Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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3 3 . 1 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S S U E S PAST TRENDS & INSTITUTIONAL DETERIORAT I O N Public-sector investment has dominated the economic development scene in Pakistan. This is reflected in the distribution of responsibilities in the Five-Year Plans that are the main instruments of development planning. For example, in the First and Second Five-Year Plans, public-sector investments were 69% and 54% of the total financial outlays respectively. This trend has continued until recently. The state was in control, as both the Government and the people thought development to be the state's responsibility. This has resulted in the alienation of people and a decline in the tradition of self-help that was characteristic of the region for centuries. Greater state control steadily resulted in corruption, and development schemes would be increasingly traded as favours. Development did occur, but it was expensive, inequitable, and unsustainable. Moreover, the statesponsored development schemes often resulted more in conflict than in cohesion in the communities. Examples can be found of people demolishing public water supply schemes and distributing the pipes among themselves. This indicates the schemes were not based on need, and people felt a lack of ownership of them. The fragmented and inconsistent policies resulting from political instability aggravated the problem and led to an erosion of public faith in state mechanisms. In this process, public goods such as forests, air, and water have suffered the most. Due to their ‘common property’ nature, people sought to salvage forests, believing either that they would be lost anyway or that they were an endless, God-given resource. In cities, state properties have been lost to encroachments. Some people have put buildings in the middle of waterways. The Government institutions responsible for these resources closed their eyes and, at times, even supported the abuse. This pattern of development followed the ‘big push’ approach. It was thought that large public investments would raise per capita income, and the benefits would eventually reach the poor even if they were not specifically targeted. In 1960s, Pakistan 18 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY did achieve respectable economic growth, but the gap between rich and poor further widened. The nationalization policy of the early 1970s discouraged private investment and paved the way for an exodus of financial resources overseas. The political and bureaucratic elite siphoned off substantial funds, and what remained was not sufficient to meet the basic needs of a swelling population. The Government started to borrow heavily. The result was rising debt and the initiation of projects of questionable value. Environmental improvement was never an issue. Environmental problems are many and complex but are often institutional. The public service has steadily degenerated, and fewer public servants are motivated to work. The service is highly politicized and compartmentalized. Corruption has increased over the years which manifests itself in the lack of transparency in decisions and unwillingness to coordinate with others. There is also a lack of capacity with respect to environmental planning and management. While the capacity building may not be a major problem, getting the institutions to work in a coordinated manner and to share information is exceedingly difficult. The problem is more pronounced in urban areas due to the multiplicity of mandates for urban management shared by dozens of agencies. Related to this is the loss of responsibility of municipal councils, which have existed only intermittently and which have become dependent on Government grants. There is little motivation for them to raise their own funds. Moreover, the legislative framework for sustainable development is weak and fragmented. The existing laws do provide for some aspects of environment such as forest conservation, but these provisions are incidental. Still, it would be useful if these were implemented. Unfortunately, the enforcement mechanisms are flawed, and the system of incentives and disincentives does not encourage conformity to these laws. The Environmental Protection Ordinance promulgated by the Federal Government is not comprehensive and has still not been fully effectuated. Therefore, a provincial environmental legislation is under consideration with the Government of North West Frontier Province.
3 . 2 PRIOR DEVELOPMENT WORK IN THE NWFP The NWFP is geographically and climatically different from much of the rest of Pakistan. The province includes a great deal of the country's forest reserves, clean water sources, and biodiversity. It is relatively small, with limited agricultural land, and the development of irrigated agriculture has led communities to develop a high level of organization. It has a tradition of a democratic political culture and an administration that has had a broad outlook and wide perspective on various regional concerns. This in turn has led to an early recognition of environmental degradation in the p r o v i n c e . In the past, the Government of NWFP and line departments have given high priority to the sector-specific mitigation of natural resource depletion and environmental degradation. With limited financial, technical, and technological resources, they have responded in a positive fashion to environmental concerns. More recently, project designs have adopted an integrated approach and have begun to introduce the concept of participatory decision making and community involvement. Plans for decentralized management of both the economy and environment are being developed. One fundamentally important initiative has been the introduction of a requirement for environmental assessments of proposed developments. The newly created Environmental Protection Agency is being strengthened to perform an important regulatory role, while the capacity of the Environment Section of the Planning, Environment and Development Department is being increased to integrate environmental concerns in development planning. The academic, research, and educational institutions of the province have also taken a lead in introducing environmental management and natural resource conservation courses in their curriculum. Ultimately this will provide the required technical and human resources needed to create more awareness about environmental issues among decision makers and the general public. Many of the line departments of the Government have planned, designed, and implemented successful R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S S U E S 3 individual projects leading to protection, rehabilitation, and conservation of the environment. While focusing on the line departments to meet current and future environmental challenges, the Government has also more recently begun to acknowledge the importance of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The Sarhad Rural Support Corporation has been created to develop a model of grassroots level development in rural areas of the province. The Government has also provided financial and media support to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Foundation, which is mainly involved in raising public awareness of environmental issues. Similarly, Sungi is active as a middle-level support NGO in Hazara, as is the Strengthening Participatory Organization in different parts of the N W F P . Most of these early efforts to achieve sustainable development and resource conservation were sectorspecific and focused on the design and implementation of individual projects. They lacked a strategic framework for resource management and conservation to meet the growing challenges of the environmental threats. After various experiences with the sector-specific approach, decision makers recognized the gap in planning and development processes and started to think about an integrated coordinated approach. These thoughts predated the National Conservation Strategy (NCS), but now there is a new emphasis as a result of the NCS and the Social Action Programme (SAP) processes—-leading to a new development paradigm. 3 . 3 T O WARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PA R A D I G M Pakistan's development approach has substantially changed in recent years. The Government has adopted a multidimensional strategy to compensate for past neglect. Its main elements are an attempt to improve social conditions, sustainable development of natural resources in particular, privatization and deregulation, and partnership with community groups and NGOs. Improvement in social conditions is being sought through the SAP. This proposes spending US$7.7 billion in 1993-94 through 1998-99 on primary SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY 19
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9 9 . 1 C O M M U N I C A T I O N &
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9 9 . 1 . 3 C O M M U N I C A T I O
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9 C O M M U N I C A T I O N & E D U
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9 9 . 2 . 3 C O M M U N I C A T I O
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10 U R B A N E N V I R O N M E N T
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Federal NGO Fund for Environment 20
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15 The first three chapters in Part
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16 the Chief, Environment. This wil
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Government
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Sandlund, e
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Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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