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David Noone A Modern Approach to Past Climate: Isotope Meteorology in Greenland The stable isotopic records from the Greenland Ice Sheet are the gold standard for understanding climate variations in the Arctic over the last 100,000 years. While the basic tenets that underlie interpretation of isotopic information appear robust in a mean sense, meterological and glaciological processes can confound simple interpretations. Processes of concern are variations in moisture sources, cloud processes, surface ablation, blowing snow and vapor diffusion in the firn. Layering of snow at the surface of the ice sheet (Figure 1) is easily seen in shallow snow pits, and water vapor transport is known to redistribute the isotopic signal via diffusion and wind pumping. How the isotopic signal is changed before the layers are compacted into solid ice (at about 100 m depth) remains unclear. New laser spectrometers can measure the isotopic composition of vapor and thereby provide the key tool to obtain direct evidence for the processes previously unobservable. At Summit Camp in Greenland, precipitation spectrometers to measure the amount, size distribution and approximate habit of falling and blowing snow, along with turbulence sensors to measure snow lofting and surface latent heat flux (ablation and frost), have been installed on a 50-m tower. Short high-resolution firn cores allow us to reconcile our detailed measurements and modeling of the source variations, cloud processes and post-depositional influences with the glaciological records. The transport of water from the atmosphere to the surface is associated with snowfall, frosting and the deposition of fog cloud particles. The rate of deposition of fog depends on the size of the particles. Figure 3 shows an example of a fog event in which the early morning fog droplets form from condensation in the ambient vapor, and grow to a size of about 30 μm. As ambient temperature rises at about 6 a.m. local time, the fog dissipates. Once this information is combined with the isotopic information, a new understanding of the interplay between low-level vapor, fog and the isotopic composition of the firn will emerge. The isotope measurements at Summit are part of an emerging global observatory to measure water vapor isotopic composition that has been established by our group with international partners (Figure 2). The intent of the network is to provide information about the changing behavior of the global water cycle in response to climate change. Figure 3: Fog cloud particle size distribution showing the formation of fog at local midnight on June 27, 2011. Small particles grew from around 5 μm to a maximum size of about 30 μm at 7 a.m. local time. 42 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Figure 1: David Noone studies the layers of snow at Summit Camp in Greenland. Layers with different density form due to wind events, and sublimation and frosting are easily found in the top 1 meter of snow in Greenland. Figure 2: Locations of water vapor isotope monitoring stations: Darwin, Australia; Mauna Lao, Hawaii; Niwot Ridge, Boulder, Colo.; Summit Station, Greenland; Reykjavik, Iceland; Eureka, Canada; and Barrow, Alaska.
Advanced meteorological instruments and trace gas analysers are installed on the 50-m Swiss Tower at Summit Camp on top of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The profile information, along with estimate of surface energy and water fluxes, combined with information on turbulence and blowing snow allows new understanding of the way in which the atmospheric signatures of climate are ultimately recorded in the ice-core records. CIRES Annual Report 2011 43
Page 2 and 3: COOPERATIVE INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH
Page 4 and 5: 2 CIRES Annual Report 2011 From the
Page 6 and 7: Executive Summary and Research High
Page 8 and 9: which is a learning community and m
Page 10 and 11: and community preparedness and disa
Page 12 and 13: 10 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Year in
Page 14 and 15: Council of Fellows n Waleed Abdalat
Page 16 and 17: Organization The Cooperative Instit
Page 18 and 19: CREATING A DYNAMIC RESEARCH ENVIRON
Page 20 and 21: DAVID OONK/CIRES CIRES Director Kon
Page 22 and 23: CIRES Communications It has long be
Page 24 and 25: 22 CIRES Annual Report 2011 People&
Page 26 and 27: Richard Armstrong The Glaciers and
Page 28 and 29: Roger Bilham Block Bounding Bookshe
Page 30 and 31: John Cassano Polar Climate and Mete
Page 32 and 33: Xinzhao Chu LIDAR Research Campaign
Page 34 and 35: Joost de Gouw Sources and Chemistry
Page 36 and 37: Lang Farmer Development of a Microi
Page 38 and 39: Baylor Fox-Kemper Improving Subgrid
Page 40 and 41: Craig Jones Understanding the Origi
Page 42 and 43: Peter Molnar Tibet and the Asian Mo
Page 46 and 47: Judith Perlwitz Exploring Mechanism
Page 48 and 49: Balaji Rajagopalan with graduate st
Page 50 and 51: Mark C. Serreze Rapid Arctic Change
Page 52 and 53: Robert Sievers Innovative Vaccine D
Page 54 and 55: Margaret Tolbert Laboratory Studies
Page 56 and 57: Greg Tucker Is Climate Change Etche
Page 58 and 59: Rainer Volkamer Simulation Chamber
Page 60 and 61: Carol Wessman with graduate student
Page 62 and 63: SCIENTIFIC CENTERS n Center for Lim
Page 64 and 65: Center for Science and Technology P
Page 66 and 67: Climate Diagnostics Center The miss
Page 68 and 69: Earth Science and Observation Cente
Page 70 and 71: National Snow and Ice Data Center T
Page 72 and 73: WESTERN WATER ASSESSMENT n Impacts
Page 74 and 75: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH n Climate Sc
Page 76 and 77: VISITING FELLOWS With partial spons
Page 78 and 79: Faezeh Nick Sabbatical Ph.D., Insti
Page 80 and 81: INNOVATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM The CIR
Page 82 and 83: GRADUATE RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS CIRES
Page 84 and 85: CSD-01 083 CSD-02 093 CSD-03 108 CS
Page 86 and 87: Figure 1: Simplified schematic show
Page 88 and 89: Pichugina, YL, RM Banta, WA Brewer,
Page 90 and 91: NGDC-02MarineGeophysicsDataStewards
Page 92 and 93: statistical measurements such as th
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The SEAESRT (Space, Environmental E
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1. The spatial Figure distribution
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Figure 1: Sea surface height (SSH)
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unning at NWS and a backup at the G
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workflows that make use of SPIDR’
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PSD-10CloudandAerosolProcesses FEDE
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Milestone 3. Apply a CloudSat metho
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CLIMATESYSTEMVARIABILITY CSV-01 Det
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We greatly expanded the holdings in
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CSD-12EmissionsandAtmosphericCompos
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tolysis) and global warming potenti
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Milestone 4. Analyze balloon-borne
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GMD-05OzoneDepletion FEDERAL LEADS:
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feedbacks, on the SSTs in the model
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Milestone 1. Add additional glacier
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Several climate-monitoring products
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atmospheric removal of methylglyoxa
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Figure 1: Global image of the Radia
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profiling radars with radio acousti
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RP-04 Intercontinental Transport an
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ates can be understood by productio
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Milestone 3. Maintain a constituent
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stakeholders and decision makers as
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Milestone 3. Explore the expanding
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140 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Measur
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Refereed Publications, 2010 Abdalat
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Brunt, KM, HA Fricker, L Padman, TA
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Phys., 10(10), 4795-4807, doi: 10.5
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of Arapaho Glacier, Front Range, Co
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to nutrients in streams and rivers
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Moritz, MA, TJ Moody, MA Krawchuk,
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with a first-guess approach, J. Geo
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stable water isotopes in climate mo
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G Keppel-Aleks, EA Kort, R Macatang
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Non-Refereed Publications, 2010 Ale
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and DZ Friday (2010), Digital eleva
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Refereed Journals in which CIRES Sc
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Honors and Awards, 2010 Abdalati, W
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Conferences, Workshops, Events, Pre
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170 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Append
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Acronyms 20CR Twentieth Century Rea
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ESRL Earth System Research Laborato
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MERRA Modern Era Retrospective-Anal
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SXI Solar X-ray Imager TES Total Em
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2011 - Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences ...

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