Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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13 Biological diversity is under threat on a global basis due to habitat destruction, the overharvesting of discrete populations, pollution, and other causes. This fact was acknowledged at the international level at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio in 1992 and in the Convention on Biological Diversity that resulted from the conference. Biodiversity conservation is also a principal theme of Agenda 21, the blueprint for sustainability that emerged from the Rio conference. The Government of Pakistan has adopted these documents and agreed to implement them through the creation of an action plan that includes both protection of biodiversity using parks and protected areas and other measures and protection in gene banks. These commitments apply to the provincial governments as well, including the North West Frontier Province. Biological diversity represents a pool of natural capital of tremendous value to human society. Wild genetic material is frequently the source of new varieties of economically important plants and animals; new medicines are being discovered based on wild genetic materials; and discoveries of new species continue. Thus there are economic as well as social and spiritual reasons to protect the living diversity of the earth. 1 3 . 1 B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T Y , P A R K S & P R O T E C T E D A R E A S BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN THE NWFP Biological diversity in the NWFP has never been systematically evaluated, although some survey work has been completed and a partial picture exists. Mammals such as the brown bear, stoat, long-eared bat, and ibex are reportedly found here. They are believed to have come from Central Asia. Mammals of Indo-Malayan origin, including the leopard cat and goral, are also believed to live in the province. Over the years, several hybrid mammal communities have evolved by mingling. Chitral and Kohistan have the snow leopard, brown bear, Altai weasel, and long-tailed marmot. The Himalayan moist and semi-moist temperate forests of the NWFP are the richest habitats for 156 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY mammals in Pakistan. They support the Kashmiri grey langur, rhesus macaque, grey wolf, Kashmir red fox, Himalayan black bear, stone marten, yellow-throated marten, leopard, leopard cat, musk deer, grey goral, Royle’s pika, Indian giant flying squirrel, small Kashmir flying squirrel, and Indian crested porcupine. The province is also believed to have two of the six endemic mammals of Pakistan: the woolly flying squirrel and Murree vole. The rhinoceros reported by the Mughal Emperor Babar (1526 AD) in the Peshawar Valley is now extinct. The NWFP is home to a large number of birds. These include seven of the eight bird species endemic to the Western Himalaya: western tragopan, cheer pheasant, Tytler’s leaf warbler, Brook’s leaf warbler, white-cheeked tit, white-throated tit, orange bullfinch, and red-browed finch. The NWFP also supports 12 of the internationally threatened endemic and migratory bird population. A reliable inventory of the NWFP reptiles and amphibians does not exist; nonetheless, the Asian cobra, an internationally threatened reptile, is found in the NWFP, although little is known about its population n u m b e r s . Some 156 native freshwater species of fish are reported to occur in Pakistan. Exotic sports fish, such as the brown and the rainbow trout, mostly occur in the northern rivers. The waters in the foothills of Hazara and Malakand support a great variety of fish. Invertebrates have been little studied; however, several butterfly species are found in different parts of the NWFP. About 5,500-6,000 species of vascular plants have been recorded in Pakistan; 100 species are endemic, and about 90% of these occur in the areas making up and adjoining the NWFP. About 1,500 species are reported in the Swat and Kaghan Valleys. The Himalayan elm is an internationally threatened tree species. The world’s largest known population of it is reported in the Palas Valley of Kohistan District. One estimate of the medicinal plant species in Pakistan is 2,000; they are mostly found in the northern regions of Pakistan, including the NWFP. Vegetation classification in Pakistan and the NWFP in particular has been attempted by several different
esearchers. The wide altitudinal and climatic variations within the province yields a wide variation in agro-ecological capability, vegetation zonation, forest cover types, soil types, and other characteristics. Efforts by various agencies to classify or zone these features have led to the development of several different classification schemes. The choice of a particular eco-region classification system affects the mechanism the Government chooses to protect plant biodiversity. The size, location, and type of conservation reserves will be affected if representative areas are to be set aside on an ecosystem basis. As in the case of animal species, detailed investigations of most plant species have not occurred and it is difficult to be definitive about their status. This situation will be partly ameliorated with the completion of the biodiversity action plan, which is described in more detail below. A summary of known information on the NWFP biodiversity is provided in Table 13.1. 1 3 . 2 T H R E ATS TO WILD FAUNA & FLORA The biological diversity of the NWFP has been described as the most varied in Pakistan, although it also may have the dubious honour of being the most threatened. The principal threats are overhunting, ESTIMATED SPECIES DIVERSITY 1 B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T Y , P A R K S & P R O T E C T E D A R E A S 13 overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction due to deforestation, land conversion to agriculture, soil erosion, and overgrazing. Some cultural practices, such as regarding species like snakes as pests and deliberately destroying them, have also resulted in a loss of biodiversity. Of the 18 habitats in Pakistan defined by Roberts (1977), 12 are found in the NWFP; many of these are concentrated in the northern mountainous portion of the province. None have been systematically investigated. Population data for wildlife other than large mammals and birds are incomplete, and very little research has been done or is under way. Although there are several excellent researchers in Government, universities, and NGOs, it has become increasingly clear that far more systematic work is necessary. But the institutional capacity and resources to undertake such work does not yet exist. No definitive analysis of endangered animal species has ever been undertaken in the NWFP, but informal sources suggest that there have been several extirpated or locally missing species and that mammals and birds are threatened (M. Malik and A. Ahmed, pers. communication). These are listed in Table 13.2. The unknown status of so many of these species demonstrates the need for more basic research on wildlife populations. It is very difficult to work without such basic data. Wildlife and parks management is virtually impossible. Yet biodiversity is so essential to TABLE 13.1 ESTIMATED ENDEMIC THREATENED Mammals 158 2 2-6 20 Birds 666 7 25 Reptiles/Amphibians 174 ? 1 Fish 156 22 ? Invertebrates ? 9+ ? Flora 5,500-6,000 3 100 (approx) 1+ 1 This ia a summary of information in the Environmental Profile. The authors stress that the data are estimates at best with very low confidence in other than the mammal species. Much research remains to be done. 2 Total for all of Pakistan. 3 2,000 medicinal plants have been identified. SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY 157
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Cover credit: Faces that represent
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The Sarhad Provincial Conservation
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y mit
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y Lin
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and are viewed not as producers but
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tat
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tow
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most effective vehicles for promoti
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y a m
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The Public Consultation Process of
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1 I N T R O D U C T I O N The North
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2 2.1 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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3 3 . 1 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H
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3 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S
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3 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S
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4 4 . 1 T O W A R D S T H E S A R H
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4 T O W A R D S T H E S A R H A D P
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4 4.5 THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCE
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Unsustainable Population Growth 71
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Forestry 133 Eliminating Political
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10.3 Average Concentration of Carbo
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6 G O V E R N A N C E & C A P A C I
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6 A similar situation persists in t
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6 from polythene bags. Consumer cho
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7 P O V E R T Y A L L E V I A T I O
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7 in cropping patterns and intensit
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7 their role in development, combin
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8 8 . 1 N O N - G O V E R N M E N T
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8 would focus on social welfare pro
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8 organized. Institutions like FRC
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8 Substantial development activitie
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9 9 . 1 C O M M U N I C A T I O N &
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9 9 . 1 . 3 C O M M U N I C A T I O
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9 C O M M U N I C A T I O N & E D U
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9 9 . 2 . 3 C O M M U N I C A T I O
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Government
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Sandlund, e
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Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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