Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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12 N A T U R A L R E S O U R C E M A N A G E M E N T of which only about 1 hectare is cultivated (Government of Pakistan, 1990). They are poor, powerless, and often apathetic. Institutional credit and even technical advice seldom reach them. Their heavy dependence on non-institutional credit weakens their bargaining power in marketing. Because of their precarious situation, they are risk-averse, and do not easily adopt technologies that require investment but may not yield immediate and substantial returns. Several of these problems can be mitigated by mobilizing farmers, using the participatory approach. Although agriculture has been used as an entry point by all such programmes launched by the Planning, Environment and Development Department, the Food, Agriculture, Livestock and Cooperatives (FAL&C) Department and the DFFW, they have only partially adopted the participatory approach. To remedy this, the following measures would favourably influence small farmers towards sustainable agriculture: ■ greatly emphasizing the participatory approach in the agricultural extension education work of the NWFP Agricultural University and in the Agricultural Training Institute, including practical work with farming communities on participatory p r o j e c t s ; ■ encouraging agricultural education, extension, and research employees to participate vigorously in the agricultural components of participatory projects; ■ incorporating the participatory approach in the ongoing development programmes in which it is not yet included; and ■ conceiving, preparing, processing, and implementing new integrated development programmes incorporating adaptive research, extension, and development through the participatory approach for each agro-ecological zone, particularly in areas needing special attention, such as the rainfed zone. 1 2 . 4 . 2 O v e rhauling Public Services in Agriculture Pre-service Training The FAL&C Department and the agricultural research system have the major responsibility for conceiving, 140 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY planning, processing, implementing, and monitoring the sustainable development of agriculture in the NWFP. Their ability to perform these functions depends entirely on the competence, knowledge, motivation, dynamism, and management skills of the employees. The professional staff of the Department and the research system belong to several academic disciplines. Graduates of veterinary science and agricultural engineering study totally different subjects from the other agricultural scientists. Though the latter start with the study of the same subjects, they soon branch off into several specialties. This insularity is intensified during their careers, as they generally serve in their specialties for the greater part of their service. The result is the development of a tunnel vision that fails to take a holistic view of the world of the farmer. Moreover, several subjects essential to service in the Department and the research system are either not taught in the agricultural universities or are taught in an indifferent manner, without being related to real-world issues. Some examples are economics, sociology, management, and communication. There is also a difference between the campus and the world of the farmer. University education does not prepare the student for working in that other world. It also does not inculcate in the student a sense of mission, which is essential to overcoming hurdles in life. New entrants to the Department and the research system come with fragmentary theoretical knowledge of a small part of agriculture. Other major shortcomings are ignorance of how the agricultural system functions; inability to take a holistic approach to problems; lack of dynamism and of management, inter-personnel, and communication skills; and the absence of a mission and the zeal to achieve it. These continue throughout individuals’ careers unless remedied through advanced education abroad, posting to the Secretariat, or service in the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council or international agencies. All these shortcomings could be remedied through six months pre-service training organized at the Division of Continuing Education and Public Service of the NWFP Agricultural University, using
outstanding talent from the agricultural sector of the NWFP as well as from the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council. Such a course would infuse the participants with the mission of dynamic and sustainable agriculture, provide opportunities for life-long linkages between agricultural scientists belonging to diverse specialities, and create an esprit de corps among them, which is a hallmark of an excellent public service. The Government of NWFP and the NWFP Agricultural University should consider pre-service training for fresh entrants to the agricultural research and extension system. In-service Training In-service training is needed to familiarize agricultural scientists of the NWFP with new knowledge or practices not yet in use in the province. A good example is the Animal Husbandry In-service Training Institute, which is attempting to inculcate livestock husbandry and extension among the functionaries of the LD&D Department. A similar need for mass reorientation is needed in agricultural research and extension, soil conservation, and perhaps other areas of agriculture also. The Department knows about the need for such inservice training and hopes to start it in its Agricultural Training Institute, which is being upgraded, and at the Division of Continuing Education and Public Service, NWFP Agricultural University. The quality of the instruction imparted and its impact would largely be determined by the quality of resource persons running the courses. Advanced education abroad for employees of the agricultural system is essential for keeping abreast of new knowledge being developed. Both degree and non-degree courses are essential for creating excellence in the agricultural sector. The Government of NWFP should continue advanced degree and non-degree level education abroad as part of donor-assisted projects and as special training programmes. Management Reviews The current hierarchical structure of the Department and the agricultural research system, now under the N A T U R A L R E S O U R C E M A N A G E M E N T 12 N W F P Agricultural University, has evolved piecemeal since its origin as a component of the revenue department in 1913. Its present shape is the result of ad hoc subdivisions of some of its units, accretions of remnants of defunct organizations or development projects, or the loss of an activity to another organization. Several evaluations of various components of the system have been carried out by various agencies, including 24 evaluations of agricultural extension activities (Naqvi and Khan, 1994). A review of agricultural research was also completed in 1994. These have pointed out various shortcomings and questioned the validity of several approaches that have been used for years. The Department has realized the need to review the functioning of its various facets. The L D & D Department is being reorganized as part of an ADBassisted project, and a horticultural policy dialogue is in progress with the help of the Pak-Swiss Malakand Fruit and Vegetable Development Project. These may result in the reorganization of the horticultural sector. Such reviews are needed for all its segments, including Agricultural Extension, Agricultural Engineering, OFWM, Soil <strong>Conservation</strong>, Co-operation, Agricultural Development Authority, Agricultural Economics and Policy, and Agricultural Marketing. The Government of NWFP should continue the reviews of the various facets of the Department and the agricultural research system and reorganize them to increase their effectiveness and efficiency. 1 2 . 4 . 3 I m p roving the Economic Enviro n m e n t for Agriculture Sustainable development of agriculture requires investment decisions of labour and capital for more than a million farm households. For most of them, farming is just one of the several means of making a living. Farmers will only decide to stay in agriculture if it is seen to be as profitable as other activities. According to the Prime Minister’s Task Force on Agriculture (1993), the Government of Pakistan has been discriminating against agriculture in its trade, rate of exchange, and pricing policies. All these SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY 141
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Cover credit: Faces that represent
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The Sarhad Provincial Conservation
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y mit
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y Lin
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and are viewed not as producers but
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tat
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tow
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most effective vehicles for promoti
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tex
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12 E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y a m
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2 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION ST
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The Public Consultation Process of
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1 I N T R O D U C T I O N The North
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8 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION ST
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2 2.1 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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16 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION S
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3 3 . 1 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H
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3 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S
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3 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S
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4 4 . 1 T O W A R D S T H E S A R H
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4 T O W A R D S T H E S A R H A D P
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4 4.5 THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCE
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Unsustainable Population Growth 71
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Forestry 133 Eliminating Political
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10.3 Average Concentration of Carbo
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5 5 . 1 G O A L S , O B J E C T I V
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6 G O V E R N A N C E & C A P A C I
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6 A similar situation persists in t
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6 from polythene bags. Consumer cho
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6 6 . 1 2 G O V E R N A N C E & C A
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7 P O V E R T Y A L L E V I A T I O
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7 7 . 1 . 2 P O V E R T Y A L L E V
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7 in cropping patterns and intensit
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7 public concern about poverty alle
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7 their role in development, combin
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8 8 . 1 N O N - G O V E R N M E N T
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8 would focus on social welfare pro
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8 organized. Institutions like FRC
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8 Substantial development activitie
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16 I N S T I T U T I O N A L P R O
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16 1 6 . 5 . 2 I N S T I T U T I O
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16 the NEQS will require engaging t
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17 1 7 . 1 F I N A N C I N G SPCS,
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17 For the purpose of the plan, env
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17 F I N A N C I N G PROJECT COST F
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17 F I N A N C I N G 202 SARHAD PRO
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18 A S S E S S I N G P R O G R E S
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Government
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Sandlund, e
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Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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