Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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most effective vehicles for promoting environmental awareness. To this end a Business-Industry Round Table was started a few years ago. This will be reactivated and an environment cell will be created in the Sarhad Chamber of Commerce and Industry to cohost the Round Table with the Government focal point for sustainable industrial development. To create ownership of the process among the industrial and trade community, meetings of the Round Table will be held in different industrial premises and industrial estates of the NWFP. The advice and suggestions of the Round Table will be incorporated into the Government industrial policy and decision making. The EPA will continue to assist the management of the polluting industries to carry out environmental audits and will advise them on cost-effective and clean technology options. It will design an incentive package for those who voluntarily convert to environment-friendly technology. It is also possible for Government and donors to assist in technology transfer information, in the procurement of best available environmental technology, and in setting up demonstration projects that allow participating companies, the Government, and researchers to form a partnership where innovative new structures and technologies can be applied in a systemic way. 9 E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT During the last three decades, several initiatives have been launched to improve the management of natural resources in the NWFP. This includes massive forest tree planting, mostly on privately owned mountain land; improvement of rainfed agriculture; an increase in the efficiency of irrigated agriculture; improvement in the marketing of fruits and vegetables; and reorganization of the Livestock and Dairy Development Department. But more needs to be done to conserve and sustainably develop the natural resources of the NWFP. Forests Although massive programmes of afforestation have been launched in the moist mountain tracts during the past two decades, adequate attention has not been xxii SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY paid to the depletion of natural forests, which appears to have considerably accelerated since the late 1970s. Poverty, and vested political and business interests are identified as the main reasons for this depletion. The rehabilitation of the natural vegetation of the southern parts of the NWFP, which is being overused to meet local needs for domestic fuel and grazing, also has received little attention. The Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy’s forestry sector strategy—available as a separate background study—stresses rehabilitation of the environment and improvement of the socio-economic conditions of mountain farmers. Removing the poverty of the mountain farmers is being approached by launching participatory integrated projects encompassing forestry, agriculture, livestock and grazing lands and the conservation of biodiversity. These measures will be continued and expanded. To counter the main problem of political interference in the functioning of the Department of Forests, Fisheries and Wildlife, a high-powered non-political Forestry Commission will be created to continuously monitor the forestry situation in the NWFP. An additional mechanism will be to promote the joint management—by government and local communities—of all categories of forests and to increase the accountability of the forest administration. A management review of the Department will be carried out to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. In addition, forest management plans will be enhanced, legislation improved and forest education updated. Agriculture & Animal Husbandry As the producer of food and the determinant of the disposable income of some two-thirds of the province’s population, agriculture is extremely important to the rehabilitation of the human environment in the NWFP. At the same time, livestock extends the carrying capacity of the province for human life, particularly in areas not suitable for sustainable crop production. It is therefore essential to keep increasing the productivity and profitability of agriculture while ensuring the maintenance and improvement of its physical resources and of the human environment.
Agricultural productivity does not depend on physical endowments alone. It is also influenced greatly by the quality of the human resources engaged in agriculture, by the competence of public institutions serving the sector, by the economic and policy environment, and by the state of the physical and marketing infrastructure. The strategy for agriculture includes several measures to vitalize the sector: the Department of Food, Agriculture, Livestock and Cooperatives will be recognized to make it more effective and efficient; a massive programme of pre-service and in-service training for the staff of the agriculture and livestock sectors, will be instituted; the agricultural marketing infrastructure will be streamlined; the small farmer’s access to credit will be improved; the expropriation of good quality agricultural land to urban and other uses will be prevented; the enforcement of regulatory mechanisms for the use of agricultural pesticides will be improved and integrated pest management will be introduced; and amelioration of soil-related problems, improving crop breeding, improving the productivity of livestock and conserving agricultural biodiversity will be carried out. Water & Irrigation Rainfall in the NWFP is insufficient and poorly distributed through the year. Irrigation is therefore essential but only about 46% of the cultivated area of the NWFP is irrigated and there is a limit to which this can be increased. The SPCS stresses the need to pursue the ongoing programme of designing and implementing new irrigation projects, improving irrigation infrastructure, reducing water losses in conveyance channels and in field operations, and streamlining the structure and functioning of the Irrigation Department to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. Soil Conservation About 15% of the NWFP’s cultivated land suffers from moderate water erosion and about 4% from slight erosion. Worse, soil erosion in the mountains not only decreases agricultural, forest, and rangeland productivity, it also exacerbates local flood hazards due to a reduction in the water storage capacity of mountain soils. No effective arrangements exist in the NWFP for soil conservation. What is needed is soil conservation and rangeland improvement measures, and the inclusion of grazing management in all integrated natural resource projects and programmes. Other Natural Resources Fisheries, energy and mineral resources are equally important for the province. These sector strategies have still to be developed. 10 E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY Given the large altitudinal and climatic diversity within the NWFP, there is a wide variation in the province’s agricultural capability, vegetation zonation, forest-cover types, soil and other features. Biological resources are, however, being lost to population growth and land conversion. The situation will be partly rectified with the completion of the nationwide Biodiversity Action Plan, but some major factors would still need to be addressed within the provincial framework. Threats to Wild Animals and Plants The principal threats to wildlife are overhunting, overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction due to deforestation, land conversion to agriculture, soil erosion, and overgrazing. There is a general lack of awareness of the value of biodiversity, as well as disregard for the status of various species and of the relevant laws to protect them. The problem is compounded by the absence of basic research on wildlife populations. Threats to biodiversity of plants include many of the same factors as for animals. Deforestation, agricultural expansion, overgrazing, and soil erosion are the principal problems. The root cause of these is rapid population growth, the consequent demand for food and natural resources, and poverty. Together, population growth and demands for an improved standard of living account for a doubling of the demand for natural resources every 12 years. An expanded programme of investigation of genetic plant resources will be conducted in the con- SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY xxiii
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7 in cropping patterns and intensit
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7 their role in development, combin
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8 would focus on social welfare pro
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8 organized. Institutions like FRC
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8 Substantial development activitie
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9 9 . 1 C O M M U N I C A T I O N &
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9 9 . 1 . 3 C O M M U N I C A T I O
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9 C O M M U N I C A T I O N & E D U
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9 9 . 2 . 3 C O M M U N I C A T I O
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10 U R B A N E N V I R O N M E N T
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12 nently. In both underground and
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13 Biological diversity is under th
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14 C U L T U R A L H E R I T A G E
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Federal NGO Fund for Environment 20
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15 The first three chapters in Part
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16 The dynamic and recurrent nature
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16 the Chief, Environment. This wil
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Government
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Sandlund, e
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Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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