Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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7 in cropping patterns and intensity of cropping, which could be achieved by investments in human resource development and technology. But converting presently unused lands to productive use appears to be prohibitively capital-intensive, involving heavy investments in complex civil works. Therefore the potential of the total land resources of the NWFP to support larger populations is not encouraging. 7 . 3 . 2 P O V E R T Y A L L E V I A T I O N & P O P U L A T I O N Trends and Traditions of Large Family Size Most people in the NWFP live in small villages. The movement to the cities and outside the province and country that started in the 1960s did not bring about any major permanent shift in the existing urban to rural ratios. Rural areas have unfortunately been the last priority for allocating development funds in the past, and they sorely lack basic services, utilities, and facilities. The NWFP society is predominantly Muslim and is dominated by strong conservative values exhorted in many cases by local religious leaders. Men have been brought up in a male-dominated patriarchical society, where it is men who deal with the outside world and women are supposed to limit their lives to childbearing and housekeeping. Subjects other than this—about which women are believed to know little—are taboo, and women therefore have a limited role in decision making. Families live jointly in small houses with common living areas. Mothers-in-law dominate the home and dictate the lives of both their sons and their daughters-in-law. Husbands and wives rarely have a common understanding or views on important issues that dominate their lives. This philosophy of life has dominated the NWFP society for much of its history. There has been some change in these attitudes in the cities, where education, exposure, and economic necessities have forced change, but this situation still prevails in much of the rural areas. Conservative and traditional norms dictate that women follow a socially acceptable behaviour or face severe social ostracism. Women have generally not been educated and are permitted only limited mobility, restricted to their family houses. It is still unusual for women to travel to bazaars without male 72 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY relatives as chaperones. Women accept and some even believe that their only purpose in life is to produce children. Therefore producing a lot of children is the norm and not the exception. Families with fewer children are considered to be afflicted with physical or financial problems. Rural society is still very tribal. Sons are a matter of great pride and give strength to the father in the village. Attempts to have a lot of sons generally leads to large families. Health conditions in the past were abysmal, and it was normal for every second or third child to die. It seemed clear that the way to have sons was to have a large number of children. Although availability of health care has improved, the health care system is still not a source of confidence for families. Agriculture is animal-powered and physical, which requires many working hands, providing additional motivation for more children. Poverty also dictates the need for more children to increase the number of earning hands. Any successful family planning programme must therefore be based on a deep understanding of these social conditions that dictated having large families. It is not wrong to bring about change in traditional ways of life. The system does have positive attributes that ought to be preserved; the negative attributes can be phased out through the provision of health and education facilities. 7 . 3 . 3 Population Planning Pro g r a m m e s The Population Planning Programme was initiated in 1953 as a Family Planning Programme and was federally sponsored and implemented by the Federal Government through an NGO, the Family Planning Association of Pakistan. Later it was decided that field implementation of the programme would be carried out by the provinces. During 1981 the programme was further modified and the strategy was changed to a multi-sectoral social character with a more broad-based resource. Until the late 1980s the programme had little success due to such problems as the lack of political will, inadequate service delivery coverage, restraints on communication, and the lack of integration of preventive and curative health
care, family hygiene, and basic health education in the family planning efforts. Collectively these constraints have led to an unsupportive environment for family planning, further compounded by a lack of continuity. For example, in 1981 the implementation field staff that was handling the outreach programme was drastically cut back, breaking the linkages created with the rural communities. The strategy was further modified in the Eighth Five-Year Plan, however, using a community-based approach and with quantified targets and objectives. (See Box 7.1). Greater financial resources were allocated to the programme. Support activities such as information, education, vaccination, training, and maternity education were made an integral part of the programme. A better organization and management structure and an improved service delivery system were given emphasis, backed up by a stronger political will and commitment to increase the coverage of the programme to the rural poor and especially to rural women and girls. The Eighth Plan provides for a comprehensive Population Welfare Programme built upon recognized findings of successful international population programmes. The Federal Government has since entered into an agreement with the World Bank and other donors on the SAP, which as noted, will accelerate funding of education, health, rural water supply and sanitation, and population planning so that the coverage is increased to result in improved literacy, better health care, more potable water and sanitation, and lower POPULATION WELFARE BOX PROGRAMME IN THE EIGHTH PLAN Objectives 7.1 ■ To raise family planning practice from 14% to 24% ■ To reduce the crude birth rate from 39 to 35 per thousand ■ To prevent 504,000 births in the province ■ To reduce the growth rate from 2.9 to 2.6% Components ■ Administrative organization ■ Service delivery system ■ Support activities birth rates. In the population planning section of the SAP, the Federal Government has sponsored a substantial programme costing Rs. 11.5 billion over five years; this will be implemented by provincial governments and is intended to increasing coverage to 100% in urban areas and 70% in rural areas. This will be achieved by providing a village health worker in every village in the country with more than 2,000 people, integrating family planning services in all health outlets as well as increasing family planning services and doubling mobile family service units. It is also important that awareness and education should be provided by village health workers, that family planning as a subject is discussed openly, especially where the men congregate. The services have to be available through the village health worker system or through traditional birth attendants at the mohallah (neighbourhood) level. The family planning system should be made a part of the health system for each of the facilities used by women. 7 . 4 P O V E R T Y A L L E V I A T I O N & P O P U L A T I O N 7 S U S TAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT The NWFP is a rural and agricultural province, with more than two-thirds of its population living in rural areas and some 51% of the labour force drawing their livelihood from the agriculture sector. Despite this, rural areas are characterized by inadequate infrastructures, insufficient marketing facilities, poor health and education facilities, and poor living conditions. For these reasons, households in rural areas headed by tenants and agricultural labourers have a very high incidence of poverty. Most of the poor of the province are in these areas. The village-level public consultation for the SPCS indicates that most natural resource management-related environmental problems can only be solved by addressing the fundamental problem of rural poverty. The poverty alleviation issue is the top priority of most of the rural communities. The second most important issue raised at these meetings was the urgent need for basic services, facilities, and utilities such as health care, education, improvement of women’s lives, communication, clean drinking water, sanitation, recreation, and street pavements. Related to much of the SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY 73
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Cover credit: Faces that represent
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The Sarhad Provincial Conservation
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y mit
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y Lin
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and are viewed not as producers but
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y tow
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most effective vehicles for promoti
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12 E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y a m
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2 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION ST
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The Public Consultation Process of
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1 I N T R O D U C T I O N The North
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8 SARHAD PROVINCIAL CONSERVATION ST
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2 2.1 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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2 I S S U E S & T R E N D S I N S U
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3 3 . 1 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H
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3 R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E I S
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11 S U S T A I N A B L E I N D U S
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11 11.7 S U S T A I N A B L E I N D
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12 nently. In both underground and
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13 Biological diversity is under th
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13 B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S
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13 of predators and prey species, b
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14 C U L T U R A L H E R I T A G E
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Federal NGO Fund for Environment 20
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15 The first three chapters in Part
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16 The dynamic and recurrent nature
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16 the Chief, Environment. This wil
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16 I N S T I T U T I O N A L P R O
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16 1 6 . 5 . 2 I N S T I T U T I O
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16 the NEQS will require engaging t
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17 1 7 . 1 F I N A N C I N G SPCS,
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17 For the purpose of the plan, env
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17 F I N A N C I N G PROJECT COST F
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17 F I N A N C I N G 202 SARHAD PRO
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Government
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Sandlund, e
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Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy - IUCN

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