Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

ed recharge to provide enough water for the inhabitants.
The communities are in urgent need of clean
drinking water, which most of them lack. Sanitation
facilities are also not present in the rural areas, posing
a health hazard as waste water seepage pollutes
the shallow underground water sources. The lack of
water has affected agriculture yields and the forest
resources in the area.
Special efforts are required to improve the socioeconomic
conditions in the southern region. The SAP
should give priority to this region, to improve basic services
and utilities and clean drinking water.
Communities should be fully involved in all development
programmes to increase the capacity of
Government institutions to deliver services. All development
programmes should include income generation
schemes. Emphasis should be given to upgrading and
improving the existing infrastructure system.
7 . 5
WOMEN, ENVIRONMENT &
S U S TAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Development initiatives for women are a prerequisite
for sustainable development. In the NWFP, however,
the prevalence of deep-rooted customs and traditions
that place women in a secondary position to men has
hindered women’s participation in socio-economic and
political development. Despite the fact that women constitute
nearly half the population, their status in society
is severely compromised due to attitudes that see
women as dependent on men for their existence. There
has been a tendency to view women in a fragmented
manner through the isolated sectors of education,
health, and population, rather than seeing them as an
integral part of the socio-economic scene. The Seventh
Five-Year Plan (1988-93) emphasized that attitudinal
changes are necessary if women are to get their due
share in development, and that data on women are
outdated and incomplete. As noted in the discussion
on family size, the status of women remains low.
The environment issue also has only just caught
the attention of policy makers. The National
Conservation Strategy is a reflection of awareness at
the official level, but it remains to be seen whether
this will bring environmental concerns into the devel-
P O V E R T Y A L L E V I A T I O N & P O P U L A T I O N 7
opment process. “Human development, if not engendered,
is endangered”, was the message of the
Human Development Report 1995 prepared by the
UN Development Programme. In the NWFP, it is
imperative to take a critical look at development models
to see whether they have the capacity to address
issues relating to women and the environment instead
of marginalizing both.
The burden of displacement and dwindling
resources is borne by women because of their role as
family sustainers and primary users of natural
resources. Moreover, the position of women in a cultural
context is essentially closer to nature, because
their work has always entailed a closer relationship
with nature. Women are often depicted as ‘naturally’
privileged environmental managers, who over generations
have accumulated specific knowledge about
natural processes that is different and more appropriate
than that of men. Therefore, women and development
are as inseparable as environment and development.
Unfortunately, in spite of the new concern for
the environment, the potential of women as active
agents of change has not been fully recognized even
by women themselves.
Most women in the NWFP live in rural areas, are
illiterate, and are viewed not as producers but as
dependent consumers, linked to a vicious circle of
poverty, depletion of resources, and a deteriorating
quality of life. The use of modern technology in the
agricultural sector has resulted in the displacement of
labour, often putting the burden of adjustment on
women. A net decrease in the total use of female
labour has occurred with mechanization. This has
affected women in two ways: it has reduced their
income, and it has meant that agricultural vegetation
and wastes they traditionally used are less available.
The poverty discussed earlier has specific implications
for women, as it is their work that is directly
affected. The vicious circle of depletion of
resources, poverty, and exacerbation of women’s
problems is perpetuated. On a brighter note,
Pakistani society is in transition, with the various
pressures leading to the emergence of an active
women’s movement that is challenging social norms
and resisting moves to restrict women’s activities.
Increasing consciousness regarding women and
SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY 77