2011 - Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences ...

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John Cassano Polar Climate and Meteorology FUNDING: NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION The Cassano Polar Climate and Meteorology research group is involved in both numerical modeling of polar climate and observational studies in polar regions. In September 2009 we used the Aerosonde unmanned aerial vehicle to make detailed observations of air-sea interactions in the Terra Nova Bay polynya, a region of open water surrounded by sea ice and land. During this campaign, the Aerosondes flew a total of 130 flight hours with air temperatures as cold as -40°C and wind speeds in excess of hurricane force. Observations from the Aerosondes provided the first in situ observations of the atmospheric state and air-sea interaction over this polynya during the late winter/early spring. Digital photographs from the Aerosondes provide detailed views of the polynya surface and assist us in interpreting the other data collected by the UAS. Strong winds over the polynya result in large heat and moisture fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere, leading to pronounced modification of both the ocean and atmosphere. Wind, temperature and humidity data collected by the Aerosonde UAS have allowed us to calculate the heat and moisture fluxes over the polynya— the first such in-situ estimates of these fluxes for wintertime conditions. These fluxes, along with other data from this field campaign, will provide insight into the formation of Antarctic bottom water, details on the atmospheric forcing for this polynya and validation data for highresolution numerical simulations. We are planning a repeat field mission in September 2012. We are also exploring the use of smaller and less expensive UAS for less-demanding missions. In January 2012 we will deploy a small unmanned aerial observer (SUMO) UAS in Antarctica to observe the details of the atmospheric boundary layer in the vicinity of the McMurdo Station. 28 CIRES Annual Report 2011 SUMO UAS in flight J. REUDER, UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN Aerial photograph of the polynya surface showing bands of wind-accumulated frazil ice with open water and white cap waves, Sept. 24, 2009. Aerosonde UAS being launched from the roof of a pickup truck at the Pegasus white ice runway, Antarctica.
Tom Chase Land and Ocean Surface Impacts on Global Hydrology We continue to examine the impact of surface hydrology on climate, particularly in the massively irrigated regions of Asia, and have found evidence of substantial impacts both in observational and model simulation studies. For example, irrigation in India seems to have reduced monsoon rainfall and slowed the East Asian Jet maximum, indicating that circulations around the globe could be affected by human disturbances to the land surface in remote areas. We have continued examining minimum temperature regulation by convection at high latitudes and have updated our observational analysis of this phenomenon in the last year. This work documents that mid-tropospheric temperatures at high latitudes reach a minimum (about -40°C) early in the winter and then never get much colder, despite the lack of solar input for months. We hypothesize that this is due to convective heating driven by sea-surface temperature slightly below 0°C in cold air masses that migrate over the ocean. Surface air rises moist adiabatically to reach the observed minimum by 500 mb. We are proposing to extend this to maximum temperatures and lower latitudes in future work. Finally, we also have been looking into low-level inversions in the Western United States, which we found to have substantially decreased in frequency—but increased in strength—over the period of record in six Western cities (Figures 1 and 2 show trends in inversion frequency and strength in Denver, Colo.). This is of interest because air quality in the West is a function of inversion frequency and strength and because climate models have predicted that inversions would be more frequent in a warming climate. 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 Denver, Colorado Frequency Anomaly Linear Regression Locally Weighted Regression -0.4 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Figure 1: Monthly anomalies in the occurrence of two or more consecutive days in Denver, Colo., during which low-level daytime inversions were present. Y-axis is fraction of days per month, and x-axis is calendar year. Locally weighted regressions smooth the original data using a 0.7 span. 6 5 4 3 2 1 Denver, Colorado Monthly Mean Strength Linear Regression 0 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Figure 2: Monthly anomalies in frequencies (fraction of days per month during which inversions were present) of low-level inversions. Y-axis is fraction of days per month, and x-axis is calendar year. CIRES Annual Report 2011 29
Page 2 and 3: COOPERATIVE INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH
Page 4 and 5: 2 CIRES Annual Report 2011 From the
Page 6 and 7: Executive Summary and Research High
Page 8 and 9: which is a learning community and m
Page 10 and 11: and community preparedness and disa
Page 12 and 13: 10 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Year in
Page 14 and 15: Council of Fellows n Waleed Abdalat
Page 16 and 17: Organization The Cooperative Instit
Page 18 and 19: CREATING A DYNAMIC RESEARCH ENVIRON
Page 20 and 21: DAVID OONK/CIRES CIRES Director Kon
Page 22 and 23: CIRES Communications It has long be
Page 24 and 25: 22 CIRES Annual Report 2011 People&
Page 26 and 27: Richard Armstrong The Glaciers and
Page 28 and 29: Roger Bilham Block Bounding Bookshe
Page 32 and 33: Xinzhao Chu LIDAR Research Campaign
Page 34 and 35: Joost de Gouw Sources and Chemistry
Page 36 and 37: Lang Farmer Development of a Microi
Page 38 and 39: Baylor Fox-Kemper Improving Subgrid
Page 40 and 41: Craig Jones Understanding the Origi
Page 42 and 43: Peter Molnar Tibet and the Asian Mo
Page 44 and 45: David Noone A Modern Approach to Pa
Page 46 and 47: Judith Perlwitz Exploring Mechanism
Page 48 and 49: Balaji Rajagopalan with graduate st
Page 50 and 51: Mark C. Serreze Rapid Arctic Change
Page 52 and 53: Robert Sievers Innovative Vaccine D
Page 54 and 55: Margaret Tolbert Laboratory Studies
Page 56 and 57: Greg Tucker Is Climate Change Etche
Page 58 and 59: Rainer Volkamer Simulation Chamber
Page 60 and 61: Carol Wessman with graduate student
Page 62 and 63: SCIENTIFIC CENTERS n Center for Lim
Page 64 and 65: Center for Science and Technology P
Page 66 and 67: Climate Diagnostics Center The miss
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Page 70 and 71: National Snow and Ice Data Center T
Page 72 and 73: WESTERN WATER ASSESSMENT n Impacts
Page 74 and 75: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH n Climate Sc
Page 76 and 77: VISITING FELLOWS With partial spons
Page 78 and 79: Faezeh Nick Sabbatical Ph.D., Insti
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INNOVATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM The CIR
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GRADUATE RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS CIRES
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CSD-01 083 CSD-02 093 CSD-03 108 CS
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Figure 1: Simplified schematic show
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Pichugina, YL, RM Banta, WA Brewer,
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NGDC-02MarineGeophysicsDataStewards
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statistical measurements such as th
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The SEAESRT (Space, Environmental E
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1. The spatial Figure distribution
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Figure 1: Sea surface height (SSH)
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unning at NWS and a backup at the G
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workflows that make use of SPIDR’
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PSD-10CloudandAerosolProcesses FEDE
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Milestone 3. Apply a CloudSat metho
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CLIMATESYSTEMVARIABILITY CSV-01 Det
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We greatly expanded the holdings in
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CSD-12EmissionsandAtmosphericCompos
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tolysis) and global warming potenti
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Milestone 4. Analyze balloon-borne
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GMD-05OzoneDepletion FEDERAL LEADS:
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feedbacks, on the SSTs in the model
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Milestone 1. Add additional glacier
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Several climate-monitoring products
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atmospheric removal of methylglyoxa
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Figure 1: Global image of the Radia
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profiling radars with radio acousti
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RP-04 Intercontinental Transport an
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ates can be understood by productio
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Milestone 3. Maintain a constituent
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stakeholders and decision makers as
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Milestone 3. Explore the expanding
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140 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Measur
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Refereed Publications, 2010 Abdalat
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Brunt, KM, HA Fricker, L Padman, TA
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Phys., 10(10), 4795-4807, doi: 10.5
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of Arapaho Glacier, Front Range, Co
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to nutrients in streams and rivers
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Moritz, MA, TJ Moody, MA Krawchuk,
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with a first-guess approach, J. Geo
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stable water isotopes in climate mo
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G Keppel-Aleks, EA Kort, R Macatang
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Non-Refereed Publications, 2010 Ale
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and DZ Friday (2010), Digital eleva
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Refereed Journals in which CIRES Sc
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Honors and Awards, 2010 Abdalati, W
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Conferences, Workshops, Events, Pre
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170 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Append
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Acronyms 20CR Twentieth Century Rea
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ESRL Earth System Research Laborato
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MERRA Modern Era Retrospective-Anal
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SXI Solar X-ray Imager TES Total Em
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