improve the understanding of FHB epidemiology, the prediction of this disease
and the control strategies.
Keywords: Fusarium head blight, spore trap, wheat
216

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P123 - The frequency of isolation of Fusarium species
from stem bases of grass weeds of field crops in
Tunisia
S. Gargouri 1 , S. Jemaiel 1 , S. Chekali 2 , M. Fakhfakh 3
1 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, rue Hédi Karray, 2049, Tunisia; 2 Pôle
Régional de Recherche et de Développement Agricoles du Nord Ouest semi-aride, B.P 221, 7100, Le
Kef, Tunisia; 3 Institut National des Grandes Cultures, B.P 120, 8170, BouSalem, Tunisia
E-mail: sgargouri@yahoo.com
Foot and root rot of wheat, caused by F. culmorum, is a serious problem in the
wheat areas of Tunisia where highly susceptible durum cultivars predominate. F.
culmorum has a wide host range. However we know little of the role of grass
weeds in rotation crops as potential over-seasoning hosts of this species or other
pathogenic Fusarium species in this region. A total of 1566 plants representing
ten species (Agropyrum junceum, Avena alba, Bromus madritensis B. rigidus,
Hordeum murinum H. vulgare, Lolium rigidum, Phalaris minor, P. paradoxa, P.
truncata) were collected from the main climatic areas of the grain belt and the
presence of Fusarium species was determined by isolation. Stem bases were
surface sterilized and plated on ¼ PDA and the Fusarium species that we
recovered were identified morphologically. F. culmorum was the dominant species
isolated and was recovered from stem bases of all ten grass species. Other
Fusarium species were isolated at lower frequencies: F. equiseti, F. oxysporum,
F. avenceum, F. compactum and F. acuminatum. These results demonstrate that
wild grasses harbor Fusarium species, including F. culmorum the predominant
species causing foot and root rot in Tunisia. Consequently grass weeds, a serious
problem in many rotation crops in Tunisia, presumably contribute to the
maintenance of inoculum levels of F. culmorum during the rotation phase.
Keywords: Fusarium, wheat, grass weeds
217

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P124 - Saprophytic survival of Fusarium graminearum
in crop residues
J. Leplat 1 , L. Falchetto 2 , P. Mangin 2 , C. Heraud 1 , E. Gautheron 1 , N.
Gautheron 1 , V. Edel-Hermann 1 , C. Steinberg 1
1 INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France; 2 INRA, UE Domaine
d’Epoisses, F-21110 Bretenières, France
Email: christian.steinberg@dijon.inra.fr
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is one of the most important disease altering wheat
crops. A field experiment was conducted to better understand the saprotrophic
development of Fusarium graminearum and its consequences on FHB, to
characterize the relative importance of the different sources of FHB inoculum and
the accumulation of mycotoxins in grains and subsequently, to determine early
indicators of future disease development on ears and accumulation of mycotoxins
in grains. The development of F. graminearum in the soil and crop residues was
monitored in controlled conditions.
The inoculum hosted by seeds and/or buried with crop residues in the topsoil had
only an effect on the winter development of the disease. In contrast, the main
source of inoculum causing FHB disease on ears and accumulation of mycotoxins
in wheat kernels came from residues left on the soil surface. Monitoring of plant
development from sowing to harvest, crop management and soil and weather
conditions produced a large database. Unfortunately, the role of climate was
decisive in the development of the Fusarium-host plant interaction, thus prevented
the use of early indicators to accurately predict the risks of yield losses and
accumulation of mycotoxins involved.
F. graminearum was regulated by the soil microflora. However, crop residues
provide the fungus spatial and trophic niches favourable to its development. The
exploitation of these niches by F. graminearum depends on the nature (previous
crop and C/N) of the residues. Maize stubbles provide a greater carrying capacity
than wheat straw and rapeseed residues while mustard has a suppressive effect
for the fungus.
The management of crop residues is a key point to control the development of
FHB. A strong emphasis should be placed on the biological decomposition of crop
residues at the soil surface or/and on the use of suppressive intermediate crops
such as mustard to limit the soil inoculum potential of saprotrophic F.
graminearum.
Keywords: early indicators, ecological niche, epidemiology, conservatoire
biological control
218

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P125 - The potential of biofungicides in controlling
soil born pathogen on tomato by inducing defense
response
W. Jendoubi 1 , R. Rodriguez 2 , W. Hamada 1
1 Laboratory of Genetics, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia; 2 Sustainable Agro Solutions S.A,
Almacelles (Lleida), Spain
Email: w_hamada@yahoo.com
Some bio-fungicides were characterized for the mode of action and their
effectiveness in controlling soil born disease on tomato. Five natural products
containing seaweed, carbohydrates, phosphite, chitosan and the beneficial
bacterium Pseudomonas putida were compared to salicylic acid used as
reference as known to be involved in defense response pathway. Their indirect
mode of action was analyzed by application of the products on the plants before
challenging with the pathogen. The telluric fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
radicis Lycopersici (FORL) and the tomato crop were used as model of study.
Due to the difficulty of monitoring the efficacy of products in the amended soil, a
hydroponic system was adopted. After the application of either the tested or the
reference products, the effectiveness is evaluated based on the development of
disease symptoms on shoots and roots of the attacked plants. In order to
understand better the mode of action of these bio-fungicides in planta, analysis of
the release of the secondary metabolites specific of plant defense such as soluble
phenolics was undertaken and showed an accumulation of these compounds in
leaves of treated tomato plants. RT-PCR analysis of expression of the gene
encoding phenyl-amenia-lyase (PAL), encoding the synthesis of phytoalexin
representing parts of these compounds, confirmed the results found earlier.
Accordingly, the resistance observed in treated plants may be a direct result to
the accumulation of several phenolic compounds. Similarly peroxidase activity
has been assessed in leaves and roots of treated and inoculated tomato plants by
FORL. This analysis showed a remarkable increase of peroxidase activity in
treated and inoculated plants which is more significant in roots than in leaves. RT-
PCR analysis performed on the gene encoding peroxidase (PR9) confirmed the
results obtained following the peroxidase activity. Molecular analysis was also
undertaken in order to explain the mechanism that may be the basis of the type of
reaction observed. This analysis was based on monitoring the expression of three
genes encoding for three PR proteins namely PR2, PR4 and PR1and a gene that
lies upstream of all proteins PRs (NPR1). Follow up of the gene expression
showed accumulation of the PR proteins depending on the applied product. Thus,
we can conclude that part of the resistance observed may be explained by the
accumulation of transcripts of PR4, PR2 and PR1 after products application.
Keywords: biofungicides, plant defense activator, Fusarium
219

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P126 - Study of the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma
spp. against Fusarium spp. and M. nivale involved in
Fusarium head blight and root rot of wheat.
H. Boureghda, N. Abdellah, Y. Dane
Département de Botanique- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSA)-El Harrach- Algiers-
Algeria
E-mail: hou.boureghda@gmail.com
Three isolates belonging to the species T. atroviride (Ta.13), T. harzianum (Th. 6) and
T. longibrachiatum (TL.9) were tested against six Fusarium species (F. culmorum, F.
graminearum, F. avenaceum, F. lateritium, F. solani, F. verticilliodes) and M. nivale.
Tests were carried out using in vitro and in vivo based bioassay. Evaluation of
antagonistic activity in vitro was performed using two techniques: direct and indirect
confrontation. In the case of direct confrontation, a net reduction of the pathogen
growth was observed with variability in the sensitivity of Fusarium spp. and M. nivale
towards Trichoderma species and also on the effectiveness of Trichoderma species
tested. Their effectiveness was evaluated by the percentage of the pathogen colony
growth reduction which varied from 12.28% to 100%. The highest percentage growth
reduction of all Fusarium species and M. nivale was obtained with the isolate Ta.13
(T. atroviride) where a percentage of 100% was obtained with F. lateritium, F. solani
and M. nivale species. Once more, in direct confrontation pathogens isolates colonies
were invaded by Trichoderma with a variability of this behavior which varied from total
recovery, partial or no recovery by the antagonist. In the case of Fusarium species,
total or partial recovery with the species T. atroviride and T. longibrachiatum and no
recovery with the species T. harzianum were observed. Nevertheless, a full recovery
of the pathogen colony was observed for M. nivale with the three species T. atroviride
(Ta.13), T. harzianum (Th.16) and T. longibrachiatum (TL.9). By using this technique,
it was shown that M. nivale is the most sensitive species towards Trichoderma. In
indirect confrontation (no direct contact) between the pathogen and the antagonist,
where inhibition occurs only as a result of volatile antifungal substances produced by
the antagonist, significant reductions on the pathogen growth compared to the control
were obtained. Percentage of reduction varied between 5.05 and 74 .54%, and the
highest percentages within Fusarium species were obtained with T. atroviride (Ta.13).
Nevertheless for M. nivale, the highest percentage of reduction was obtained with T.
longibrachiatum (TL.9). By in vivo bioassay, Ta.13 (T. atroviride) isolate which has
been proved to be most effective in vitro test was assessed against the species F.
culmorum by seed treatment before sowing wheat in soil infested with F. culmorum.
As result, a percentage of inhibition of disease severity of 70.44% was obtained
showing the effectiveness of this species in wheat protection against root rot and
crown rot. In this study it was also shown the production of antifungal volatile 6PP (6pentyl-α-pyrone)
by Ta.13 and that this isolate is a major producer of 6PP.
Keywords: Fusarium spp. direct confrontation, indirect confrontation, 6PP
220

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P127 - Biological formulations for control of Fusarium
verticillioides and fumonisins in maize at field level
M. Sartori 3 , A. Nesci 1, 2 , M. Etcheverry 1,2
1 Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de
Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N°
36 Km 601, Río Cuarto (5800), Córdoba, Argentina; 2 Members of the Research Career, Consejo
Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; 3 Doctoral Fellow of
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
E-mail: metcheverry@exa.unrc.edu.ar
Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg is a seed-transmitted pathogen that
infects maize during the different growth and developmental stages. Under
favorable conditions, the pathogen produces fumonisins that have potencial
toxicity for humans and animals. In order to control this fungal species different
strategies are being considered. Biological control with antagonistics native
bacteria, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Microbacterium oleovorans against F.
verticillioides infection and fumonisin B1 production in field-grown was evaluated.
During four consecutive maize growing seasons (2004-2005; 2005-2006; 2006-
2007 and 2007-2008) the biocontrol agents were applied in liquid inoculum, and in
the 2009-2010 growing seasons the biocontrol agents were applied as the active
components of two liofilized formulations. All assays were performed in Río
Cuarto, Córdoba province, central area of Argentina. Inoculation with liquid
inoculum of both biocontrol agents significantly reduced F. verticillioides
propagules in maize grains and promoted a significant reduction on fumonisin B1
contents of harvested grains during three of the four evaluated season. In 2007-
2008 growing season the reduction were of 47% and 81% with B.
amyloliquefaciens and M. oleovorans, respectively. Inoculation with liofilized
formulations did not affect F. verticillioides propagules, but fumonisin B1 in
harvested grains were significantly reduced. In 2009-2010 growing season with
the formulations of B. amyloliquefaciens the reduction was 51% and with
formulations of M. oleovorans was 72%. Therefore, the addition of biocontrol
agents could significantly improve the quality of maize, and also offers the
advantage of working with a biological product that does not harm the
environment. The liquid inoculum has a limited useful life, and therefore the
inoculation of the seeds must be performed in a short time. The liofilized
formulations maintain the biocontrol activity of the bacterial agents, and they also
have the advantage of being stable both to prolonged storage and to
environmental fluctuations in the field.
Keywords: Fusarium verticillioides, fumonisin B1, maize, field biocontrol
221

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P128 - Lactic acid bacteria [LAB]: potential for control
of Fusarium growth
N. Dalanaj 1,2 , F. Gaggìa 2 , L. Baffoni 2 , D. Alkadri 2 , P. Nipoti 2 , D. Di Gioia 2
1 Department of Industrial chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tirana University. Bulevardi Zogu i
Parë,Tirana; 2 Department of Agricultural Sciences - DipSA, Bologna University, Viale Fanin 44, 40127
Bologna, Italy
E-mail: diana.digioia@unibo.it
Lactic Acid Bacteria [LAB] are worldwide known as probiotic microorganisms. One
of the most important probiotic feature is their strong activity against a wide range
of harmful bacteria/fungi (Gaggìa et al., 2011). Production of organic acids and
production of antagonistic compounds are the main mechanisms described
nowadays. This work focuses on the in vitro selection of LAB strains isolated from
environmental sources against Fusarium genus. Fusarium is a well distributed
genus of filamentous fungi affecting plant, animal and human health. In the
agricultural field, Fusarium is one of the most important plant pathogenic genera,
with a record of devastating infections in various economically important plants. In
this study, in vitro antagonistic effects of 18 isolates of Lactobacillus spp. were
evaluated against F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, agent of tracheofusariosis in
Lactuca sativa, F. culmorum and F. graminearum, agents of severe diseases in
cereals. Fungal inhibition was performed using spot agar test in a triplicate assay
(Magnusson et al., 2003). Overnight cultures of LAB were inoculated as spot on
MRS agar plates and allowed to grow at 30°C for 24 h. The plates were then
overlaid with 10 ml of PDA containing 10 4 mould spores/ml. After 48-72 h of
aerobic incubation at 25°C, the zone of inhibition was measured. All LAB strains
(except one) showed antifungal activity against all Fusarium species (inhibition
halo between 23.7- 65.3 mm). The highest halos were obtained against F.
graminearum on which 50% of the LAB strains showed a total growth inhibition of
the colony. These results are probably related to the high amount of organic acids
produced by LAB strains but it can also be hypothesized the presence of
antifungal compounds. In vivo application of the most successful LAB strains is
foreseen towards wheat and lettuce to confirm in vitro results.
Keywords: LAB, biocontrol, Fusarium, growth
222

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P129 - Screening of antagonistic activity of
indigenous bacteria against two Fusarium species
S. Mezaache-Aichour, N. Sayah, N. Haichour, A. Guechi, M. M. Zerroug
Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Sétif “I”, 19000,
Sétif, ALGERIA.
E-mail: mezaic2002@yahoo.fr; med.zerroug@gmail.com
The genus Fusarium is one of the most important fungi that include many
pathogenic species, causing a wide range of plant diseases. The genus Fusarium
is a ubiquitous soil saprophyte and has been isolated from debris and roots,
stems and seeds of a wide variety of plants. Since, resistant plant varieties are
not available for several soil-borne pathogens and chemical control is often
insufficiently effective in soil. The enhancement of disease suppressive properties
of soils will limit disease development, thus, being of great importance for
sustainable agriculture as well as organic farming systems. The aim of this
research is to test the inhibitory effect of some indigenous bacterial strains
isolated from two potato fields, in Sétif (east of Algeria) against two fusaria strains,
using the confrontation test. The results showed that among 50 bacterial strains
only 11 showed an important antifungal activity against the tested
phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis and Fusarium solani
var. coeruleum. This activity varies within the fields. The percent inhibition rate
was from 0 to 92.30 %, especially against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. bi with a
rate of 92 %. The strain 8 from the first field inhibited Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
albedinis with 53,84 % and had no effect against Fusarium solani var. coeruleum,
while the strain17 from the second field inhibited Fusarium solani var. coeruleum
with 85 % and had a very low effect against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis
with 1,25 %.
Keywords: Fusarium, indigenous bacteria, antagonism, biocontrol
223

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P130 - Effect of CLO-1 biofungicide on perithecial
production of Gibberella zeae on crop residues
A. G. Xue 1 , Y. H. Chen 1 , H. D. Voldeng 1 , G. Fedak 1 , T. Längle 2 , J. X. Zhang 2 ,
G. E. Harman 3
1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), 960
Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6; 2 Pest Management Centre, AAFC, Ottawa, ON, Canada
K1A 0C6; 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA 14456-0462
E-mail: allen.xue@agr.gc.ca
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Gibberella zeae (anamorph: Fusarium
graminearum), is a destructive disease of wheat. Previous studies demonstrated
that Clonostachys rosea strain ACM941 is a G. zeae antagonist by inhibiting
mycelial growth and reducing FHB severity. The objective of this research was to
evaluate the efficacy of CLO-1, a formulated product of ACM941 for reducing
perithecial production on various crop residues in comparison with registered
fungicide Folicur (tebuconazole) under field conditions. When applied on G. zeae
inoculated corn, soybean and wheat residues in spring each year of 2009 and
2010, CLO-1 significantly inhibited the perithecial production on all the crop
residue types, reducing daily perithecial production (DPP) by 89.4% on corn
residue, 92.2% on soybean residue and 88.6% on wheat residue, compared with
the untreated control. When applied on naturally infected wheat residues in the
fall each year of 2009 and 2010, CLO-1 significantly reduced DPP in the following
growing season by 72.3% on peduncle, 51.0% on spikelet, and 57.2% on
stem. These effects were better but not significantly different from those achieved
by Folicur fungicide used as positive control in the same experiments. Results of
this study suggest that CLO-1 is a promising biofungicide against G. zeae and
may be used as a control measure in an integrated FHB management program to
reduce the initial inoculum, and thus reduce FHB severity and increase yield and
grain quality.
Keywords: Fusarium head blight, biological control,Gibberella zeae
224

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P131 - Identification of Pseudomonas bacteria
associated with roots of Piper tuberculatum able to
inhibit in vitro growth of Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis
A. M. Lima, S. B. Nascimento, W. U. Brito, C. M. Y. Cardoso, S. P. Reis, C. R.
B. Souza
Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará,
Belém, PA, Brazil. 66075-110.
E-mail: bsouza@ufpa.br
Endophytic bacteria have been found colonizing internal tissues in many different
plants, where they can promote several beneficial effects, including defense
against pathogens. In this work we aimed to identify endophytic bacteria
associated with roots of the tropical Piper tuberculatum, which is known for its
resistance to infection by Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis, causal agent of root rot
disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in the Amazon region. According to
comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, we isolated 23 endophytes
(Pt1 to Pt23) belonging to 13 genera: Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas,
Enterobacter, Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Agrobacterium, Ralstonia, Serratia,
Cupriavidus, Mitsuaria, Pantoea, and Staphylococcus. Antagonistic assays
revealed that Pt12 and Pt13 isolates, identified as Pseudomonas putida and
Pseudomonas sp., respectively, were able to inhibit the F. solani f. sp. piperis
growth on PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium. Statistical analyzes using Tukey
test showed that Pt12 and Pt13 isolates significantly inhibited the F. solani f. sp.
piperis growth in 38.96% and 55.31%, respectively. Here, we report the first
evidence of P. tuberculatum associated endophytic bacteria as potential biological
control agent of pathogen causing the root rot disease of black pepper in the
Amazon region.
Supported by: CNPq, Capes, FAPESPA, UFPA
Keywords: Amazon region, Biological control, Black pepper, Endophytic bacteria,
Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis, Root rot disease.
225

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P132 - Study of the effect of Pseudomonas spp.
fluorescent for the suppression of Fusarium wilt of
tomato
F. Bensaid 1 , M. Benchaabane 2
1 ENSA Elharrach Alger, Algeria; 2 University saad dahlab Blida, Algeria
E-mail: b.fatiha79@yahoo.fr
The objective of our present work is the description of the antagonistic capacities
of two strains of Pseudomonas fluorescence (S20 and CHAO) and the
nonpathogenic fungic isolate FO47 Fusarium oxysporum against
phytopathogenics agents: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lycopersici
Assays in vitro showed that our antagonists inhibit with a high level the mycelia
growth, conidia germination and elongation of structure’s pathogens. It has been
noted the implication of antibiosis effects as those of the trophic competition. The
inhibition of these vital parameters, for the development of pathogenic, can
contribute amply in the repression of its reproduction and infection processes. The
interactions experimented in hosts plants tomato or flax (in situ assays), with the
application of the antagonists, permitted to reduce meaningful way the
development of both wilt fusarium diseases qualitatively and quantitatively. The
rates of infected plants regressed significantly and severity was low.
Soil microbial balance, between the antagonistic population and that of
pathogenic, can be modulated through microbiological variations or abiotics
additives influencing directly or indirectly the metabolic behavior microbial. In this
experiment, addition of glucose or EDTA, could increase or decrease the
resistance of soil by activation of pathogenic or antagonists, as a result of
modification and modulation in their metabolic activities. In our tests it was noted
the positive or negative effect on the pathogenic population, expressed through its
infectious capacities, by supporting its development or that of the antagonistic
bacteria by stimulating its secondary metabolic activity (synthesis of
siderophores).
Keywords: Pseudomonas spp. fluorescents, nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum,
Fusarium wilt, antagonism, biological - control, induced systemic resistance, soil
receptivity
226

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P133 - Busseola fusca and Fusarium verticillioides
interaction on Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin
production in Bt and non-Bt maize hybrids in South
Africa
E. Ncube 1 , B. C. Flett 1,2 , J. van den Berg 2 , J. B. J. van Rensburg 1 , A. Viljoen 3
1 ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa, 2 Unit of
Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom,
2520, South Africa, 3 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1,
Matieland, 7602, South Africa
E-mail: FlettB@arc.agric.za
Fusarium verticillioides causes Fusarium ear rot (FER) and produces fumonisin
mycotoxins in maize. The feeding habits of stem borers have been associated
with an increase in the incidence and severity of Fusarium ear rot in maize.
Insecticidal proteins synthesised in transgenic (Bt) maize are toxic to stem borer
larvae and have been found to reduce FER as well as fumonisin production in the
USA. In this study, the effect of the B. fusca x F. verticillioides interaction on FER
and fumonisin production was investigated in a transgenic hybrid (PAN6236B)
which expressed the MON810 Bt event, and in its non-transgenic isohybrid
(PAN6126). Treatments on PAN6236B and PAN6126 included a F. verticillioides
(MRC 826) spore suspension injected into the silk channel at the blister stage, B.
fusca infestation into the plant whorl at the 12-13 th leaf stage, and both F.
verticillioides inoculation and B. fusca infestation. Control treatments which were
neither inoculated with F. verticillioides nor infested with B. fusca were included.
All treatments had six replicates, and the experiment was repeated over three
seasons. FER was visually rated and the B. fusca damage measured on the ears
after harvest. Fumonisins were quantified using HPLC. Results indicated that the
B. fusca x F. verticillioides interaction significantly increased FER in the nontransgenic
hybrid only, but did not significantly increase fumonisin production in
both hybrids, suggesting that B. fusca is possibly a vector of F. verticillioides.
There was a significant correlation (r = 0.25; P < 0.05, n = 141) between FER and
fumonisin production in the non-transgenic hybrid, while in the transgenic hybrid
the correlation was non-significant, indicating that transgenic hybrids can have
high fumonisin levels without visible FER symptoms. In conclusion, this study
showed that B. fusca damage to maize ears increases FER, but it has no effect
on fumonisin production.
Keywords: Fusarium, fumonisins, stalkborer, Bt maize
227

SESSION 5: DISEASE CONTROL AND FORECASTING MODELS
P134 - Screening of Emericella nidulans for biological
control of tomato Fusarium wilt in Lao PDR
P. Sibounnavong 1 , K. Soytong 2
1 Plant Protection Division, Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of
Laos, Vientiane, 7322, Lao PDR; 2 Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institue of
Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Chalongkrung Road, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
E-mail: ssibounnavong@gmail.com
The isolate VTS16 was significantly highest disease index of tomato wilt caused
by F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici var Sida which categorized as high virulent. E.
nidulans isolate L01 is screened to be the most potential antagonistic fungus
against F. oxysporum f sp lycopersici which inhibited spore production of 82.05 %.
Crude methanol of E. nidulans isolate L01 expressed antifungal activity against F.
oxysporum f sp lycopersici at the ED50 of 112 µg/ml, and follwed by crude ethyl
acetate and crude hexane which were 379 and 915 µg/ml, respectively.
Thereafter, E. nidulans L01 cultured on PDB at pH 8 and mixed PDB and CWDB
at pH6 produced the highest fungal biomass and suitable to propagate for spore
production.
Disease index in oil based formulation produced from E. nidulans isolate L01
gave the lowest wilt incidence of tomato var Sida (DSI 1.75) and followed by
powder based formulation (DSI 2.00), culture filtrate (DSI 2.75) and prochoraz
(DSI 3.50) when compared to inoculated control (DSI 4.75). It is shown that oil
based formulation showed significantly better plant height (119.25 cm) than
powder based formulation which plant height was 109.75 cm and followed by
culture filtrate and prochoraz which plant height were 84.50 and 73.00 cm,
respectively when compared to the inoculated control (62.75 cm). Powder and oil
based formulations gave the plant weight of 91.75 and 98.50 g/plant which better
in plant weight than culture filtrate and prochoraz (68.00 and 67.00 g/plant) which
non-significantly differed when compared the inoculated control (64.00 g/plant).
Results in root weight and fruit number/plant were similar to those in plant weight.
Tomato treated with oil and powder based formulation of E. nidulans isolate L01
gave the highest yields (fruit weight) of 218.50 and 197.50 g/plant, respectively
and followed by treated with culture filtrate and prochoraz which yielded 128.00
and 107.00 g/plant, respectively when compared to the inoculated control (83.75
g/plant). As a result, it is indicated that power and oil based formulations
increased in plant growth parameters 30-60 % when compared to inoculated
control. Oil and powder based formulations reduced the wilt incidence of 63.15
and 57.89 % and followed by culture filtrate and prochoraz which reduced wilt
incidence of 42.10 and 36.31 %, respectively.
Keywords: Emericella nidulans, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, crude
extracts, bio-agent formulations
228

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLDWIDE
P135 - Current situation with Fusarium head blight on
small grain cereals in Russia
O. P. Gavrilova, T. Y. Gagkaeva
All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), Sh. Podbelskogo 3, 196608, Saint-Petersburg –
Pushkin, Russia
E-mail: olgavrilova1@yandex.ru
In Russia the total sawn area of cereals for grain and green fodder is near 45
million hectares. Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) occur in the most regions of
Russia where small grain cereals are grown. Frequency of damaged kernels and
Fusarium species were analysed across the regions. The maximum of FDK as
40% was detected in commercial grains from Krasnodar kray (2011-2012). Totally
more than 20 Fusarium spp. were isolated from surface sterilized kernels and
identified. Those Fusarium species that predominate in complex of pathogens
vary depending on the region and season. Surveys performed clearly show the
potential risk for Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals, particularly for T-2/HT-2 toxins.
The levels of these toxins are related to occurrence of F. sporotrichioides and F.
langsethiae. F. sporotrichioides has detected on all cereal production territory. F.
langsethiae has been predominantly found on the territory of European part of
Russia. Last years it has one of the most prevalent positions in Fusarium complex
of pathogens in Central and South European parts. The levels of DON are
positively related to infected kernels by F. graminearum. This pathogen belongs to
geographically restricted fungi and detected largely in Russian Far East and
South-European area. This pathogen sporadically isolated from grains in Central
European and North-western regions. According to our investigations only 3-
AcDON- and 15-AcDON chemotypes detected among F. graminearum isolates.
NIV chemotype of F. graminearum was not found on the observed territory. For
uncertain reasons in recent years prevalence of F. tricinctum is significantly
increasing on small grain cereals in South European part where before this
pathogen seldom has been found.
The investigations were supported by the contract No. 14.518.11.7067 of the
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: Fusarium, fungi, mycotoxins, grain, Russia
229

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLDWIDE
P136 - Combating of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
albedinis attacking date palm in the south west of
Algeria by natural substances
N. Nahal Bouderba, H. Kadi, S. Moghtet, B. Meddah, A. Moussaoui
Laboratory of Plant Resource Development and food Security in Semi-Arid Areas, South West of
Algeria, BP417, University of Béchar, Algeria
E-mail: Norabechar@yahoo.fr
Bayoud disease, a vascular disease of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is
caused by a telluric fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa). It
represents the most serious problem for date palm cultivation particularly in North
Africa. Bayoud has destroyed more than two thirds of date palm groves in
Morocco and is now spreading through the west and center of Algeria.
The aim of this work is to study the effect of natural substances of Citrullus
colocynthis fruits against Fusarium oxysporum fs albidinus isolated from date
palm grove of Beni Abes.
Three extracts were prepared from dried bark and pulp of gourds, a maceration of
24 hours and a decoction of 1 hour in distilled water and a methanolic extract.
The evaluation of the radial growth on solid medium and evaluation of fungal
biomass on liquid medium are the techniques used in this study; the percentages
of inhibition of this Phytopathological strain are 100%; 93.58% and 84.61%
respectively for the aqueous macerate the aqueous extract and methanolic
extract.
Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum f.s albidinus, Bayoud, natural substances,
Phoenix dactylifera L, percentages of inhibition
230

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLDWIDE
P137 - A role for carboxylesterases in the chemotype
shift in F. graminearum populations?
C. Schmeitzl 1 , F. Berthiller 2 , M. Shams 2 , J. A. Torres-Acosta 1 , G.
Wiesenberger 1 , M. Lemmens 3 , P. Spörhase 1 , G. Adam 1
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU); 1 Department of Applied Genetics and Cell
Biology, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; 2 Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, Center of Analytical
Chemistry; 3 Biotechnology in Plant Production, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
E-mail: clemens.schmeitzl@boku.ac.at
A shift in F. graminearum populations, favoring the 3-Acetyl-DON (3-ADON) over
the 15-Acetyl-DON (15–ADON) chemotype, has been observed in many parts of
the world. In a wheat germ coupled in vitro transcription and translation system
the order of toxicity was determined to be 15 ADON > DON >>> 3-ADON. So it is
unclear why maintaining the 3-acetyl-group (which is used for self-protection
during toxin synthesis of Fusarium) could be of advantage. Our hypothesis is that
the C3-acetyl group prevents detoxification of DON to DON-3-O-glucoside by
cytosolic plant UDP-glucosyltransferases. There is evidence that this is the mode
of action of the now widely deployed resistance gene Fhb1 of wheat (Lemmens et
al. 2005). Yet, the toxin has to be deacetylated eventually, to be able to interact
with the ribosomal target. The deacetylation reactions are not only catalyzed by
seemingly cell surface associated extracellular Fusarium Tri8 protein but also by
currently uncharacterized plant carboxylesterases. Deacetylation of 3-ADON was
observed in different tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana and the monocot model
system Brachypodium distachyon, and in crop plants like wheat and maize.
Especially wheat ears can efficiently deacetylate 3-ADON into DON. Based on
sequence similarity with the carboxylesterase gene family of A. thaliana, we have
identified candidate genes in B. distachyon. The cellular localization of the gene
products is unknown, but some seem to be localized to the endoplasmatic
reticulum (ER) based on bioinformatics tools. If deacetylation takes place in the
ER, the released DON (protected there from cytosolic UGTs) might preferentially
target ribosomes at the rough ER. Some of the candidate Brachypodium
carboxylesterase genes were found to be induced upon 3-ADON treatment. We
have started to test the carboxylesterase activity by expressing candidate genes
in yeast and performing in vivo feeding assays.
Keywords: Fusarium, carboxylesterase, plant pathogen interaction
231

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLDWIDE
P138 - Occurrence of Fusarium spp., black
Aspergillus spp., and associated mycotoxins in Italian
maize in 2011
A. Moretti 1 , A. F. Logrieco 1 , A. Susca 1 , M. Sulyok 2 , R. Krska 2 , G. Mulè 1 , G. P.
Munkvold 3
1 Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, CNR-ISPA, Via Amendola
122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; 2 Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-
Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-
3430 Tulln, Austria; 3 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 160
Seed Science Ames, IA 50011, USA
E-mail: munkvold@iastate.edu
Infection by mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium is common in Italian maize, and
unacceptable levels of associated mycotoxins can sometimes occur. Levels of
infection and mycotoxin contamination vary across locations and years, therefore
monitoring these phenomena is an important ongoing activity. While fumonisin
contamination has traditionally been attributed solely to species of Fusarium,
recent evidence suggests that fungi in the genus Aspergillus (Section Nigri) may
also contribute to fumonisins in maize. In 2011, 153 maize kernel samples were
collected at harvest from fields in 7 Italian regions; incidence of fungal infection
was evaluated by culturing a subsample of kernels. Tentative species
identification by morphological characteristics was confirmed by sequencing part
of the β-tubulin (βt) and calmodulin (caM) genes, while a LC/MS/MS multimycotoxin
method was used to measure mycotoxins. Greater than 96% of
samples were contaminated by Fusarium species, ranging from 1% to 100% of
kernels, with a mean incidence per region ranging from 39.7% to 76.2%. Species
of Aspergillus in section Nigri occurred in approximately 29% of samples, ranging
from 1% to 33% of kernels with a mean incidence per region ranging from 0% to
4.3%. In samples infected with Aspergillus section Nigri, there was an inverse
relationship between levels of infection by Aspergillus spp. and levels of infection
by Fusarium spp. The occurrence of FBs was very high: 144 samples contained
FB1 with 74 samples ranging from 1 mg/kg to 181 mg/kg; 113 samples contained
FB2 with 35 samples ranging from 1 mg/kg to 45.1 mg/kg; 114 samples contained
FB3 with 12 samples ranging from 1 mg/kg to 10.3 mg/kg. Considering the high
levels of contamination by fumonisin-producing Fusarium species, it appears that
fumonisin contamination was primarily due to Fusarium spp., with little
contribution by Aspergillus spp. Other Fusarium mycotoxins also were common,
sometimes at high levels
Keywords: Aspergillus, fumonisins, Fusarium, Italy, maize
232

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLDWIDE
P139 - Relationship between cadmium and type B
trichothecenes contamination in wheat kernels
S. Claude 1 , V. Atanasova-Penichon 1 , L. Pinson-Gadais 1 , C. Ducos 1 , M-N.
Verdal-Bonnin 1 , L. Denaix 2 , J. Y. Cornu 2 , F. Richard-Forget 1
1 INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourleaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex-
France; 2 INRA, UMR 1220 TCEM, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourleaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon
cedex-France
E-mail: fforget@bordeaux.inra.fr
Cadmium (Cd) and mycotoxins are among the most worrying contaminants that
may affect the safety of wheat kernels and derived products. Cadmium is a trace
element naturally occurring in the environment, entering agrosystems through
natural processes (geological materials) and anthropogenic activities such as
atmosphere deposition, sewage sludge disposal, fertilizer application. It is readily
taken up by wheat crops and transferred to edible parts where it can be
accumulated. The main mycotoxin hazards associated with wheat in Europe
results from the development of toxigenic Fusarium species (mainly Fusarium
graminearum) in the growing crop and the most frequently encountered mycotoxin
is deoxynivalenol or DON, belonging to the type B trichothecenes group. Cd and
DON contents in commercialized kernels for human consumption are strictly
regulated in Europe (EC N o 1881/2006 and EC N o 856/2005, respectively).
Although there is no complete understanding of how wheat responds to soil Cd,
increasing evidence indicates that the toxicity of Cd may be associated with
oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. This Cd induced oxidative
stress together with the occurrence of Cd traces in kernels tissues are two factors
that can affect the infection and development of F. graminearum and its ability to
produce mycotoxins. Indeed reactive oxygen species and metals have been
reported to impact trichothecenes biosynthesis (Pinson-Gadais et al., 2008; Ponts
et al., 2007). To decipher this potential relationship, F. graminearum strains were
inoculated on kernels harvested from Cd-contaminated soils and in liquid media
supplemented with a gradient of Cd concentrations. Impact of Cd on fungal
growth and on DON biosynthesis was investigated together with the ability of Cd
to induce oxidative stress in the fungal cell and of F. graminearum to
bioaccumulate Cd. The resulting data that support the fact that DON
contamination of kernels can be significantly influenced by Cd soil contamination
will be discussed.
Keywords: Cadmium, type B trichothecenes, wheat
233

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLDWIDE
P140 - Degradation of fumonisins by microorganisms
in moist corn grain silages
C. Martinez Tuppia 1,2 , C. Barreau 1 , F. Richard-Forget 1 , H. Durand 2 , J. M.
Savoie 1
1 INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycology & Food Safety, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex,
France; 2 Lallemand SAS, Department Animal Nutrition, 3F- 1702 Blagnac Cedex, France
E-mail: ccori.martinez@bordeaux.inra.fr
Fumonisins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. on
maize. Unfortunately, fumonisins are highly stable molecules and their
detoxification is poorly suitable for industrial processing. Considering the
worldwide contamination of corn by Fusarium species in the field, and that
fumonisins are produced before harvesting, one promising option for reducing the
mycotoxic risk could be the degradation of fumonisins by using antagonist
microorganisms isolated directly from plant microbiota before feeding livestock.
Moreover, experimental evidence showed a fumonisins level decrease in some
analysed samples during the moist corn grain silage fermentation. Therefore, the
aim of this work is to select an endemic microbial consortium of moist corn grain
silage that could be able to transform fumonisins in non-toxic products.
To address this objective, functional screening using classical methods and highresolution
metagenomics approaches will be performed. To achieve our goals,
three main questions will be answered.
1- Are fumonisins actually degraded and detoxified or only adsorbed and not
available for conventional analyses methods? Analytical methods combining
various extractions procedures and fine HPLC-MS analyses of the mycotoxins
and their degradation products are under development.
2- Are there any differences in microbial community composition in moist corn
grain silages leading or not to significant fumonisin degradation? Comparison of
the microbial consortia and metagenomes of contrasted moist corn grain silages
samples at different time is a valuable source of data on this unexplored microbial
ecosystem and of degrading inocula.
3- What are the detoxification mechanisms and the microbial activities involved? It
will be expected to identify “detoxification genes” to be used as markers of
detoxifying silages that could be used as a predictive and a screening tool to
target degrading microbes.
Keywords: fumonisin, biodegradation, silage
234

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLDWIDE
P141 - Digestibility and absorption of deoxynivalenol-
3-β-glucoside in in vitro models
M. de Nijs, H. van den Top, L. Portier, G. Oegema, E. Kramer, H. van
Egmond, R. Hoogenboom
RIKILT Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, NL-6700AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
E-mail: monique.denijs@wur.nl
Transformation of mycotoxins into glucosides is one of the defences of plants
against toxic effects of mycotoxins. If these masked-mycotoxins are hydrolysed
into their parent compounds in the gastro- intestinal tract (GI-tract), exposure
might be increased. Aim of the study was to determine possible transformation
and translocation of 3-β-glucoside (D3G) and deoxynivalenol (DON) using two in
vitro models.
The fed in vitro digestion model was used to study transformation in the upper GI
tract. Samples of baby food were spiked with DON, D3G or left blank. The in vitro
intestinal absorption model with Caco-2 cells seeded in Transwells was used to
study transformation and translocation. DON, D3G or no mycotoxin (blank) was
added to the apical side of the Caco-2 cell layer, while only blank medium was
added to the basolateral side. Samples were taken from both compartments after
0, 4 and 24 hours. Concentrations of DON, D3G and DOM-1 were analysed in the
chyme and in all transwell samples by LC-ESI-MS/MS. 13 C15-DON standard
solution was added as internal standard in the digestion samples.
No evidence was found in the in vitro experiments for significant elevated
exposure of humans to DON from dietary D3G, since D3G was not hydrolysed to
DON in the digestion model representing the upper part of the GI-tract and D3G
was not hydrolysed to DON by the intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Bioavailability
of D3G in humans may be low as compared to DON since Caco-2 cells did not
absorb D3G, in contrast to DON.
Keywords: deoxynivalenol-3-β-glucoside, translocation, transformation, masked
mycotoxins
235

SESSION 6: FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR EUROPE AND WORLDWIDE
P142 - ISHAM Working group on Clinical Fusarium
A. D. van Diepeningen 1 , G. S. de Hoog 1,2,3,4
1 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands; 2 Institute of Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; 3 Peking University
Health Science Center, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China; 4 Sun Yat-Sen
Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
E-mail: a.diepeningen@cbs.knaw.nl
Objective: ISHAM working group focusing on Fusarium species causing human
and animal infections
Fusarium infections: Infections caused by Fusarium species can be classified in
three classes: 1) Superficial infections of skin and nails; 2) Keratitis of the cornea,
and 3) Deep and disseminated infections. Whereas the first two types of these
opportunistic infections are generally seen in immunocompetent hosts, the deeper
mycoses are mostly restricted to immunocompromised patients. Over the past
three decades, clinical data suggest that the numbers of all types of infections
caused by Fusarium species may be increasing. Most Fusarium species prove to
be very resistant to the currently used antifungal drugs, although amphotericin B,
posaconazole, and voriconazole show good activity against this genus. However,
strains resistant to these compounds are regularly encountered, and combination
therapy is frequently required.
Fusarium species: The prototype of Fusarium is a well recognizable fungus with
clear banana-shaped macroconidia of variable sizes, the presence or absence of
smaller microconidia of variable shape, and the presence or absence of
chlamydospores. Some clinically relevant species may produce pigments (e.g.,
yellow-orange, red or violet) that are exuded into the medium. Fusarium
comprises a complex cluster of different species and many species complexes,
which can best be distinguished with the aid of DNA sequence data. Precise
identification of species/multilocus haplotypes is important for diagnosis,
treatment, and epidemiological purposes. Though roughly two-thirds of infections
are caused by members of the Fusarium solani species complex, species within
seven other species complexes have been reported to cause mycoses.
The aim of the working group:Our aim is to study Fusarium infections both from
the side of the infected host as well as from the pathogen side, to exchange
knowledge and to provide tools and aids for rapid identification and treatment.
Keywords: Fusariosis, Detection techniques, human and animal infections
236

Aamot H. U, 54, 77
Abdellah N., 220
Abdel-Wahhab M. A., 115
Abid M., 41
Abiola F. A., 46
Abrahamsen U., 77
Abrami R., 46
Adam G., 39, 74, 193, 231
Ahmed S., 89
Aho S., 88
Aimé S., 103
Alakukku L., 207
Alassane-Kpembi I., 46
Alberti I., 98, 126
Ali S., 70
Alkadri D., 222
Altinok H. H., 172
Ametz C., 66, 72
Ammar K., 184
Andrade L. J., 110, 121
Arunachalam C., 186
Arzanlou M., 114
Asola A., 128
Assante G., 201
Åssveen M., 77
Atanasova-Penichon V.,
82, 104, 106, 233
Audenaert K., 75, 138
Azara E., 111
Babay-Ahari A., 114
Babazadeh L., 201
Back M., 190
Baecke M., 47
Baffoni L., 222
Bakšienė E., 123
Bala K., 100
Balatti P. A., 140, 145
Balconi C., 122, 197, 198
Bald T., 97
Balmas V., 99, 111, 137,
151
Baloyi N., 159
Banaszak Z., 181
Bani M., 203
Bänziger I., 76
Barbezant M., 88
Barreau C., 33, 36, 56, 82,
94, 104, 154, 162, 163,
164, 234
Barroso V. M., 110, 121
Basler R., 161
Battilani P., 38, 96
AUTHOR INDEX
Beccari G., 147
Beletr J., 181
Belter J., 187
Ben Hamouda M., 208
Benchaabane M., 226
Bensaid F., 226
Berardo N., 122, 198
Berthiller F., 39, 74, 231
Beukes I., 101, 144
Beyer M., 99
Bhandari D. R., 52
Biron D., 73
Bivort C., 160
Blackwell B., 42, 100
Boedi S., 136
Bogacki J., 187
Boivin P., 107
Bonhomme L., 73
Bönnighausen J., 32
Bonnin A., 88
Börjesson T., 213
Bormann J., 32
Bosnich W., 42
Bötker H., 135
Bourdaudhui P., 43
Boureghda H., 139, 220
Bourgeois G., 212
Boutigny A.-L., 152
Bouznad Z., 56, 154
Bovina R., 188
Bowden R. L., 50
Boyaci F., 172
Braida E., 184, 188
Brito W. U., 225
Brodal G., 54, 77
Brown C., 100
Broz K., 40
Brunazzi A., 188
Brunner K., 136
Bucheli T. D., 76
Budzianowski G., 181
Buerstmayr H., 61, 66, 71,
72, 136, 178, 194, 195
Buerstmayr M., 61, 71
Bunyaratavej S., 89
Burlakoti P., 158
Burlakoti R., 158, 211
Burlakoti R. R., 158
Büschl C., 39
Buśko M., 108
Busman M., 44
Buxa S., 52
Cabrera A., 64
Cadot V., 192
Caetano V. R., 67
Callebaut A., 165
Cambon F., 73
Camboni I., 137
Camera E., 38
Can C., 172
Cana L., 183
Cano P. M., 43
Cardoso C. M. Y., 225
Carlobos-Lopez A. L., 113
Carolo P., 82
Carpentier F., 164
Cazzola V., 126
Chakraborty S., 27
Chang P. F., 202
Chang T. H., 202
Chapelle E., 103
Cheihk M'Hamed H., 208
Chekali S., 208, 209, 217
Chen K. S., 202
Chen Y. H., 143, 224
Chetouhi C., 73
Chunzhao Z., 31
Churchill A. C. L., 101
Cicha A., 181
Cirlini M., 38, 105
Clasen P. E., 54
Claude S., 233
Comeau A., 67
Contursi M., 171
Cook D. J., 116, 206
Cornea P., 183
Corneti S., 184
Cornu J. Y., 233
Corrêa B., 110, 121
Covarelli L., 27, 147
Cowan S., 189
Cruz Jimenez D. R., 53
Czembor E., 168, 199
Dal Prà M., 98, 126
Dalanaj N., 222
Dall’Asta C., 38, 105
Dall’Erta A., 105
Dalle F., 88
Dallocchio R., 111
Damiano R., 129
Dane Y., 220
Davari M., 114
De Baets B., 75
237

de Hoog G. S., 89, 114,
236
de Klerk C., 144
de Nijs M., 87, 235
De Pace R., 129
De Saeger S., 120, 138
De Villiers C., 185
De Villiers C. I. P., 159
de Wit P. J. G. M., 31, 93
Deborde C., 106
Debrauwer L., 43
Dedeurwaerder G., 131,
216
Del Ponte E. M., 150
Delaforge M., 43
Delogu G., 111
Demir D., 57
Denaix L., 233
Dessì A., 111
Di Gioia D., 222
Diaz Arias M. M., 53
Dickin E. T., 117
Dill-Macky R., 146
Dion Y., 212
Divon H. H., 59
Doohan F., 70, 186
Dreisigacker S., 65
Drzazga T., 187
Du Cheyron P., 191
Ducos C., 33, 164, 233
Durand H., 234
Duveiller E., 65
Duvivier M., 216
Eckersten H., 213
Edel-Hermann V., 41, 88,
103, 218
Edwards S. G., 116, 117,
161, 189, 190, 206
Elameen A., 54
Elbelt S., 164
Elen O., 54, 213
Ellis M. L., 53
Erard G., 186
Espino J. J., 45
Etcheverry M., 81, 221
Fabbri D., 111
Fadda A., 111
Fakhfakh M., 217
Falchetto L., 41, 218
Fan T., 34
Fanelli C., 38
Fayole L., 41
Fedak G., 224
Feng P., 89
Ferchichi K., 149
Fernandes J. M. C., 130,
214
Fernandez C., 163
Ferrara P., 171
Ferrazzano G., 188
238
Fick M., 107
Flett B. C., 144, 210, 227
Forrer H. R., 76, 79
Foucart G., 165
Foulkes J., 182
Foulongne-Oriol M., 104,
162
Fournier R., 107
Framboisier X., 107
Franchino C., 129
Friedt W., 52
Frisullo S., 171
Fröhlich J., 74, 193
Froment A., 80
Fromentin S., 164
Fruhmann P., 74, 193
Furch A., 52
Gaggìa F., 222
Gagiu V., 183
Gagkaeva T., 55
Gagkaeva T. Y., 109, 229
Galaverna G., 105
Gardiner D., 27
Gargouri Kammoun L.,
148, 149
Gargouri S., 208, 209, 217
Gasparini G., 188
Gauslaa E., 77
Gautheron E., 41, 218
Gautheron N., 41, 218
Gauthier M., 191
Gauthier T., 46
Gavrilova O. P., 109, 229
Gerrits van den Ende A. H.
G., 114
Ghanmi M., 148
Ghysselinckx J., 131
Giannini M., 147
Giorni P., 38
Giroux M.-E., 212
Gleddie S., 100
Goddi G., 151
Goliński P., 119
Gomes L. B., 150
Gonzalez-Jaen M. T., 167
Góral T., 108, 118, 153,
181, 187
Gottwald S., 52
Gourdain E., 51, 191
Gourgue M., 160, 165
Grandi S., 126
Greggio S., 188
Gregori R., 38
Gryzenhout M., 159
Grzeszczak I., 153, 181
Guechi A., 223
Güldener U., 97, 136
Gunupuru L., 70
Haesaert G., 75, 138
Haichour N., 223
Hakala K., 86
Hamada W., 219
Hametner C., 74, 193
Hammond-Kosack K., 99
Harman G. E., 224
Harris L. J., 42, 100
Hartemann P., 88
Hartings H., 197
Hattab-Touati S., 56
Hattab–Touati S., 154
He X., 65
Hecker A., 79
Heinrich K., 186
Hellin P., 131, 216
Héraud C., 41, 218
Hietaniemi V., 78, 113,
127, 207
Hippler M., 97
Hoffman L., 99
Hoffstetter A., 64
Hofgaard I. S., 54, 77
Höfte M., 138
Holen B., 77
Hong Le V., 77
Hoogenboom R., 235
Hovinen T., 127
Howarth C., 189
Hsiao S. C., 202
Huang J. W., 202
Humpf H. U., 45
Hussien T., 55, 113
Ibrahim M. I.M., 115
Inoue H., 125
Ittu M., 179, 183
Ivanović D., 142
Jabłońska E., 119, 169
Jamin E., 43
Janse van Rensburg B.,
210
Jemaiel S., 217
Jendoubi W., 219
Jestoi M., 128
Johnston A., 42, 100
Jonaviciene A., 215
Jones S., 182
Joshi M., 34
Kadi H., 133, 230
Kahla A., 186
Kaitaranta J., 127
Kalih R., 68
Kansu B., 57, 167
Kaukoranta T., 78
Kazan K., 27
Kerienė I., 123
Kharbikar L. L., 117
Kiseleva M., 155, 166
Kistler H. C., 40
Kılınç F., 57
Klemsdal S. S., 54, 59
Kluger B., 39, 74, 193

Koeritz E. J., 146
Kolf-Clauw M., 46
Kolomiets T., 155, 156,
166, 174
Kolseth A.-K., 135, 157
Konieczny M., 181
Kovalenko E., 155, 156,
166, 174
Kovalsky-Paris M. P., 74
Kramer E., 235
Krnjaja V., 124, 142
Krska R., 39, 74, 136, 193,
232
Kugler K., 72, 136
Kuhnem P. R., 150
Kurleto D., 181
Kushalappa A. C., 69
Kwiatek M., 187
Lamprecht S. C., 152
Lancioni P., 105, 184, 188
Landschoot S., 75
Langin T., 73, 178
Längle T., 224
Lannou C., 164
Lantos C., 63
Lanubile A., 96, 196
Lanzanova C., 122, 197,
198
Larsen G., 54
Laurent B., 104
Laurent J., 41, 88
Laval V., 164
Lazzaro I., 96, 120
Lazzaroni N., 197
Leandro L. F., 53
Leblanc A., 42
Lecomte P., 73
Legoahec L., 106
Legrève A., 131, 216
Lehoczki-Krsjak S., 63,
173
Lemanceau P., 103
Lemmens M., 39, 66, 74,
136, 173, 231
Leplat J., 218
Leslie J. F., 50, 102
Lević J., 124, 142
Liénard C., 165
Lima A. M., 225
Limay-Rios V., 158, 205,
211
Lin Y. H., 202
Lippolis V., 184
Locatelli S., 122, 197, 198
Logrieco A., 171
Logrieco A. F., 85, 232
Lori G. A., 140, 145
Ludovici M., 38
Ługowska B., 187
Lysøe E., 59
Maccaferri M., 184
Madbouly A. K., 115
Maigniel J. P., 192
Malachova A., 39, 74
Malbrán I., 140, 145
Mangin P., 41, 218
Mankevičienė A., 123
Manners J., 27
Manstretta V., 51
Mantovani P., 188
Marcello A., 111, 137, 151
Marchegay G., 82
Marin P., 167
Marino M., 129
Marocco A., 96, 196
Martinez Tuppia C., 234
Martinez-Rocha A. L., 35
Mary M., 165
Mascher F., 79
Maschietto V., 196
Massi A., 105, 184
Matarese F., 83
Matysik P., 187
Maucourt M., 106
Maurer H.P., 68
Mayer K., 72
McLaren N. W., 210
Meddah B., 230
Méléard B., 191
Menke J., 40
Merhej J., 94
Mesterházy Á., 63, 173
Meyer T., 101
Mezaache-Aichour S., 223
Michel S., 68
Michlmayr H., 74
Miedaner T., 68
Migheli Q., 99, 111, 137,
140, 145, 151
Mikula H., 74, 193
Minenko E., 95
Mnari-Hattab M., 148
Moghtet S., 133, 230
Mohamed Nor N. M. I., 102
Moing A., 106
Moncini L., 83
Montanari M., 147
Montibus M., 33
Morales A. Z., 100
Moretti A., 44, 83, 170,
171, 232
Mostert G., 101
Mourelos C. A., 140, 145
Moussaoui A., 230
Muckle A., 175
Muehlbauer G., 74
Mulè G., 170, 232
Munaut F., 120, 142, 160,
165
Munkvold G. P., 53, 232
Münsterkötter M., 97
Musa T., 79
Nagavardhini A., 58
Nagl V., 39
Nahal Bouderba N., 133,
230
Nascimento S. B., 225
Nasraoui B., 208, 209
Ncube E., 227
Nesci A., 81, 221
Newmister S., 74
Nicolau M., 130, 214
Nicoli C. P., 150
Niehaus E. M., 45
Nielsen L. K., 116, 206
Niessen L., 95
Nipoti P., 98, 126, 222
Nordskog B., 77
Nussbaumer A., 80
Nussbaumer T., 72, 136
Obradović A., 124
Ochodzki P., 119, 153,
168, 181, 187
Oegema G., 235
Oliver S., 29
Opoku N., 190
Ostrowska A., 108
Oswald I. P., 43, 46
Pachetti G., 83
Pageau D., 212
Paizert K., 181
Pande S., 58
Pani G., 111
Pankratova L., 155, 156,
166, 174
Parent C., 212
Parikka P., 78, 86, 128,
180, 207
Pascale M., 184
Pasquali M., 99, 137
Pauk J., 63
Paulitz T., 209
Payne T., 65
Péan M., 43
Pereira P., 81
Perkowski J., 108, 118
Perochon A., 186
Persson P., 135, 157
Persson T., 213
Peters R. D., 158
Petrescu E., 200
Pettersson C. G., 213
Pfannmüller A., 37
Picot A., 82
Pilu R., 201
Pinson-Gadais L., 36, 82,
162, 163, 164, 233
Pisi A., 184
Pojmaj M., 181
Pons S., 82
239

Ponts N., 33, 36, 82, 94,
104, 106, 162
Portier L., 235
Preiser V., 136
Proctor R. H., 44
Prodi A., 126, 147, 184,
188
Prudente L., 171
Puel O., 43, 46
Purnhauser L., 63
Qi Y., 120, 160
Raaijmaakers J., 103
Rabeh Hajlaoui M., 148,
149
Rabie A. A., 101
Rämö S., 113, 127, 128,
207
Rampitsch C., 34
Rauvola M., 127
Ray R. V., 116, 182, 206
Rayment I., 74
Razzaghian J., 77
Redaelli R., 197, 198
Reis G. M., 110, 121
Reis S. P., 225
Ren C., 143
Renane R., 141
Renard F., 165
Renard M.-E., 216
Reverberi M., 38
Rezgui M., 209
Ricci A., 184
Richard-Forget F., 33, 36,
82, 94, 106, 162, 163,
233, 234
Riley H., 77
Rioux S., 212
Rispail N., 203
Rocha L. O., 110, 121
Rodriguez R., 219
Römpp A., 52
Rondags E., 107
Rose L. J., 101, 144, 152
Rösler S. M., 45
Rossi V., 51
Roucolle J., 82
Rubiales D., 203
Rubrycki K., 187
S. Rämö, 113, 127, 128,
207
Salleh B., 102
Salomoni D., 201
Sam E., 66, 136
Samad Zamini M., 66
Sarrocco S., 83
Sartori M., 81, 221
Satta B., 151
Sautour M., 88
Savard M., 143
Savelieva E. I., 109
240
Savoie J. M., 234
Sayah N., 223
Scala V., 38
Scauflaire J., 142, 160,
165
Schaafsma A., 175, 205,
211
Schäfer W., 32, 35
Scheeren P. L., 67
Scherm B., 99, 111, 137,
151
Schlang N., 65
Schmeitzl C., 231
Schneiderman D., 42, 100
Schoeters E., 47
Schuhmacher R., 39, 74,
193
Schwartz H., 39
Schweiger W., 61, 66, 72,
74, 194, 195
Seehusen T., 77
Sehabd A. F., 115
Selitskaya O. G., 109
Semaskiene R., 215
Shams M., 231
Shamshev I. V., 109
Sharma M., 58
Shin S., 74
Sibounnavong P., 228
Sieber C., 97
Siegel K., 103
Siegwart G., 66, 72, 136,
194, 195
Silva C. N., 150
Singh P. K., 65
Sixt N., 88
Sneller C., 64
Souza C. R. B., 225
Soytong K., 228
Spanu F., 99, 137
Sparkes D., 182
Sperschneider J., 27
Spolti P., 150
Spörhase P., 231
Stack J. P., 102
Stancic T., 189
Stanković S., 124, 142
Stea G., 44, 170, 171
Steen H. S, 77
Stefanelli S., 184
Steinberg C., 41, 88, 103,
218
Steiner B., 61, 66, 72, 178,
195
Stępień Ł., 112, 199
Strand E., 77
Strauss J., 136
Stuper K., 108, 118
Subramaniam G., 30, 34
Sudhadham M., 89
Sulyok M., 136, 232
Sundgren T. K., 77
Suproniene S., 215
Susca A., 44, 170, 171,
232
Sydenham S. L., 159, 185
Szabó-Hevér Á., 63, 173
Tadrist S., 43
Tallarico N., 47
Tamburic-Ilincic L., 62,
158, 175, 176
Tang D., 31, 93
Taylor J., 27
Techini F., 164
Tessmann D. J., 150
Teunckens A., 47
Thomas J., 161
Tibola C., 130
Tiilikkala K., 86
Toffolatti S. L., 201
Tohno M., 125
Tonelli A., 105
Tonti S., 98, 126, 188
Toomajian C. P., 102
Topçu V., 172
Torres-Acosta J. A., 74,
231
Torri A., 197, 198
Toussaint J., 164
Trail F., 49
Tsukiboshi T., 125
Tuberosa R., 184
Tudzynski B., 37, 45, 97
Tunali B., 57, 167
Turtaut F., 82
Uegaki R., 125
Vachon E., 212
Valoti P., 197, 198
van Coller G. J., 144, 152
van den Berg J., 227
van den Top H., 235
van der Fels-Klerx H. J., 87
van der Lee T. A. J., 31,
44, 93, 114
van Diepeningen A. D., 89,
114, 236
Van Dyck S., 47
van Egmond H., 235
Van Hese V., 216
Van Hove F., 44, 120, 160
van Rensburg J. B. J., 227
Vanasse A., 212
Vanderborght T., 47
Vanheule A., 138
Vannacci G., 83
Varga E., 39
Varga M., 63, 173
Varraillon T., 80
Vennekens B., 47
Venturini G., 201

Vercesi A., 201
Verdal-Bonnin M-N., 82,
233
Viljoen A., 101, 144, 152,
227
Villani A., 170, 171
Vink K., 211
Vita V., 129
Vitry C., 164
Vogel R. F., 95
Vogelgsang S., 76, 79
Voldeng H. D., 224
Vrålstad T., 54
Vuković G., 124
Waalwijk C., 31, 44, 93,
114
Waegeman W., 75
Wakuliński W., 119, 169
Walentyn-Góral D., 181,
187
Walkowiak S., 30
Walter S., 186
Wang L., 30
Wang Q., 52
Ward T. J., 44, 54, 150,
152
Warzecha R., 119
Waśkiewicz A., 112, 119,
199
Weber J., 40
Wei S. H., 114
Weigl-Pollack T., 74, 193
Wettstein F. E., 76
Wiemann P., 37, 97
Wiesenberger G., 74, 193,
231
Wilman K., 112
Wiśniewska H., 181, 187
Wit M., 119, 169
Witkowski E., 187
Wong Jun Tai V. F., 163
Woriedh M., 35
Woś H., 181
Woźna–Pawlak U., 187
Wu A., 120, 160
Xue A. G., 143, 224
Yli-Mattila T., 55, 113
Zagaran B., 146
Zamini M. S., 66
Zare R., 114
Zehraoui E., 33, 36
Zerroug M. M., 223
Zhang D., 120, 160
Zhang J. X., 224
Zhao C., 93
Zhemchuzhina N., 155,
166
Zoghlami S., 212
241

242

Aamot Heidi Udnes
Bioforsk
Ås, Norway
heidi.udnes.aamot@biofor
sk.no
Adam Gerhard
BOKU-University of Natural
Resources and Life
Sciences
Tulln, Austria
gerhard.adam@boku.ac.at
Alassane-Kpembi
Imourana
INRA Toxalim
Toulouse, France
imourana.alassane@toulo
use.inra.fr
Alberti Ilaria
INRAN
San Giovanni Lupatoto,
Italy
i.alberti@ense.it
Arici Evrim
University of Süleyman
Demirel
Isparta, Turkey
evrimarici@sdu.edu.tr
Atanasova-Penichon
Vessela
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
vessela.atanasova@borde
aux.inra.fr
Audenaert Kris
Ghent University
Ghent, Belgium
kris.audenaert@hogent.be
Baecke Monique
Kemin
Herentals, Belgium
Monique.Baecke@kemin.c
om
Balconi Carlotta
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Consiglio per la Ricerca e
la sperimentazione in
Agricoltura - Unità di
Ricerca per la Maiscoltura
Bergamo, Italy
hans.hartings@entecra.it
Balmas Virgilio
Università degli Studi di
Sassari
Sassari, Italy
balmas@uniss.it
Bani Moustafa
Institute of sustainable
agriculture - CSIC
Cordoba, spain
mustapha.bani@gmail.com
Barreau Christian
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
cbarreau@bordeaux.inra.fr
Basler Ryan
National Institute of
Agricultural Botany
Cambridge, United
Kingdom
ryan.basler@niab.com
Batina Hélène
INRA UR1290 BIOGER
CPP
Thiverval grignon, France
helene.batina@versailles.i
nra.fr
Bensaid Fatiha
Ecole Nationale Supérieure
Agronomique
Alger, Algeria
b.fatiha79@yahoo.fr
Berthiller Franz
BOKU-University of Natural
Resources and Life
Sciences
Tulln, Austria
franz.berthiller@boku.ac.at
Beukes Ilze
Stellenbosch University
Matieland, Stellenbosch,
South Africa
ibeukes@sun.ac.za
Bieri Stéphane
Syngenta
Stein, Switzerland
stephane.bieri@syngenta.c
om
Bödi Stefan
BOKU-University of Natural
Resources and Life
Sciences
Tulln, Austria
stefan.boedi@boku.ac.at
Bonhomme Ludovic
INRA/Université Blaise
Pascal
Clermont Ferrand , France
bonhomme.ludovic@clerm
ont.inra.fr
Bönnighausen Jakob
Universtity Hamburg
Hamburg, Germany
jakobboennighausen@gm
ail.com
Börjesson Thomas
Lantmännen
Stockholm, Sweden
thomas.borjesson@lantma
nnen.com
Boureghda Houda
Ecole Nationale Supérieure
Agronomique
Algiers, Algeria
hou.boureghda@gmail.co
m
Bouznad Zouaoui
ENSA El Harrach
Algiers , Algeria
z.bouznad@ensa.dz
Buerstmayr Hermann
243

BOKU-University of Natural
Resources and Life
Sciences
Tulln, Austria
hermann.buerstmayr@bok
u.ac.at
Buerstmayr Maria
BOKU-University of Natural
Resources and Life
Sciences
Tulln, Austria
maria.buerstmayr@boku.a
c.at
Cadot Valérie
GEVES
Beaucouze, France
valerie.cadot@geves.fr
Cano Patricia
INRA Toulouse
Toulouse, France
paty.canog@gmail.com
Caron Daniel
ENSA Toulouse LGC
Diagnophyt
Villenouvelle, France
d.caron@diagnophyt.fr
Canales Robert
Bayer CropScience
Lyon, France
robert.canales@bayer.com
Chan Wen-Hsiung
Chung Yuan Christian
University
Chung-Li, Taiwan
whchan@cycu.edu.tw
Chang Pi-Fang Linda
National Chung Hsing
University
Taichung City, Taiwan
pfchang@nchu.edu.tw
Chekali Samira
Pôle Régional de
Recherche et
Développement Agricôle
du Nord-Ouest Semi Aride
El Kef, Tunisia
samirachekali@yahoo.fr
Chetouhi Cherif
244
INRA
Clermont Ferrand, France
Thierry.langin@clermont.in
ra.fr
Chopin Franck
MONSANTO
Peyrehorade, France
franck.chopin@monsanto.c
om
Chun-Yu Li
Academy of Agricultural
Sciences
Guangzhou, China
lichunyu881@163.com
Claude Stephan
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
Cordier Christelle
AGRENE
Dijon, France
christelle.cordier@agrene.f
r
Czembor Elzbieta
Plant Breeding
Acclimatization Institute
(IHAR)
Blonie, Polska
e.czembor@ihar.edu.pl
Dall'Erta Andrea
University of Parma
Parma, Italy
andrea.dallerta@unipr.it
de Nijs Monique
RIKILT - Institute of Food
Safety
Wageningen, The
Netherlands
monique.denijs@wur.nl
De Pace Rita
Instituto Zooprofilattico
Puglia e Basilicata-Foggia
Foggia, Italy
r.depace@libero.it
Dedeurwaerder Géraldine
Université catholique de
Louvain - Earth and Life
Institute
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
geraldine.dedeurwaerder@
uclouvain.be
Del Ponte Emerson
Universidade Federal do
Rio Grande do Sul
Porto Alegre, Brazil
emerson.delponte@ufrgs.b
r
Delogu Giovanna
CNR Istituto di Chimica
Biomolecolare
Sassari, Italy
giovanna.delogu@ss.icb.c
nr.it
Demir Didem
Ondokuz Mayis University
Samsun, Turkey
didemir@gmail.com
Dill-Macky Ruth
University of Minnesota
Saint Paul, MN, USA
ruthdm@umn.edu
Divon Hege
Norwegian Veterinary
Institute
Oslo, Norway
hege.divon@vetinst.no
Doohan Fiona
University College Dublin
Dublin, Ireland
fiona.doohan@ucd.ie
Dubrovin Evgeny
Moscow State University
Moscow, Russia
dubrovin@genebee.msu.ru
Durand Henri
Lallemand
Toulouse, France
hdurand@lallemand.com
Edwards Simon
Harper Adams University
NEWPORT, Shropshire,
UK
sedwards@harperadams.ac.uk
El Hadj Hammiche Farouk
Syngenta Agro Services
AG
Kouba - Alger, Algeria

anne.richert@syngenta.co
m
Etcheverry Miriam
Universidad Nacional de
Río Cuarto
Río Cuarto, Argentina
metcheverry@exa.unrc.ed
u.ar
Etzerodt Thomas
Aarhus University
Slagelse, Danmark
thomas.etzerodt@agrsci.d
k
Fernandes Jose Mauricio
Brazilian Agricultural
Research Corporation
(Embrapa)
Passo Fundo, Brazil
mauricio.fernandes@embr
apa.br
Flett Bradley
ARC-Grain Crops Institute
Potchefstroom, South
Africa
FlettB@arc.agric.za
Fleurat-Lessard Francis
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
francis.fleuratlessard@bordeaux.inra.fr
Florin Christelle
Maïsadour Semences
Haut Mauco, France
florin@maisadour.com
Forrer Hans-Rudolf
Research Station
Agroscope Reckenholz-
Tänikon ART
Zürich, Switzerland
hansrudolf.forrer@art.admin.ch
Foulongne-Oriol Marie
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
mfoulong@bordeaux.inra.fr
Fouquet Romain
MONSANTO
Peyrehorade, France
romain.fouquet@monsanto
.com
Framboisier Xavier
Laboratoire Réactions et
Génie des Procédés
(CNRS-UMR 7274)
Vandoeuvre Lès Nancy,
France
xavier.framboisier@univlorraine.fr
Franchimon Wendy
Nickerson-Zwaan
Tuitjenhorn, Netherlands
wendy.franchimon@nicker
son-zwaan.com
Froment Alain
SYNGENTA
Guyancourt, France
alain.froment@syngenta.c
om
Gagkaeva Tatiana
All-Russian Institute of
Plant Protection (VIZR)
St. Petersburg, Russia
t.gagkaeva@yahoo.com
Gan-Jun Yi
Guangdong Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
Guangzhou, China
yiganjun@vip.163.com
Gargouri Kammoun Lobna
Higher school of
Agriculture of Kef,
University of Jendouba
Boulifa, Tunisia
lobna_kammoun@yahoo.fr
Gargouri Samia
Institut National de la
Recherche Agronomique
de Tunisie
, Tunisia
sgargouri@yahoo.com
Gautheron Nadine
INRA
Dijon, France
nadine.gautheron@dijon.in
ra.fr
Gauthier Léa
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
lea.gauthier@bordeaux.inr
a.fr
Gavrilova Olga
All-Russian Institute of
Plant Protection (VIZR)
St. Petersburg, Russia
olgavrilova1@yandex.ru
Giroux Marie-Eve
Université Laval
St-Gervais, Qc, Canada
marieeve.giroux.4@ulaval.ca
Goral Tomasz
Plant Breeding
Acclimatization Institute
(IHAR)
Blonie, Poland
t.goral@ihar.edu.pl
Gorniak Jaroslaw
Syngenta Agro
Basel, Switzerland
jaroslaw.gorniak@syngent
a.com
Gottwald Sven
Justus-Liebig University
Giessen
Giessen, Germany
sven.gottwald@agrar.unigiessen.de
Guillemin Mickael
AGRENE
DIJON, FRANCE
mickael.guillemin@agrene.
fr
Harris Linda
Agriculture and Agrifood
Canada
Ottawa, Canada
linda.harris@agr.gc.ca
Hartings Hans
CRA-MAC
Bergamo, Italy
hans.hartings@entecra.it
Hattab Sihem
Amar Telidji University
Laghouat, Algeria
245

touatisihem03@yahoo.fr
He Xinyao
International Maize and
Wheat Improvement
Center
Texcoco, Mexico
x.he@cgiar.org
Hellin Pierre
Université catholique de
Louvain
Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium
pierre.hellin@uclouvain.be
Hofgaard Ingerd Skow
Bioforsk
Ås, Norway
ingerd.hofgaard@bioforsk.
no
Hugo Karel
Syngenta Agro AG Basel
Branch
Basel, Switzerland
anne.richert@syngenta.co
m
Ilyess Lachnab
Faculté Polydisciplinaire de
Taza
Taza, Maroc
ilyess84@gmail.com
Ittu Mariana
NARDI Fundulea
Fundulea, Romania
ittum@ricic.ro
Jonaviciene Akvile
Institute of Agriculture,
Lithuanian Research
Centre for Agriculture and
Forestry
Kedainiai distr., Lithuania
akvile@lzi.lt
Jones Stephen
University of Nottingham
Loughborough, UK
sbxsj@nottingham.ac.uk
Jonville Dominique
BASF Agro
Ecully, France
Dominique.jonville@basf.c
om
246
Kansu Bayram
Ondokuz Mayis university
Samsun, Turkey
kansu_bayram@yahoo.co
m
Kaukoranta Timo
MTT Agrifood Research
Finland
Jokioinen, Finland
timo.kaukoranta@mtt.fi
Keriene Ilona
Institute of Agriculture,
Lithuanian Research
Centre for Agriculture and
Forestry
Kedainiai distr., Lithuania
ilona.keriene@gmail.com
Khan Mohamed
North Dakota State
University & University of
Minnesota
Fargo, USA
mohamed.khan@ndsu.edu
Kharbikar Lalit
Harper Adams University
Shropshire, United
Kingdom
llkharbikar@harperadams.ac.uk
Kiseleva Marina
All-Russian Research
Institute of Phytopathology
Moscow, Russia
shlem2015@mail.ru
Kistler H. Corby
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, USA
hckist@umn.edu
Kolomiets Tamara
All-Russian Research
Institute of Phytopathology
Moscow, Russia
lomi1@yandex.ru
Kolseth Anna-Karin
Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences
Uppsala, Sweden
anna-karin.kolseth@slu.se
Kovalenko Elizaveta
All-Russian Research
Institute of Phytopathology
Moscow, Russia
kovalenko@vniif.ru
Kushalappa Ajjamada
McGill University
St-Anne-de-Bellevue,
Canada
ajjamada.kushalappa@mc
gill.ca
Landschoot Sofie
University College Ghent
Gent, Belgium
sofie.landschoot@hogent.b
e
Langin Thierry
INRA
Clermont Ferrand, France
Thierry.langin@clermont.in
ra.fr
Lanubile Alessandra
Institute of Agronomy,
Genetics and Field Crops,
University Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore
Piacenza, Italy
alessandra.lanubile@unica
tt.it
Laurent Benoit
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
benoit.laurent@bordeaux.i
nra.fr
Laurent Valérie
Florimond Desprez
Veuve&Fils
Cappelle en Pévèle,
France
valerie.laurent@florimonddesprez.fr
Legrève Anne
Université catholique de
Louvain - Earth and Life
Institute
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
anne.legreve@uclouvain.b
e
Lerenius Cecilia

Swedish Board of
Agriculture
Skara, Sweden
cecilia.lerenius@jordbruks
verket.se
Leslie John
Kansas State University
Manhattan, Kansas, USA
jfl@ksu.edu
Levagnini Aurelie
BIOMIN
Ploufragan, France
aurelie.levagnini@biomin.n
et
Lević Jelena
Maize Research Institute,
ZEMUN POLJE,
BELGRADE-ZEMUN
Belgrade, Republic of
Serbia
jlevic@mrizp.rs
Limay-Rios Victor
University of Guelph
Ridgetown, Canada
vlimayri@uoguelph.ca
Logrieco Antonio
Institute of Sciences of
Food Production
Bari, Italy
antonio.logrieco@ispa.cnr.i
t
Maccaferri Marco
DipSA-University of
Bologna
Bologna, ITALY
marco.maccaferri@unibo.it
Madbouly Adel K.
Tabuk University
Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
adelmadbouly@yahoo.com
Manners John
CSIRO
Canberra, Australia
john.manners@csiro.au
Manstretta Valentina
Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore
Milano, Italy
valentina.manstretta@unic
att.it
Martinez Tuppia Ccori
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
ccori.martinez@bordeaux.i
nra.fr
Maschietto Valentina
Institute of Agronomy,
Genetics and field crops,
Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore
Piacenza, Italy
valentina.maschietto@unic
att.it
Méléard Benoit
ARVALIS Institut du
Végétal
Boigneville, France
b.meleard@arvalisinstitutd
uvegetal.fr
Mezaache-Aichour Samia
Laboratory of Applied
Microbiology, Faculty of
Natural and Life Sciences
Sétif, Algeria
mezaic2002@yahoo.fr
Miedaner Thomas
University of Hohenheim
Stuttgart, Germany
miedaner@unihohenheim.de
Migheli Quirico
University of Sassari
Sassari, Italy
qmigheli@uniss.it
Minenko Ekaterina
Technische Universität
München
Freising, Germany
Ekaterina.Minenko@wzw.t
um.de
Mittermeier Ludwig
Syngenta Crop Protection
AG
Basel, Switzerland
ludwig.mittermeier@synge
nta.com
Montibus Mathilde
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
mathilde.montibus@borde
aux.inra.fr
Moretti Antonio
ISPA-CNR
Adelfia, Italy
antonio.moretti@ispa.cnr.it
Munaut Francoise
Université catholique de
Louvain
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
francoise.munaut@uclouva
in.be
Munkvold Gary
Iowa State University
Ames, IA, USA
munkvold@iastate.edu
Nahal Bouderba Nora
university of Mascara/
Algeria
Béchar, Algeria
norabechar@gmail.com
Nicholson Paul
John Innes Centre
Norwich, United Kingdom
caroline.munnings@jic.ac.
uk
Nielsen Linda
University of Nottingham
Loughborough, UK
Linda.Nielsen@nottingham
.ac.uk
Nipoti Paola
DipSA - Bologna University
Bologna, Italy
paola.nipoti@unibo.it
Ochodzki Piotr
Plant Breeding
Acclimatization Institute
(IHAR)
Blonie, Poland
p.ochodzki@ihar.edu.pl
Oliver Steve
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, UK
247

steve.oliver@bioc.cam.ac.
uk
Ortega Véronique
Syngenta seeds
lombez, France
veronique.ortega@syngent
a.com
Oswald Isabelle
INRA Toxalim
Toulouse, France
opuel@toulouse.inra.fr
Oyetola michael olaolu
Sholaolaolu Trading
johannesburg, South Africa
edidotte@yahoo.com
Pankratova Lyubov
All-Russian Research
Institute of Phytopathology
Moscow, Russia
lyupan@yandex.ru
Parikka Päivi
MTT Agrifood Research
Finland
Jokioinen, Finland
paivi.parikka@mtt.fi
Pasquet Jean-Claude
Institut de Biologie des
Plantes
Orsay, France
jean-claude.pasquet@upsud.fr
Peltonen Sari
Association of ProAgria
Centres
Vantaa, Finland
sari.peltonen@proagria.fi
Perochon Alexandre
university college dublin
dublin, Ireland
alexandre.perochon@ucd.i
e
Persson Paula
Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences
Uppsala, Sweden
paula.persson@slu.se
Petrescu Elena
248
NARDI Fundulea
Fundulea, Romania
nuti_petrescu85@yahoo.c
om
Pfannmüller Andreas
Westfälische Wilhelms-
Universität
Münster, Germany
a_pfan02@unimuenster.de
Pinson-Gadais Laetitia
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
lpinson@bordeaux.inra.fr
Ponts Nadia
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
nadia.ponts@bordeaux.inr
a.fr
Pradel Benoist
Limagrain Europe
Chappes, France
benoist.pradel@limagrain.c
om
Prat Noémie
BOKU - INRA - Florimond-
Desprez
Tulln, Austria
noemie.prat@boku.ac.at
Prodi Antonio
University of Bologna
(DipSA)
Bologna, Italy
antonio.prodi@unibo.it
Puel Olivier
INRA Toxalim
Toulouse, France
opuel@toulouse.inra.fr
Rabie Ankia
Stellenbosch University
Matieland, Stellenbosch,
South Africa
ankia@sun.ac.za
Rämö Sari
MTT Agrifood Research
Finland
Jokioinen, Finland
sari.ramo@mtt.fi
Rampitsch Christof
Agriculture and Agrifood
Canada
Winnipeg, Canada
crampitsch@agr.gc.ca
Ray Rumiana
University of Nottingham
Loughborough, UK
rumiana.ray@nottingham.a
c.uk
Reis Sávio
UFPA
Belém, Brazil
saviopr@yahoo.com
Reis Gabriela
University of São Paulo
São Paulo, Brazil
gabrielamreis@usp.br
Renane Rachida
ENSA Ecole Nationale
Supérieure dAgronomie
Alger, Algeria
rracha8@yahoo.fr
Richard-Forget Florence
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
fforget@bordeaux.inra.fr
Rigal Graziella
France AGRIMER
Montreuil sous Bois,
France
michele.genot@franceagri
mer.fr
Rocha Liliana
University of São Paulo
São Paulo, Brazil
lilianarocha@usp.br
Rodemann Bernd
Julius Kühn-Insitute
Braunschweig,
Braunschweig
bernd.rodemann@jki.bund.
de
Rodriguez Ricardo
SUSTAINABLE AGRO
SOLUTIONS
Almacelles, spain

icardo.rodriguez@sasagri.com
Rondags Emmanuel
Laboratoire Réactions et
Génie des Procédés
(CNRS-UMR 7274)
Vandoeuvre Lès Nancy,
France
emmanuel.rondags@univlorraine.fr
Rösler Sarah
Westfälische Wilhelms-
Universität
Münster, Germany
s.roesler@uni-muenster.de
Salhi Nasrine
Kasdi Merbah University
Ouargla, Algeria
nesrinemed@yahoo.fr
Samad Zamini Mina
BOKU-University of Natural
Resources and Life
Sciences
Tulln, Austria
mina.zamini@boku.ac.at
Sarrocco Sabrina
Dept. of Agriculture, Food
and Environment,
University of Pisa
Pisa, Italy
sarrocco@agr.unipi.it
Savoie Jean-Michel
INRA MycSA
Bordeaux, France
savoie@bordeaux.inra.fr
Scala Valeria
Università La Sapienza
Roma, Italy
valeria.scala@uniroma1.it
Scauflaire Jonathan
Université catholique de
Louvain
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
jonathan.scauflaire@uclou
vain.be
Schäfer Wilhelm
University Hamburg
Hamburg, Germany
wilhelm.schaefer@unihamburg.de
Scheeren Pedro Luiz
Brazilian Agricultural
Research Corporation
(Embrapa)
Passo Fundo, Brazil
pedro.scheeren@embrapa
.br
Scherm Barbara
University of Sassari -
Plant Pathology
Sassari, Italy
scherm@uniss.it
Schmeitzl Clemens
University of Natural
Resources and Life
Sciences, Vienna
Vienna, Austria
clemens.schmeitzl@boku.
ac.at
Sérandat Isabelle
GEVES
Beaucouze, France
isabelle.serandat@geves.fr
Shahid Muhammad
Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan
mshahiduaf@yahoo.com
Sharma Mamta
ICRISAT
Hyderabad, India
mamta.sharma@cgiar.org
Sharma Kamal
Ideal Searchers
Hyderabad, India
kamal@idealsearchers.co
m
Sibounnavong
Phoutthasone
National University of Laos
Vientiane, Lao PDR
ssibounnavong@gmail.co
m
Sieber Christian
Helmholtz Zentrum
München
Neuherberg, Germany
christian.sieber@helmholtz
-muenchen.de
Siegwart Gerald
BOKU-University of Natural
Resources and Life
Sciences
Tulln, Austria
gerald.siegwart@boku.ac.a
t
Sneller Clay
The Ohio State University
Wooster, USA
sneller.5@osu.edu
Spanu Francesca
University of Sassari -
Plant Pathology
Sassari, Italy
fspanu@uniss.it
Spörhase Pia
University of Natural
Resources and Life
Sciences, Vienna
Vienna, Austria
pia.spoerhase@boku.ac.at
Stancic Tijana
Harper Adams University
Newport, UK
tstancic@harperadams.ac.uk
Stankovic Slavica
Maize Research Institute,
ZEMUN POLJE,
BELGRADE-ZEMUN
Belgrade, Republic of
Serbia
sstojkov@mrizp.rs
Steinberg Christian
INRA
Dijon, France
christian.steinberg@dijon.i
nra.fr
Stępień Łukasz
Institute of Plant Genetics,
Polish Academy of
Sciences
Poznań, Poland
lste@igr.poznan.pl
249

Subramaniam Gopal
Agriculture and Agrifood
Canada
Ottawa, Canada
rajagopal.subramaniam@a
gr.gc.ca
Sumikova Tatana
Crop Research Institute
Prague, Czech Republic
sumikova@vurv.cz
Sydenham Scott
ARC-Small Grain Institute
Bethlehem, South Africa
slsydenham@vodamail.co.
za
Szabo-Hever Agnes
Cereal Research Nonprofit
Ltd.
Szeged, Hungary
agnes.szabo@gabonakuta
to.hu
Tamburic-Ilincic Ljiljana
(Lily)
University of Guelph
Ridgetown, Canada
ltamburi@uoguelph.ca
Tardin Marie-Claire
RAGT 2n
Rodez, France
mctardin@ragt.fr
Tibola Casiane
Brazilian Agricultural
Research Corporation
(Embrapa)
Passo Fundo/RS, Brazil
casiane.tibola@embrapa.b
r
Trail Frances
Michigan State University
East Lansing, USA
trail@msu.edu
Tunali Berna
Ondokuz Mayis University
Samsun, Turkey
btunali@omu.edu.tr
Uegaki Ryuichi
250
National Institute of
Livestock and Grassland
Science
Nasushiobara, Japan
uegaki@affrc.go.jp
Valade Romain
Arvalis
Thiverval Grignon, France
r.valade@arvalisinstitutduv
egetal.fr
Van Beckhoven Catherine
Syngenta Crop Protection
Benelux
Oosterzele, Belgium
catherine.van_beckhoven
@syngenta.com
van der Lee Theo
Wageningen-UR
Wageningen, Netherlands
theo.vanderlee@wur.nl
van Diepeningen Anne D.
CBS-KNAW Fungal
Biodiversity Centre
Utrecht, The Netherlands
a.diepeningen@cbs.knaw.
nl
Van Hove François
Université catholique de
Louvain
Louvain-la-Neuve,
Belgique
francois.vanhove@uclouva
in.be
Vanheule Adriaan
Gebouw C, University
College Ghent
Ghent, Belgium
adriaan.vanheule@hogent.
be
Venturini Giovanni
University of Milan
Milan, Italy
giovanni.venturini@unimi.it
Viljoen Altus
Stellenbosch University
Matieland, Stellenbosch,
South Africa
altus@sun.ac.za
Vogelgsang Susanne
Agroscope Reckenholz-
Tänikon Research Station
ART
Zürich, Switzerland
susanne.vogelgsang@art.
admin.ch
Wakulinski Wojciech
Department of Plant
Pathology Warsaw
Uniwersity of Life Sciences
Warsaw, Poland
wojciech_wakulinski@sgg
w.pl
Wiesenberger Gerlinde
Dept. Appl. Genetics & Cell
Biol., Univ. Natural
Resources & Life
Sciences, Vienna
Tulln, Austria
gerlinde.wiesenberger@bo
ku.ac.at
Wiśniewska Halina
Institute of Plant Genetics
Polish Academy of
Sciences
Poznan, Poland
hwis@igr.poznan.pl
Xue Allen
Agriculture and Agrifood
Canada
Ottawa, Canada
allen.xue@agr.gc.ca
Yli-Mattila Tapani
University of Turku
Turku, Finland
tymat@utu.fi
Young Keun Cheong
CIMMYT
Texcoco, Mexico
c806yk@korea.kr
Zhemchuzhina Natalia
All-Russian Research
Institute of Phytopathology
Moscow, Russia
zhemch@mail.ru

When F. graminearum (GFP) meets F. verticillioides (DsRed ) photo credit by C. Barreau