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<strong>EXTREME</strong> <strong>SPORTS</strong><br />

BMX<br />

SKATE SKILLS<br />

FREE SKIING<br />

<strong>LEARN</strong><br />

<strong>TO</strong> <strong>RIDE</strong><br />

MAY 2013 | Nº 53 | 3 $<br />

IN SPAIN: ONLY OUTDOOR &<br />

<strong>EXTREME</strong> <strong>SPORTS</strong> MAGAZINE<br />

KING OF THE HILL<br />

Longrider<br />

Joel Fenoll<br />

INSIDE:<br />

BMX<br />

SKATE<br />

WIND-SURF<br />

DAKAR<br />

LONG<br />

PARKOUR<br />

&<br />

MORE<br />

CHECK<br />

IT OUT


SUMMARY<br />

In this editon of Extreme Sports, we<br />

want you to see a diferent way of vision<br />

of this variety of Sports with a special<br />

risk, and many adrenaline.<br />

Well, this week, we want show you<br />

Xtreme Sports which we are very sure it<br />

will like you so much. In this editon, you<br />

will be read about sports like Skate, Long-<br />

Board,MuaiThay,Surfing,WindSurf,Apnea,<br />

WingSuit,SnowBoard,BMX RED BULL,<br />

Puentng, Rally Dakar, Parkour and Raftng.


index<br />

Skate (Konrad)______________________Pag 1<br />

Long (Konrad)_______________________Pag 2<br />

Muay Thai (Konrad)__________________Pag3/4<br />

Surf (Konrad)________________________Pag 5/6<br />

Windsurf (Konrad)____________________Pag 7/8<br />

Apnea (Dani)________________________Pag 9/10<br />

Wingsuit (Dani)______________________Pag 11/12<br />

Snowboard (Dani)____________________Pag 13/14<br />

Bmx (Dani)__________________________Pag 15<br />

Red Bull Rampage (Dani)______________Pag 16<br />

Puenting (Guille)_____________________Pag 17/18<br />

Dakar (Guille)_______________________Pag 19/20<br />

Parkour (Guille)______________________Pag 21/22<br />

Rafing (Guille)_______________________Pag 23/24


Skateboarding was first started in<br />

the 1950s, when all across Califor-<br />

nia surfers got the idea of trying<br />

to surf the streets. No one really<br />

knows who made the first board -<br />

- instead, it seems that several<br />

people came up with similar ideas<br />

at the same time. Several people<br />

have claimed to have invented<br />

the skateboard first, but nothing<br />

can be proved, and skateboarding<br />

remains a strange spontaneous<br />

creation.<br />

SKATE<br />

These first skateboarders started<br />

with wooden boxes or boards<br />

with roller skate wheels slapped<br />

on the bottom. Like you might<br />

imagine, a lot of people got hurt<br />

in skateboarding's early years! It<br />

was a sport just being born and<br />

discovered, so anything went. The<br />

boxes turned into planks, and<br />

eventually companies were pro-<br />

ducing decks of pressed layers of<br />

wood -- similar to the skateboard<br />

decks of today. During this time,<br />

1<br />

skateboarding was seen as some-<br />

thing to do for fun after surfing.<br />

In 1963, skateboarding was at a<br />

peak of popularity, and compa-<br />

nies like Jack's, Hobie and Ma-<br />

kaha started holding<br />

skateboarding competitions. At<br />

this time, skateboarding was<br />

mostly either downhill slalom or<br />

freestyle.<br />

With the evolution of skateparks<br />

and ramp skating, the skateboard<br />

began to change. Early skate<br />

tricks had consisted mainly of<br />

two-dimensional freestyle mano-<br />

euvres like riding on only two<br />

wheels ("wheelie" or "manual"),<br />

spinning only on the back wheels<br />

(a "pivot"), high jumping over a<br />

bar and landing on the board<br />

again, also known as a "hippie<br />

jump", long jumping from one<br />

board to another, (often over<br />

small barrels or fearless teena-<br />

gers), or slalom. Another popular<br />

trick was the Bertlemann slide,<br />

named after Larry Bertelemann's<br />

surfing manoeuvres.


LONG BOARD<br />

Longboarding is the art/sport/hobby of riding<br />

a long skateboard, from 24" to 80".<br />

Longboarding has its roots in surfing, which<br />

is why many longboards resemble surf boards.<br />

Skateboarding in general evolved from<br />

surfing in the 70s. Much of the success and<br />

popularity of skateboarding is due to the<br />

west coast, where skaters would skate in<br />

empty pools. This style of skating still lives on<br />

today, but in relative obscurity. Longboarding<br />

started to become popular when these pool<br />

skaters started to age. Utilizing these longer<br />

skateboards let anyone, no matter their age<br />

or skill level, enjoy skateboarding.<br />

2


Disciplina surgida en Tailandia, la<br />

cual se desarrolló ya que ésta se<br />

hallaba constantemente en conflicto<br />

bélico con reinos vecinos<br />

como Birmania y Camboya. Por<br />

esto, la ciudad se vio obligada a<br />

que sus soldados pudieran manejar<br />

con destreza las lanzas, espadas,<br />

y la utilización del cuerpo<br />

como un arma en situaciones de<br />

combate a distancia corta. Técnicas<br />

como las patadas, golpes con<br />

el puño, rodillas, espinillas, codos<br />

y ciertas maneras de derribar al<br />

adversario, fueron desarrolladas<br />

en ese entonces. Durante este pe-<br />

MUAY-THAI<br />

riodo el muay thai era considerado<br />

como un arte esencial, y<br />

parte del currículum real para<br />

poder aspirar al trono.<br />

Durante los siglos siguientes, el<br />

arte continuó evolucionando. No<br />

fue hasta el reinado del rey Narai<br />

(1604-1690), caracterizado por<br />

ser una época de paz, cuando se<br />

convirtió en deporte profesional.<br />

Las peleas se efectuaban en un<br />

espacio delimitado, consistente<br />

en una cuerda sobre el piso formando<br />

un cuadro para indicar el<br />

área de combate. Las reglas eran<br />

simples: pelear hasta que uno<br />

3<br />

quedara de pie, o que uno de los<br />

dos se rindiera. No había limitaciones<br />

en cuanto a peso, estatura<br />

o edad, las aldeas competían unas<br />

contra otras y se efectuaban<br />

apuestas.<br />

WAI KRU<br />

Debe empezar el combate con<br />

un ritual. Este ritual consta de varios<br />

pasos o en su mayoría de varios<br />

rituales, los cuales sirven para<br />

ahuyentar a los supuestos malos<br />

espíritus para que el combatiente<br />

tenga una buena actuación y<br />

sobre todo, mantenga una conexión<br />

con los supuestos maestros.<br />

Estos supuestos maestros se<br />

dicen que existieron en la antigüedad<br />

y se deben contactar en la<br />

actualidad para no salir del cuadrilátero<br />

muerto y conservar la<br />

vida. El ritual previo al combate<br />

se llama wai kru.


MUAY-<br />

THAI<br />

4Whi?


SURF<br />

5<br />

Surfing is a surface water sport in which the<br />

wave rider, referred to as a "surfer", rides on<br />

the forward face of a wave, which is most<br />

often carrying the surfer towards shore.<br />

Waves suitable for surfing are primarily<br />

found in the ocean, but can also be found in<br />

lakes or in rivers in the form of a standing<br />

wave or tdal bore. However, modern-day<br />

surfing can also be done in man-made sources<br />

such as wave pools and boat wakes.The<br />

term "surfing" refers to the act of riding a<br />

wave and not the form (with or without a<br />

board) in which the wave is ridden. For instance,<br />

the natve peoples of the Pacific surfed<br />

waves on alaia, paipo, and other such<br />

crafts on their belly, knees, and feet. Not to<br />

menton, Bodysurfing, the act of surfing a<br />

wave without a board, is considered by<br />

some to be the purest form of surfing. That<br />

much said, the more modern day definiton<br />

of surfing tends to refer to when a surfer<br />

rides a wave standing up on a surfboard,<br />

which is referred to as stand-up surfing or<br />

paddleboarding. Although, another prominent<br />

form of surfing in the ocean today includes<br />

bodyboarding, which refers to when<br />

a surfer rides a wave either on the belly,<br />

dropknee, or stand-up on a bodyboard.


SURF<br />

6


WIND<br />

SURF<br />

Windsurfing is a surface water sport Some credit S. Newman Darby with Windsurfing can be said to strad-<br />

that combines elements of surfing the origination of windsurfing by dle both the laid-back culture of<br />

and sailing. It consists of a board 1965 on the Susquehanna River, surf sports and the more rules-<br />

usually 2 to 3 metres long, with a Pennsylvania, USA when he invenbased environment of sailing. Al-<br />

volume of about 60 to 250 liters, poted the "sailboard", which, incidenthough it might be considered a<br />

wered by wind on a sail. The rig is tally, he did not patent.In 1964, minimalistic version of a sailboat,<br />

connected to the board by a free-ro- Darby began selling his sailboards. A a windsurfer offers experiences<br />

tating universal joint and consists of promotional article by Darby was that are outside the scope of any<br />

a mast, 2-sided boom and sail. The published in the August 1965 edi- other sailing craf design. Wind-<br />

sail area generally ranges from 2.5 tion of Popular Science magazine. surfers can perform jumps, inver-<br />

m2 to 12 m2 depending on the con- While Darby's "sailboard" incorpoted loops, spinning maneuvers,<br />

ditions, the skill of the sailor and the rated a pivoting rig, it was "square and other "freestyle" moves that<br />

type of windsurfing being underta- rigged" and suffered all the associa- cannot be matched by any sailken.ted<br />

limitations.<br />

boat. Windsurfers were the first<br />

to ride the world's largest waves,<br />

such as Jaws on the island of<br />

Maui, and, with very few exceptions,<br />

it was not until the advent<br />

of tow-in surfing that waves of<br />

that size became accessible to<br />

surfers on more traditional surfboards.<br />

Extreme waves aside,<br />

many expert windsurfers will ride<br />

the same waves as wavesurfers<br />

do (wind permitting) and are<br />

themselves usually very accomplished<br />

without a rig on a conventional<br />

surfoard.<br />

7


At one time referred to as "surfing's ginger<br />

haired cousin" by the sport's legendary<br />

champion, Robby Naish,[7] windsurfing has<br />

long struggled to present a coherent image of<br />

the sport to outsiders. As a result of attempts<br />

to claim the word "windsurfer" as a trademark,<br />

participants have been encouraged to<br />

use different names to describe the sport, including<br />

"sailboarding" and "boardsailing".<br />

The term "windsurfing" has persisted as the<br />

accepted name for the sport, and the word<br />

"windsurfer" persists for both participants<br />

and equipment.<br />

Windsurfing is predominately undertaken on<br />

a non-competitive basis. Organised competition<br />

does take place at all levels across the<br />

world and typical formats for competitive<br />

windsurfing include Formula Windsurfing,<br />

speed sailing, slalom, course racing, wave sailing,<br />

superX, and freestyle. These events are<br />

exciting to watch as sailors push the limits<br />

both physically and creatively with moves<br />

that look as impossible as thinking them up<br />

in the first place.<br />

8<br />

Windsurfing, as a sport and recreational<br />

activity, did not emerge until the latter<br />

half of the 20th century. But before this,<br />

there have been sailing boats of various<br />

designs that have used wind as the driving<br />

force for millennia, and Polynesians have<br />

been riding waves for many of them, undertaking<br />

day trips over oceans standing<br />

upright on a solid board with a vertical<br />

sail.<br />

In 1948, 20-year old Newman Darby was<br />

the first to conceive the idea of using a<br />

handheld sail and rig mounted on a universal<br />

joint so that he could control his<br />

small catamaran—the first rudderless sailboard<br />

ever built that allowed a person to<br />

steer by shifing his or her weight in<br />

ordzto tilt the sail fore and af. Darby did<br />

not file a patent for the sailboard. However,<br />

he is widely recognized as its inventor<br />

as well as the first to conceive, design,<br />

and build a sailboard with a universalzjoint.<br />

In his own words, Darby experimented<br />

throughout much of the 1950s and<br />

1960s and it wasn't until 1963.Windsurfing,<br />

as a sport and recreational activity,<br />

did not emerge until the latter half of the<br />

20th century. But before this, there have


Freediving (or free-diving) is a form of underwater<br />

diving that relies on a diver's ability<br />

to hold his or her breath until<br />

resurfacing rather than on the use of a breathing<br />

apparatus such as scuba gear. Examples<br />

include breath-hold spear fishing,<br />

freedive photography, recreational breathhold<br />

diving, apnea competitions, and to<br />

some degree, snorkeling. The activity that<br />

garners the most public attention is the extreme<br />

sport of competitive apnea in which<br />

competitors attempt to attain great depths,<br />

times, or distances on a single breath.<br />

APNEA<br />

10<br />

Competitive freediving is currently governed<br />

by two world associations: AIDA International<br />

(International Association for Development<br />

of Apnea) and CMAS (World<br />

Underwater Federation). Most types of<br />

competitive freediving have in common that<br />

it is an individual sport based on the best individual<br />

achievement. An exception to this<br />

rule is the bi-annual World Championship<br />

for Teams, held by AIDA, where the combined<br />

score of the team members makes up<br />

the team's total points. There are currently<br />

nine disciplines used by official governing<br />

bodies and a dozen disciplines that are only<br />

practiced locally. In this article, the recognized<br />

disciplines of AIDA and CMAS will be<br />

described. All disciplines can be done by<br />

both men and women and, while done outdoors,<br />

no differences in the environment<br />

between records are recognized any longer.<br />

The disciplines of AIDA can be done both in<br />

competition and as a record attempt, with<br />

the exception of Variable Weight and No limits,<br />

which are both done solely as record<br />

attempts.


APNEA APNEA<br />

9


Another variation on which studies are<br />

being focused is the so-called wingpack,<br />

which consists of a strap-on rigid wing in<br />

carbon fibre.[8] It is a mix between a hangglider<br />

and a wingsuit. The wingpack can<br />

reach a glide ratio of 6 and permits transportation<br />

of oxygen bottles and other material.<br />

On 31 July 2003, the Austrian Felix Baumgartner,<br />

jumping from 29,360 ft (9 km), successfully<br />

crossed the English Channel in 14<br />

minutes using a wingpack, having covered<br />

over 35 km (21.8 mi).<br />

WING-<br />

SUIT<br />

11<br />

Wingsuit flying is the sport of flying the<br />

human body through the air using a special<br />

jumpsuit, called a wingsuit, which adds surface<br />

area to the human body to enable a<br />

significant increase in lift. Modern wingsuits,<br />

first developed in the late 1990s, create the<br />

surface area with fabric between the legs<br />

and under the arms. Wingsuits are sometimes<br />

referred to as a birdman suit (after the<br />

makers of the first commercially available<br />

wingsuit), flying squirrel suit (due to their<br />

resemblance to the animal. Squirrel is now<br />

the name of a commercial wingsuit manufacturer),<br />

or bat suit (due to their vague resemblance<br />

to the animal or perhaps the<br />

superhero).A wingsuit flight normally ends<br />

with a parachute opening. So a wingsuit can<br />

safely be flown from any point that provides<br />

sufficient altitude for flight and parachute<br />

deployment (normally a skydiving drop aircraft<br />

or BASE jump exit point).<br />

The wingsuit flier wears parachute equipment<br />

designed for skydiving or BASE jumping.


WING<br />

SUIT<br />

12


SnowBoarding<br />

Snowboarding is a winter sport that involves<br />

descending a slope that is covered with<br />

snow while standing on a board attached to<br />

a rider's feet, using a special boot set onto a<br />

mounted binding. The development of<br />

snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding,<br />

sledding, surfing and skiing. It was developed<br />

in the United States in the 1960s<br />

and became a Winter Olympic Sport in<br />

1998. In 2002 competitive snowboarders<br />

formed the World Snowboard Tour.<br />

Snowboarding has been around since the<br />

1920s, when boys and men would tie<br />

plywood or wooden planks from barrels to<br />

their feet using clotheslines and horse reins<br />

in order to steer themselves down hills. Modern<br />

snowboarding began in 1965 when<br />

Sherman Poppen, an engineer in Muskegon,<br />

Michigan, invented a toy for his daughter by<br />

fastening two skis together and attaching a<br />

rope to one end so she would have some<br />

control as she stood on the board and glided<br />

downhill.<br />

13


Shaun White<br />

Shaun Roger White is an american<br />

professional skateboarder<br />

and snowboarder.He is a<br />

two tme Olympic gold medalist.In<br />

the last eleven years he<br />

has won 28 gold medals, 6 silver<br />

medals and 3 bronce medals.<br />

Early Life<br />

White was born in San Diego, California.<br />

His ancestry includes Irish<br />

and Italian. He was born with a Tetralogy<br />

of Fallot, a congenital heart<br />

defect for which he endured two<br />

open-heart operatons before the<br />

age of one. He stands 5'8" (1.73 m)<br />

tall. White spent his formatve years<br />

riding Okemo Mountain and Bear<br />

Mountain, small ski resorts found in<br />

Ludlow, Vermont, and the San Ber-<br />

nardino Mountains of Southern California.<br />

14<br />

Snowboarding<br />

career<br />

White has partcipated in two<br />

Winter Olympics in his career. At<br />

both the 2006 and 2010 Winter<br />

Olympics, White won gold in the<br />

snowboard halfpipe event. White<br />

has also partcipated in the Winter<br />

X Games, where he has won a<br />

medal every year since 2002. Including<br />

all winter X Games compettons<br />

through 2009, his medal<br />

count stands at 15 (10 gold, 3 sil-<br />

ver, 2 bronze), among which is<br />

the first quadruple win streak by<br />

a male athlete in one discipline,<br />

the .


BMX<br />

Bicycle motocross or BMX is the sport of racing bicycles in motocross The 1972 motorcycle racing do-<br />

style on tracks which use an inline start and have obstacles, and also recumentary On Any Sunday is gefers<br />

to the bicycle itself, which is designed for dirt and motocross nerally credited with inspiring the<br />

cycling.BMX began in the early 1970s when children began racing their movement nationally in the Uni-<br />

bicycles on dirt tracks in southern California, inspired by the motocross ted States; its opening scene<br />

stars of the time. The size and availability of the Schwinn Sting-Ray and shows kids riding their Sting-Rays<br />

other wheelie bikes made them the natural bike of choice for these off-road. By the middle of that de-<br />

races, since they were easily customized for better handling and perforcade the sport achieved critical<br />

mance. BMX racing was a phenomenon by the mid-1970s. Children were mass, and manufacturers began<br />

racing standard road bikes off-road, around purpose-built tracks in Cali- creating bicycles designed espefornia.cially<br />

for the sport.<br />

George E. Esser founded the National<br />

Bicycle League as a nonprofit<br />

bicycle motocross<br />

sanctioning organization in 1974.<br />

Before they set up the NBL, Esser<br />

and his wife, Mary, sanctioned<br />

motorcycle races with the American<br />

Motocross Association<br />

(AMA). Their two sons, Greg and<br />

Brian, raced motorcycles, but also<br />

enjoyed riding and racing BMX<br />

with their friends. It was their<br />

sons’ interest, and the lack of<br />

BMX organizations in the East,<br />

which prompted Esser to start the<br />

NBL in Florida.<br />

15


Red Bull<br />

Rampage<br />

16<br />

The Red Bull Rampage is an invite-only freeride<br />

mountain bike competton held near<br />

Zion Natonal Park in Virgin, Utah, USA, just<br />

to the north of Gooseberry Mesa. Previously<br />

it was held off the Kolob Terrace Road, on<br />

the western boundary of Zion Natonal<br />

Park.[1] The competton was held from<br />

2001–2004 and then canceled due to the increasing<br />

risk compettors were taking. The<br />

Rampage however was re-introduced for<br />

the 2008 season. In 2010, the event was<br />

held October 1–3.<br />

The event is similar to freestyle skiing and<br />

snowboarding, where compettors are judged<br />

on their choice of lines down the<br />

course, their technical ability and the complexity<br />

of tricks. For the 2008 event wooden<br />

features have been introduced to what has<br />

previously been a 'Natural' only course.


Bungee jumping is an activity that involves<br />

jumping from a tall structure while connected<br />

to a large elastic cord. The tall structure<br />

is usually a fixed object, such as a building,<br />

bridge or crane; but it is also possible to<br />

jump from a movable object, such as a hotair-balloon<br />

or helicopter, that has the ability<br />

to hover. When the person jumps, the cord<br />

stretches and the jumper flies upwards<br />

again as the cord recoils, and continues to<br />

oscillate up and down until all the energy is<br />

dissipated.<br />

The highest jump<br />

In August 2005, AJ Hackett added a<br />

SkyJump to the Macau Tower, making<br />

it the world's highest jump at 233 metres<br />

(764 f).The SkyJump did not qualify<br />

as the world's highest bungee as it<br />

is not strictly speaking a bungee<br />

jump, but instead what is referred to<br />

as a 'Decelerator-Descent' jump, using<br />

a steel cable and decelerator system,<br />

rather than an elastic rope.On 17 December<br />

2006, the Macau Tower started<br />

operating a proper bungee jump,<br />

which became the "Highest Commercial<br />

Bungee Jump In The World" according<br />

to the Guinness Book of<br />

Records.


PUENTING


DAKAR<br />

The Dakar Rally is an annual Dakar Series rally raid<br />

type of off-road race, organised by the Amaury Sport<br />

Organisaton. Most events since the incepton in 1978<br />

were from Paris, France, to Dakar, Senegal, but due to<br />

security threats in Mauritania, which led to the cancellaton<br />

of the 2008 rally, the 2009 Dakar Rally was run<br />

in South America.It was the first tme the race took<br />

place outside of Europe and Africa.[1] It has stayed in<br />

South America from 2009 to the present (2013).[2][3]<br />

The race is open to amateur and professional entries.<br />

Amateurs typically make up about eighty percent of<br />

the partcipants.<br />

Despite its 'rally' name, it is an off-road endurance<br />

race, properly called a rally raid rather than a conventonal<br />

rally. The terrain that the compettors traverse<br />

is much tougher and the vehicles used are true offroad<br />

vehicles rather than the modified on-road vehicles<br />

used in rallies. Most of the compettve special<br />

sectons are off-road, crossing dunes, mud, camel<br />

grass, rocks and erg among others. The distances of<br />

each stage covered vary from short distances up to<br />

800–900 kilometres (500–560 mi) per day.The three<br />

major compettve groups in the Dakar are the motorcycle<br />

(moto) class (including quadbikes as one of<br />

the sub-classes), the car class, (which ranges from<br />

buggies to small SUVs) and the truck class.<br />

Many vehicle manufacturers exploit the harsh environment<br />

the rally offers as a testng ground and<br />

consequently to demonstrate the durability of their<br />

vehicles, although most vehicles are heavily modified<br />

or purpose built.Over 190 different countries<br />

take the internatonal feed of the event with a<br />

roundup of every day being made into a 26-minute<br />

programme. This has been commentated on by<br />

Toby Moody for ten years, but Ben Constanduros<br />

speaks on the 2011 editon.A television documentary<br />

Race to Dakar described the experiences of a<br />

team including the actor Charley Boorman in preparaton<br />

for and entry into the 2006 Dakar Rally.


In 1982, Mark Thatcher, son of the then British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, along with his French codriver<br />

Anne-Charlotte Verney and their mechanic, disappeared for six days. On January 9, the trio became<br />

separated from a convoy of vehicles afer they stopped to make repairs to a faulty steering arm. They were<br />

declared missing on January 12; afer a large-scale search, a Lockheed L100 search plane from the Algerian<br />

military spotted their white Peugeot 504 some 50 km (30 mi) off course. Thatcher, Verney and the mechanic<br />

were all unharmed.<br />

The organiser of the rally, Thierry Sabine, was killed when his Ecureuil helicopter crashed at 07:30 p.m. on<br />

Tuesday 14 January 1986, into a dune at Mali during a sudden sand-storm. Also killed onboard was the singer-songwriter<br />

Daniel Balavoine, helicopter pilot François-Xavier Bagnoud, journalist Nathalie Odent and<br />

Jean-Paul Lefur who was a radiophonic engineer for RTL.Six people were killed during the 1988 race, three<br />

participants and three local residents. In one incident, Baye Sibi, a 10-year-old Malian girl, was killed by a<br />

racer while she crossed a road. A film crew's vehicle killed a mother and daughter in Mauritania on the last<br />

day of the race.


PARKOUR<br />

Parkour is not widely practiced in dedicated public<br />

facilities. Although efforts are being made to create<br />

places for it, some traceurs do not like the idea as<br />

it is contradictory to Parkour's value of<br />

freedom.Traceurs practice Parkour in both rural<br />

and urban areas such as gyms, parks, playgrounds,<br />

offices, and abandoned structures.<br />

Parkou is a holistc training discipline using<br />

movement that developed out of military<br />

obstacle course training. Practtoners aim<br />

to move quickly and efficiently through<br />

their environment using only their bodies<br />

and their surroundings to propel themselves,<br />

negotatng obstacles in between.<br />

They try to maintain as much momentum<br />

as possible without being unsafe. Parkour<br />

can include running, climbing, swinging,<br />

vaultng, jumping, rolling, quadrupedal<br />

movement and more, if they are the most<br />

suitable movements for the situaton. Parkour<br />

is non-compettve. It may be performed<br />

on an obstacle course, but is usually<br />

practced in a creatve (and sometmes<br />

playful) reinterpretaton or subversion of<br />

urban spaces.Parkour involves 'seeing'<br />

one's environment in a new way, and imagining<br />

the potentalites for movement<br />

around it.Developed by Raymond Belle,<br />

David Belle, Sébasten Foucan and others<br />

in the late 1980s,Parkour became popular<br />

in the late 1990s and 2000s through films,<br />

documentaries and advertsements featuring<br />

these practtoners and others.


There is no equipment required, although practtoners<br />

normally train wearing light casual clothing like<br />

comfortable running shoes, ones that are generally<br />

light, with good grip and flexibility are<br />

encouraged.Various sport-shoes manufacturers,<br />

such as Nike, with its "Free run" shoes, have developed<br />

shoes specifically for Parkour and Freerunning;<br />

and many other companies around the world have<br />

started offering Parkour-specific products.<br />

There have been a few documentaries about Parkour<br />

on major television networks. Jump London is<br />

a 2003 documentary which explains some of the<br />

background to Parkour and culminated with Sébasten<br />

Foucan, Johann Vigroux, and Jérôme Ben<br />

Aoues demonstratng their Parkour skills. Jump<br />

London was followed by Jump Britain in 2005,<br />

which featured Foucan and Ben Aoeus.


RAFTING<br />

Rafts come in a few different forms. In<br />

Europe and Australasia, the most common<br />

is the symmetrical raft steered<br />

with a paddle at the stern. Other types<br />

are the asymmetrical, rudder-controlled<br />

raft and the symmetrical raft with<br />

central helm (oars) or Stern Mounts<br />

with the oar frame located at the rear<br />

of the raft. Rafts are usually propelled<br />

with ordinary paddles and or oars and<br />

typically hold 4 to 12 persons. In Russia,<br />

rafts are often hand made and are<br />

often a catamaran style with two inflatable<br />

tubes attached to a frame. Pairs of<br />

paddlers navigate on these rafts. Catamaran<br />

style rafts have become popular<br />

in the western United States as well,<br />

but are typically rowed instead of paddled.Below<br />

are the six grades of difficulty<br />

in white water rafting. They range<br />

from simple to very dangerous and potential<br />

death or serious injuries.<br />

Rafting or white water rafting is<br />

the challenging recreational outdoor<br />

activity of using an inflatable<br />

raft to navigate a river or other<br />

bodies of water. This is usually<br />

done on white water or different<br />

degrees of rough water, in order<br />

to thrill and excite the raft passengers.<br />

The development of this activity<br />

as a leisure sport has<br />

become popular since the mid-<br />

1970s. It is considered an extreme<br />

sport, as it can be dangerous.The<br />

modern raft is an inflatable boat,<br />

consisting of very durable, multilayeredsmall<br />

as 1.5 metres (4.9 ft)<br />

long and weigh as little as 4<br />

pounds (1.8 kg).


White water rafting can be a dangerous sport, especially if basic safety precautions are not observed. Both<br />

commercial and private trips have seen their share of injuries and fatalities, though private travel has typically<br />

been associated with greater risk.[citation needed] Depending on the area, safety regulations covering<br />

raft operators may exist in legislation. These range from certification of outfitters, rafts, and raft leaders, to<br />

more stringent regulations about equipment and procedures. It is generally advisable to discuss safety measures<br />

with a rafting operator before signing on for a trip. The equipment used and the qualifications of the<br />

company and raft guides are essential information to be considered.Like most outdoor sports, rafting in general<br />

has become safer over the years. Expertise in the sport has increased, and equipment has become<br />

more specialized and increased in quality. As a result the difficulty rating of most river runs has changed. A<br />

classic example would be the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon or Jalcomulco River in Mexico, which has<br />

swallowed whole expeditions in the past, leaving only fragments of boats. In contrast, it is now run safely<br />

by commercial outfitters hundreds of times each year with relatively untrained passengers.[1]Risks in white<br />

water rafting stem from both environmental dangers and from improper behavior. Certain features on rivers<br />

are inherently unsafe and have remained consistently so despite the passage of time. These would include<br />

"keeper hydraulics", "strainers" (e.g. fallen trees), dams (especially low-head dams, which tend to<br />

produce river-wide keeper hydraulics), undercut rocks, and of course dangerously high waterfalls. Rafting<br />

with experienced guides is the safest way to avoid such features. Even in safe areas, however, moving water<br />

can always present risks—such as when a swimmer attempts to stand up on a rocky riverbed in strong current,<br />

risking foot entrapment.


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