Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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13 of predators and prey species, but the snow leopard deserves as much attention as the western tragopan. Just under way, supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/GEF funding, is an IUCN-led project in Chitral District and the Northern Areas to use community-based approaches in wildlife conservation. Under this project—based on a successful experiment initiated by WWF Pakistan and the Northern Areas Administration in the Bar Valley—the community residents of three other valleys will receive training in wildlife management and be asked to define and manage conservation areas in exchange for a portion of the revenues received from any sustainable use programme that is also implemented. In addition, new initiatives are also under way to promote the establishment of private game reserves, with 75% of the revenues accruing to the private landholder. These are all useful experiments and steps in the right direction, but at the end of each, there remains the fundamental problem of the lack of core institutional capacity to sustain the programmes once the projects are complete. Even though many communitybased programmes are designed for sustainability, the broad range of inter-linked threats to biodiversity due to population growth and deforestation remain. Therefore, the problems must be tackled holistically. But the Agriculture Department and the DFFW do not have the resources, personnel, or the training to continue programmes in research, management, or enforcement. A quick action plan is essential, as is a longer-term institution-strengthening initiative. 1 3 . 3 . 1 B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T Y , P A R K S & P R O T E C T E D A R E A S The Biodiversity Action Plan The Government of Pakistan’s endorsement and ratification of the international Convention on Biological Diversity means that a national Biodiversity Action Plan must be developed. Due to the nature of the Constitution in Pakistan, however, much of the implementation requires the participation and action of the provincial governments. This commitment is further reinforced by the endorsement of Agenda 21, which offers in several chapters guidance on the conservation of biodiversity. World 160 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY Bank funding is now confirmed to begin this work as of July 1996. The Federal Government, under the auspices of the National Council for the Conservation of Wildlife, has established a team consisting of both Federal and provincial levels of Government plus IUCN, WWF, and Birdlife International to help develop the Action Plan. Implementation will require intensive work by provincial officials, who do not presently have the staff or resources to do the needed surveys. Thus significant additional funding requests will also be forwarded to the GEF and other potential donors. Given that GEF was established to facilitate precisely this form of activity, Pakistani officials are optimistic that resources will be made available by the international community. Although much of the work required will involve cooperation with other provinces, a great deal of work will be specific to the NWFP. So in effect an NWFP action plan will be developed, and this will be also seen as an element of SPCS implementation. A Round Table of NWFP biodiversity specialists will be established to oversee the provincial aspects of the Action Plan. Implementation of the Action Plan will include the development of a parks and protected areas system, based on representative ecosystems. It will also include measures for biodiversity conservation outside protected areas. 1 3 . 3 . 2 Parks & Protected Are a s One of the principal tools for in situ protection of biodiversity is a system of parks and protected areas. The legislation that created these in Pakistan provides for three categories: national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves. The first two categories strictly protect wildlife, while the third allows for some consumptive uses. The system is considered inadequate by most analysts. The Environmental Profile, for example, noted that only 3 of the 12 main ecosystem types of the NWFP receive any protection coverage, and the extent of coverage of even these is poor. Only 6.14% of the province can be considered to have some formal protection, and many observers report that the areas are inadequately protected, in the sense that there are no management plans and
very little enforcement against logging and poaching. Fully protected areas include only 0.94%. Similarly, there are few scientific research programmes and little public education effort. The capacity and resources of the department in charge are inadequate. The protected areas in the NWFP are summarized in Table 13.3. This coverage does not protect wildlife or representative landscapes, nor does it serve any other significant purpose for which the protected areas are important. Therefore the protected areas legislation in the NWFP needs to be revised to reflect the international IUCN protected area management categories outlined in Box 13.1. 1 3 . 3 . 3 Planning in Conventional Park Systems Most industrial and many developing countries have systems of parks and protected areas often for the protection of representative portions of each major ecosystem or eco-region in the country. Many sophisticated systems are in place to develop both system plans and management mechanisms. These vary in their details and sophistication, often depending on the resources available, but they all have certain generic components. The need for management plans has become self-evident to most. The main elements of such plans are listed in Box 13.2. There are variations to this list, but a management plan is the responsible manager’s principal organizational tool for directing park management. There are also several conventional steps, normally used, to develop a management plan. The specifics of a management plan depend on variables such as the geographic size of the area, the variety of ecosystems that are contained in the B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T Y , P A R K S & P R O T E C T E D A R E A S 13 area, political circumstances, the range of interests involved, resource use conflicts, and the nature of management agencies involved. A complex set of environmental, economic, and cultural circumstances will almost inevitably lead to a more complex process and a more complex plan. All management plans in the NWFP should at a minimum include: ■ a clear statement of objectives; ■ a clear legal framework; ■ a clear link to the NCS and the SPCS; ■ an analysis of any existing system and management issues; PROTECTED AREAS IN THE NWFP TABLE CATEGORY NUMBER National Parks 2 Wildlife Sanctuaries 6 Game Reserves 14 Important Wetlands 4 Source: Government of NWFP. 1994. Environmental Profile. PE&D Department. PROTECTED AREAS BOX MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES IUCN has identified six categories of protected areas: I. Strict Nature/Wilderness Areas: strict protection, further classified as: a. Strict Nature Reserve: protected area managed mainly for science: b. Wilderness Area: protected area managed mainly for wilderness protection. II. National Park: protected area managed mainly for ecosystem conservation and recreation features. III. Natural Monument: protected area managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features. IV. Habitat/Species Management Area: protected area managed mainly for conservation through management intervention. V. Protected Landscape, Seascape: protected area managed mainly for landscape, seascape conservation and recreation. VI. Managed Resource Protected Area: protected area managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems. 1 3 . 1 13.3 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY 161
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The Sarhad Provincial Conservation
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and are viewed not as producers but
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The Public Consultation Process of
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1 I N T R O D U C T I O N The North
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2 2.1 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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3 3 . 1 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H
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3 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S
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3 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S
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4 4 . 1 T O W A R D S T H E S A R H
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4 T O W A R D S T H E S A R H A D P
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4 4.5 THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCE
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Unsustainable Population Growth 71
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Forestry 133 Eliminating Political
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10.3 Average Concentration of Carbo
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6 G O V E R N A N C E & C A P A C I
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6 A similar situation persists in t
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6 from polythene bags. Consumer cho
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7 P O V E R T Y A L L E V I A T I O
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7 in cropping patterns and intensit
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7 their role in development, combin
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8 8 . 1 N O N - G O V E R N M E N T
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8 would focus on social welfare pro
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8 organized. Institutions like FRC
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8 Substantial development activitie
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9 9 . 1 C O M M U N I C A T I O N &
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9 9 . 1 . 3 C O M M U N I C A T I O
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9 C O M M U N I C A T I O N & E D U
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9 9 . 2 . 3 C O M M U N I C A T I O
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10 U R B A N E N V I R O N M E N T
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Government
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Sandlund, e
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Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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