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National Snow and Ice Data Center The mission of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) is to improve our understanding of the Earth’s frozen realms: the floating sea-ice cover, lake ice, glaciers, ice sheets, snow cover and frozen ground, collectively known as the cryosphere. NSIDC advances its mission through: • Managing, distributing and stewarding cryospheric and related data from Earth-orbiting satellites, aircraft missions and surface observations; • Researching major elements of the cryosphere, with increasing focus on understanding how and why the cryosphere is changing and the implications of these changes; • Conducting informatics research to find better ways to discover, integrate and distill the vast and growing volume of cryospheric and climate data; and • Educating the public about the cryosphere, the changes being observed and their implications. NSIDC makes hundreds of scientific data sets accessible to researchers around the world. Our data-management practices ensure the physical and scientific integrity of the data we manage and disseminate. We manage data under sponsorship from NASA, NOAA and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Major areas of research at NSIDC include: • The processes driving the downward trend in Arctic seaice extent; • The environmental impacts of this sea-ice loss both within and beyond the Arctic; • The behavior of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and Himalayan glaciers and their contributions to sealevel rise; • Links between snowfall, temperature and streamflow; and • The implications of changes in Earth’s permafrost. Informatics research includes: • Developing alternative database structures for more efficient searches through vast data volumes to answer science questions; • Development of technologies to making NSIDC data more visible to more researchers; • Investigating new directions in data stewardship involving the University library system; and • Enhancing data discovery through semantic interoperability. NSIDC’s education and outreach efforts are wideranging. NSIDC scientists are in high demand by the 68 CIRES Annual Report 2011 MICHAEL STUDINGER/NASA This view from a NASA DC-8 aircraft flying over the Antarctic Peninsula gives a glimpse of the ice sheet and the glaciers that Operation IceBridge is observing with an array of onboard remote-sensing instruments. The mission ensures a continuous set of observations that may help scientists understand changing ice mass for Earth’s ice sheets, glaciers and sea ice. media to lend their expertise on environmental issues involving cryospheric change. Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis (http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/index.html) provides daily updates of Arctic sea-ice extent, along with scientific analysis of evolving conditions, that are accurate and accessible to a wide audience. The NSIDC Education Center (http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/) provides a range of information about Earth’s snow and ice, from comprehensive “All About” sections to quick facts on popular snow and ice topics. 2010 NSIDC Highlights n IceBridge data: Scientists studying changes in the mass balance of polar ice and its potential to contribute to global sea-level change are now able to access a new source of data at NSIDC: NASA’s IceBridge mission. IceBridge addresses the gap between ICESat-I (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite), which concluded operations in early 2010, and the next satellite, ICESat-II, planned for launch in 2015. Begun in 2009, IceBridge is a six-year campaign of annual flights over the poles. The IceBridge aircraft carry an array of instruments to map ice-surface topography, bedrock topography beneath the ice sheets and grounding line position. Other instruments measure ice and snow thickness, sea-ice distribution and sea-ice freeboard. Data from laser altimeters and radar sounders are paired with gravimeter, magnetometer, mapping camera and other data to provide dynamic, high-value, repeat measure-
A particular strength of MASIE when compared with the Sea Ice Index daily product is that MASIE maps ice along coasts much more reliably. This is because the NIC IMS product upon which MASIE is based does not suffer from the “land contamination” that is deleterious to passive microwave products, and has a much higher resolution. This regional MASIE image from Dec. 17, 2010, is illustrative. MASIE provides a more accurate estimate of sea ice edge position than other sea ice data sources distributed by NSIDC. ments of rapidly changing areas of land and sea ice. NSIDC has begun corralling these data from the various mission groups and creating data access points. NSIDC also will organize and process the data into products that can be used with much less data manipulation and programming than the raw mission data. n MASIE sea-ice edge data: To give the best available Arctic-wide answer to the question, “Where is Arctic sea ice NOW?” NSIDC worked with the U.S. National Ice Center to create MASIE (the Multisensor Analyzed Sea Ice Extent) project. Data about sea-ice edge include Northern Hemisphere–wide sea-ice coverage for yesterday and the last four weeks; sea-ice coverage by region; and more. Similar to NSIDC’s Sea Ice Index (SII) product, MASIE is easy to use and gives a graphical view of ice extent in various formats. MASIE was developed with support from the National Ice Center and the Naval Oceanographic Office and is hosted by the NOAA at NSIDC project. n SCICEX data: From 1995 to 1999, Navy submarines made an annual cruise under the ice to collect research data on ice and ocean conditions. Until recently, some of the data from these submarine missions, called SCICEX (Science Ice Exercise), had no home and were scattered among several institutions. NSIDC is leading the efforts with other data centers to create a SCICEX data archive. SCICEX data constitute one of the best mappings of the ice canopy in the central Arctic Basin—collecting an extraordinary volume of ice-draft measurements and orders of magnitude more depth soundings of the Arctic Basin than ever before. SCICEX observations have helped scientists form and validate hypotheses about the oceans and climate. n LARISSA expedition: NSIDC Lead Scientist Ted Scambos and NSIDC researchers Terry Haran and Rob Bauer traveled to the Antarctic Peninsula to explore the causes and effects of ice-shelf breakup. From December 2009 to March 2010, they joined scientists from several disciplines aboard the Research Vessel Nathaniel B. Palmer, on the National Science Foundation–sponsored Larsen Ice Shelf System, Antarctica (LARISSA) expedition. Scambos’s team, the glaciology group, set up instruments on the glaciers that feed into the remaining portion of the Larsen ice shelf. The stations record weather conditions, GPS location, photographs and other data and send them back via satellite. CIRES Annual Report 2011 69
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COOPERATIVE INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH
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2 CIRES Annual Report 2011 From the
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Executive Summary and Research High
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which is a learning community and m
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and community preparedness and disa
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10 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Year in
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Council of Fellows n Waleed Abdalat
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Organization The Cooperative Instit
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CREATING A DYNAMIC RESEARCH ENVIRON
Page 20 and 21: DAVID OONK/CIRES CIRES Director Kon
Page 22 and 23: CIRES Communications It has long be
Page 24 and 25: 22 CIRES Annual Report 2011 People&
Page 26 and 27: Richard Armstrong The Glaciers and
Page 28 and 29: Roger Bilham Block Bounding Bookshe
Page 30 and 31: John Cassano Polar Climate and Mete
Page 32 and 33: Xinzhao Chu LIDAR Research Campaign
Page 34 and 35: Joost de Gouw Sources and Chemistry
Page 36 and 37: Lang Farmer Development of a Microi
Page 38 and 39: Baylor Fox-Kemper Improving Subgrid
Page 40 and 41: Craig Jones Understanding the Origi
Page 42 and 43: Peter Molnar Tibet and the Asian Mo
Page 44 and 45: David Noone A Modern Approach to Pa
Page 46 and 47: Judith Perlwitz Exploring Mechanism
Page 48 and 49: Balaji Rajagopalan with graduate st
Page 50 and 51: Mark C. Serreze Rapid Arctic Change
Page 52 and 53: Robert Sievers Innovative Vaccine D
Page 54 and 55: Margaret Tolbert Laboratory Studies
Page 56 and 57: Greg Tucker Is Climate Change Etche
Page 58 and 59: Rainer Volkamer Simulation Chamber
Page 60 and 61: Carol Wessman with graduate student
Page 62 and 63: SCIENTIFIC CENTERS n Center for Lim
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Page 66 and 67: Climate Diagnostics Center The miss
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Page 96 and 97: 1. The spatial Figure distribution
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feedbacks, on the SSTs in the model
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Milestone 1. Add additional glacier
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Several climate-monitoring products
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atmospheric removal of methylglyoxa
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Figure 1: Global image of the Radia
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profiling radars with radio acousti
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RP-04 Intercontinental Transport an
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ates can be understood by productio
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Milestone 3. Maintain a constituent
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stakeholders and decision makers as
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Milestone 3. Explore the expanding
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140 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Measur
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Refereed Publications, 2010 Abdalat
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Brunt, KM, HA Fricker, L Padman, TA
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Phys., 10(10), 4795-4807, doi: 10.5
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of Arapaho Glacier, Front Range, Co
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to nutrients in streams and rivers
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Moritz, MA, TJ Moody, MA Krawchuk,
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with a first-guess approach, J. Geo
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stable water isotopes in climate mo
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G Keppel-Aleks, EA Kort, R Macatang
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Non-Refereed Publications, 2010 Ale
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and DZ Friday (2010), Digital eleva
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Refereed Journals in which CIRES Sc
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Honors and Awards, 2010 Abdalati, W
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Conferences, Workshops, Events, Pre
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170 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Append
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Acronyms 20CR Twentieth Century Rea
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ESRL Earth System Research Laborato
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MERRA Modern Era Retrospective-Anal
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SXI Solar X-ray Imager TES Total Em
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