Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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11 S U S T A I N A B L E I N D U S T R I A L D E V E L O P M E N T types of sites with little consideration for the environment. Even in the industrial estates, there is no requirement or obligation for waste treatment, recycling, or safe disposal. Most equipment and machinery, purchased when environmental impacts were not considered important and when energy prices were low, is still in use and has not been upgraded or replaced since. Even today, the environmental soundness of technologies is rarely a concern when new facilities are opened. For these reasons, the environmental impacts of industry in the NWFP are beginning to appear and have reached a level that concerns everyone. Consequently, whilst overall industrial pollution in the NWFP may not be great, severe pollution is observed locally around the industrial units and estates. And the use of technologies that damage the environment and involve high level of waste ultimately carries an economic price that in turn curtails further growth of industry in the province. 1 1 . 2 E N V I R O N M E N TAL POLLUTION & HAZARDS Historically, zoning policies and regulations for siting industries in Pakistan have not been clearly defined. In a number of cases, cities have grown up around industrial areas that were originally located well outside city limits. The provincial Government has established a number of industrial estates and export processing zones. Environmental considerations are not accounted for in the planning of such new industrial developments. Government agencies responsible for regulating the development of urban areas, such as the SDA, specify zones in which industries can be installed and also define the type of industrial activities allowed there. The Local Government Ordinance 1979 prohibits the installation of polluting industry within the urban limits of a municipality. In addition, the Factories Act 1960 requires that pollution control measures be adopted within the premises of the factory to protect the inner and outer environment. Such regulations, however, are frequently violated, and in certain cases exceptions are allowed by the 126 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY Government. One example of this is found in the Hattar industrial estate, where an explosives accessories manufacturing plant is located at the roadside and adjacent to a petrol filling station. The present fabric of the cities is thus a mix of residential, commercial, and small- to medium-scale industrial establishments. Heavy industries are usually located at the periphery of cities, along main highways. All industries discharge their waste, without any primary treatment, into the air, soil, and water. Untreated waste not only pollutes soil and surface water, but also threatens groundwater sources. Similarly, untreated gaseous emissions from smallscale industries, particularly those still using chlorofluorocarbons in their processes, are damaging the upper layer of the atmosphere. The emission of smoke from brick kilns on the peripheries of cities and towns often causes a thick black smoke cover, especially in the evening. Few industry-specific data exist on the content of discharges. However, the SPCS Kabul River Study and recent investigations by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the University of Peshawar, and SDA show that untreated industrial discharges are contributing to the deterioration of water quality in the Kabul River system. Besides raising the biological and chemical oxygen demand of the water, the effluents are adding a variety of toxic substances to the rivers that may bioaccumulate in fish. This has unknown implications for human health. One pollution problem related to the benefits of modernization stems from plastic shopping bags, which are durable, light, and very cost-efficient. This has encouraged their use throughout the country and they have, to a great extent, replaced paper sacks. But the non-biodegradable nature of the bags makes safe disposal almost impossible. Another problem is related to the leather industry. The waste chemicals and dyes used in the processing of leather are for the most part washed into streams and rivers without any preliminary treatment. The drainage practices in industry vary greatly. The most common practice is to drain effluent into natural surface drainage channels. The industrial units located on industrial estates also have no effluent treatment plants, and they dump their untreated
and toxic wastes into surface drainage channels. These channels feed into irrigation canals. The irrigation water is also used for drinking purpose. The passage of toxic industrial effluents through unlined open channels not only causes surface erosion but also penetrates into the soil and contaminates the ground. Once the groundwater becomes polluted, it is extremely difficult to rectify the problem. Even if the source of pollution is eliminated, a long time is required for the concentrations of contaminants to decrease to acceptable levels. With a comparatively lower level of industrialization, air quality issues associated with industries have not yet reached alarming levels in the NWFP, and are of relatively less significance compared with the impact of vehicle emissions. Nevertheless, there are special situations in which air emissions can cause serious health problems and endanger human life and property: the impacts of air emissions from clusters of industries located near urban centres, and the risks associated with the accidental release of hazardous substances from factories. Ambient air quality standards have to be introduced and the monitoring of ambient air quality has to be initiated to assess the impact of industrial emissions. Hazard assessment has to be made mandatory for the siting of industrial operations involving storage and handling of flammable and toxic chemicals. These steps are necessary to prevent the worsening of urban air quality in the future, and to avoid disasters. 1 1 . 3 CURRENT POLICY & CONTROL M E A S U R E S The Government of the NWFP, due to its weak economic and industrial base, has always encouraged entrepreneurs to start up new industries. To provide maximum benefit to the investor, they adopted a policy of letting any industry be established at any place — except for a few industries that are regulated federally and for which they had to receive a No Objection Certificate from the Federal Government. To attract industrial investments, the Government disregarded all sorts of regulatory measures that could prevent adverse impacts on natural resources S U S T A I N A B L E I N D U S T R I A L D E V E L O P M E N T 11 as well as safeguard the inhabitants of the p r o v i n c e . But soon after its creation in 1989, the NWFP EPA started receiving complaints regarding industrial pollution and tried to enforce the available environmental protection rules through voluntary compliance by the public and private industrial sector. So far, the EPA’s efforts have not proved promising, though the imposition of National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) in August 1993 has provided a solid base to EPA to regulate industrial pollution in the province. The EPA continues to emphasize voluntary compliance, due to lack of resources and gaps in the legislation. It has successfully established a dialogue between the Government and industries through a Business-Industry Round Table initiated under the SPCS with <strong>IUCN</strong>’s assistance. As a result of this round table, the industrial sector is now aware and recognizes the importance of environmental protection and has shown its interest in converting to environment-friendly, clean technology. For this purpose, the <strong>Sarhad</strong> Chamber of Commerce and Industries has agreed to establish an environment protection cell in order to have a way to work with the EPA, the industry department, and other research institutes and to advise the industrial sector on how to change over to low-cost, clean technology. 1 1 . 4 NEED FOR CLEAN BUSINESS P R A C T I C E S Global corporate culture is changing. Competition, global trade, and the move towards sustainable development are all forces that will affect present industrial practices in the NWFP and Pakistan. The province does not have the resources to invest in developing new ways to control industrial pollution or to monitor the impact of new products on the environment. With the new World Trade Organization rules taking effect, Pakistan’s domestic industry, if it is an environment polluting one, may lose a competitive edge over other countries’ products. To find a place for Pakistani industrial products in the world market, industrial processes need to be clean, and current SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY 127
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Cover credit: Faces that represent
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The Sarhad Provincial Conservation
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y mit
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y Lin
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and are viewed not as producers but
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tat
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tow
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most effective vehicles for promoti
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tex
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12 E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y a m
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2 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION ST
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The Public Consultation Process of
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1 I N T R O D U C T I O N The North
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8 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION ST
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2 2.1 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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16 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION S
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3 3 . 1 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H
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3 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S
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3 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S
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4 4 . 1 T O W A R D S T H E S A R H
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4 T O W A R D S T H E S A R H A D P
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4 4.5 THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCE
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Unsustainable Population Growth 71
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Forestry 133 Eliminating Political
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10.3 Average Concentration of Carbo
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5 5 . 1 G O A L S , O B J E C T I V
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6 G O V E R N A N C E & C A P A C I
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6 A similar situation persists in t
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6 from polythene bags. Consumer cho
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6 6 . 1 2 G O V E R N A N C E & C A
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7 P O V E R T Y A L L E V I A T I O
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7 7 . 1 . 2 P O V E R T Y A L L E V
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7 P O V E R T Y A L L E V I A T I O
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7 in cropping patterns and intensit
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7 public concern about poverty alle
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14 C U L T U R A L H E R I T A G E
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178 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION
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Federal NGO Fund for Environment 20
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15 The first three chapters in Part
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16 The dynamic and recurrent nature
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16 the Chief, Environment. This wil
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16 I N S T I T U T I O N A L P R O
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16 1 6 . 5 . 2 I N S T I T U T I O
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16 the NEQS will require engaging t
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17 1 7 . 1 F I N A N C I N G SPCS,
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17 For the purpose of the plan, env
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17 F I N A N C I N G PROJECT COST F
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17 F I N A N C I N G 202 SARHAD PRO
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Government
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Sandlund, e
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