Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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13 B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T Y , P A R K S & P R O T E C T E D A R E A S our survival that Government expenditures for biodiversity conservation are just as important as for other development activity. Threats to biodiversity of plants include many of the same factors as for fauna. Deforestation, agricultural expansion, overgrazing, and soil erosion are the principal problems. The root cause of these is rapid population growth, the consequent demand for food and natural resources, and poverty. Together, population growth and demands for an improved standard of living account for a doubling of the demand for natural resources every 12 years. Common wisdom has it that loss of forest habitats is only a recent phenomena, but research in the Kaghan Valley (Schickhoff, 1995) suggests that forest clearing accelerated dramatically with the arrival of British administration in 1847. Ship building, railway building, and agricultural expansion were the principal economic factors involved, and recreational hunting began in earnest, causing problems for animal species. In 1870, the area of cultivated land in the Kaghan Valley was almost the same as in 1981 (Swati, 1985). Deforestation has accelerated again during the last 20 years, often linked to improved accessibility due to road building. This is true for much of the mountain region, particularly Kohistan, Swat, and Chitral. This also permitted additional access for agriculturists and graziers, which is having a significant but less direct impact on vegetation. Collection of plant genetic material for agricultural crops and their wild relatives is already under way in the Plant Genetic Resource Institute of the National Agricultural Research Centre. This includes some commercially useful fruit and nut tree species. Each of the agro-ecological regions of the country is being explored to collect germplasm that will be banked for archival reasons, genetic research, and crop improvement purposes. Although it was only established in 1993, some 28 collection expeditions have been undertaken, some in the NWFP. The Department of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife (DFFW), the Pakistan Forest Institute, and the Agriculture Department all have seed collection and distribution programmes, provenance trials (the testing of seeds from different latitudes, altitudes, aspects, and microclimates), and crop improvement initiatives. 158 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY An expanded programme of investigation of plant genetic resources will be undertaken in the context of the national Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. However many of the root causes can only be addressed through the mechanisms described in other portions of the Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy. While the creation of a parks and protected areas system will help protect wild vegetation communities, problems such as deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, and water pollution also need to be addressed in a systematic and coordinated manner. 1 3 . 3 CURRENT INITIATIVES IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Several important initiatives are already under way to stabilize and reverse the decline in biodiversity in addition to the steps enumerated in Chapter 12. Pakistan has now ratified the international Convention on Biological Diversity, and preparations are under way for a national Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. NWFP officials and the non-governmental organization (NGO) sector are represented on the technical team that intends to do this work. Much of this will be funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) II, and a wide variety of action items are also proposed for funding. Already under way or completed are several species-specific projects by the DFFW and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). In the Palas Valley of Kohistan, Birdlife International is successfully using a community-based approach to establish conservation areas for the western tragopan pheasant and the Himalayan elm, both of which are internationally threatened. Indeed, in this area of the NWFP the temperate Himalayan forest zone has been identified as a globally significant area for biodiversity, a ‘hot spot’ with many endemic plants and animals. This is a joint project, with some donor and some Government funding. Although hot spots of endemism are important, all endangered species should receive some attention, irrespective of how low the indices of species ‘richness’ may be for a certain habitat. The high Hindu Kush, for example, may only support limited numbers
B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T Y , P A R K S & P R O T E C T E D A R E A S 13 SUSPECTED THREATENED OR ENDANGERED TABLE MAMMALS & BIRDS SPECIES IN THE NWFP MAMMALS Barking deer (E) Grey goral (T) Brown bear (E) Grey wolf (T) Chinkara gazelle (E) Leopard (T) Flat horned markhor (E) Black bear (K) Hog deer (E) Caracal (K) Kashmir grey langur (E) Himalayan ibex (K) Punjab urial (E) Himalayan musk deer (K) Snow leopard (E) Leopard cat (K) Straight horned markhor (E) Lynx (K) European otter (V) Palas cat (K) Indian pangolin (V) BIRDS Cheer pheasant (E) Monal pheasant (T) Western tragopan pheasant (E) Snow partridge (K) Kalij pheasant (T) Migratory Houbara bustard (E) Lesser white fronted goose (K) Peregrine falcon (E) Palas fish eagle (K) Saker falcon (E) Sociable plover (K) Siberian crane (E) White headed duck (K) Comb duck (V) Wood snipe (K) Cotton teal (V) Dalmatian pelican (V) Long tailed prinia (V) Marbled teal (V) Pink headed duck (V) Lagger falcon (T) Bar headed goose (K) Black vulture (K) Grey leg goose (K) Large billed bush warbler (K) E: endangered V: vulnerable T: threatened K: unknown, but suspected Source: Department of Wildlife, Government of NWFP. 13.2 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY 159
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Cover credit: Faces that represent
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The Sarhad Provincial Conservation
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viii SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION
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x SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION ST
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y mit
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y Lin
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and are viewed not as producers but
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tat
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tow
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most effective vehicles for promoti
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tex
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12 E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y a m
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2 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION ST
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The Public Consultation Process of
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1 I N T R O D U C T I O N The North
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2 2.1 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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3 3 . 1 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H
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3 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S
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3 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S
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4 4 . 1 T O W A R D S T H E S A R H
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4 T O W A R D S T H E S A R H A D P
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4 4.5 THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCE
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Unsustainable Population Growth 71
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Forestry 133 Eliminating Political
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10.3 Average Concentration of Carbo
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6 G O V E R N A N C E & C A P A C I
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6 A similar situation persists in t
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6 from polythene bags. Consumer cho
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7 P O V E R T Y A L L E V I A T I O
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7 in cropping patterns and intensit
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7 their role in development, combin
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8 8 . 1 N O N - G O V E R N M E N T
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8 would focus on social welfare pro
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8 organized. Institutions like FRC
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8 Substantial development activitie
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9 9 . 1 C O M M U N I C A T I O N &
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9 9 . 1 . 3 C O M M U N I C A T I O
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9 C O M M U N I C A T I O N & E D U
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9 9 . 2 . 3 C O M M U N I C A T I O
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106 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION
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17 F I N A N C I N G 208 SARHAD PRO
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Government
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Sandlund, e
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Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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