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atmospheric removal of methylglyoxal, and demonstrated that reaction with the NO3 radical represents a minor atmospheric loss process for methylglyoxal and glyoxal. Product: Davis, ME, and JB Burkholder (2011), Rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of OH with (Z) 3 hexen 1 ol, 1 penten 3 ol, (E) 2 penten 1 ol, and (E) 2 hexen 1 ol between 243 and 404 K, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3347-3358. Talukdar, RK, L Zhu, KJ Feierabend, and JB Burkholder (2011), Rate coefficients for the reaction of methylglyoxal (CH3COCHO) with OH and NO3 and glyoxal (HCO)2 with NO3, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Disc., 11, 18211-18248. Milestone 2: Initiate laboratory investigation of switch grass emissions to quantify volatile organic compounds emitted by different switch grass species, and to prepare for a summer 2011 field study of agricultural switch grass emissions. Impact: This CIRES research will provide information needed to assess the environmental impact of a large-scale production and use of alternative fuels produced from biofuel crops. Emissions of volatile organic compounds from vegetation can play a significant role in the formation of ozone and aerosol in polluted atmospheres. Work continued on the characterization of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from biofuel crops. In addition to the measurements of VOCs from different switchgrass cultivars, field measurements of VOCs from switchgrass and corn were made in an agricultural field in Fort Collins, Colo. VOC emissions from switchgrass were determined in units of kilograms of carbon per hectare. In combination with industry numbers on the amount of switchgrass required per fuel volume produced, these results allow the environmental effects of biofuel use to be assessed in more detail than previously possible. Switchgrasses are found to be very low emitters of oxygenated species and monoterpenes. The growing of these species for biofuel production will have a much smaller impact on atmospheric composition than for other biofuel crops such as hybrid poplar. In 2011, a more detailed field study to measure the VOC emissions from corn will be conducted in collaboration with colleagues from Colorado Figure 2 124 CIRES Annual Report 2011 State University in Fort Collins. Products: Eller, ASD, K Sekimoto, JB Gilman, WC Kuster, JA de Gouw, RK Monson, M Graus, E Crespo, C Warneke, and R Fall (2011), Volatile organic compound emissions from switchgrass cultivars used as biofuel crops, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3333-3337. Graus, M, A Eller, R Fall, B Yuan, Y Qian, P Westra, J de Gouw, and C Warneke, VOC exchange of C4 biofuel crops, in preparation. Milestone 3. Develop and test the Acid chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) system for measuring organic and inorganic acids in the atmosphere. Impact: The Acid CIMS will enable measurement of a large number of organic and inorganic acids, rapidly and with high sensitivity. This capability can be applied to research as diverse as ecosystem fluxes, emissions from combustion sources and the participation of organic acids in secondary organic aerosol formation. A CIMS instrument based on acetate ion chemistry was developed and used at a ground site in Pasadena, Calif., during the CalNex field study in 2010. The instrument worked very well during its first field deployment and provided quantitative measurements of a series of organic (formic, acrylic, methacrylic, propionic and pyruvic acid) and inorganic acids (nitrous, nitric and isocyanic acid and hydrogen chloride). It was found that most of these gases were formed efficiently by photochemical production from urban emissions. For the organic acids, these findings are not understandable in terms of known gas-phase chemical reactions. However, these reactions are important to understand as organic acids represent a significant fraction of the mass of organic carbon emissions. In summer 2010, the acid CIMS was used to sample emissions from the Fourmile Canyon Fire near Boulder, Colo. These measurements confirmed earlier laboratory findings of the importance of isocyanic acid (HNCO) as an emission from biomass burning. Figure 3 Product: Burling, IR, RJ Yokelson, DWT Griffith, TJ Johnson, P Veres, JM Roberts, C Warneke, SP Urbanski, J Reardon, DR Weise, WM Hao, and J de Gouw (2010), Laboratory measurements of trace gas emissions from biomass burning of fuel types from the Southeastern and Southwestern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11115–11130.
Veres, P, JB Gilman, JM Roberts, WC Kuster, C Warneke, IR Burling, and J de Gouw (2010), Development and validation of a portable gas phase standard generation and calibration system for volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 683-691. Veres, P, JM Roberts, IR Burling, C Warneke, J de Gouw, and RJ Yokelson (2010), Measurements of gas-phase inorganic and organic acids from biomass fires by negativeion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (NI-PT-CIMS), J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 115, D23302, doi:10.1029/2010JD014033. Roberts, JM, PR Veres, AK Cochran, C Warneke, IR Burling, RJ Yokelson, B Lerner, J Gilman, W Kuster, R Fall, and J de Gouw (2011), Isocyanic acid in the atmosphere and its possible link to smoke-related health effects, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 8966-8971. Veres, PR, JM Roberts, AK Cochran, JB Gilman, WC Kuster, JS Holloway, M Graus, JH Flynn, B Lefer, C Warneke, and J de Gouw (2011), Efficient photochemical production of organic acids in urban atmospheres, submitted to Geophys. Res. Lett. Warneke, C, JM Roberts, P Veres, J Gilman, WC Kuster, I Burling, R Yokelson, and JA de Gouw (2011), VOC identification and inter-comparison from laboratory biomass burning using PTR-MS and PIT-MS, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 303, 6-14. CSD-14TropicalOceanProductivity FEDERAL LEAD: JAMES CHURNSIDE CIRES LEAD: CHRISTINE ENNIS NOAA Goal 3: Climate Project Goal: Understand the effects of changes in temperature, vertical mixing and aerosol fertilization on primary productivity in the tropical ocean. Milestone 1: Identify the temporal and spatial scales of the processes that link chlorophyll concentration in tropical ocean waters to aerosols and temperature. Impact: This research will help identify the processes leading to the recently observed expansion of the tropical ocean. These processes are important to predicting the rate of CO2 uptake by the ocean of the future. Thirteen years of satellite observations of ocean color were used to investigate trends in surface chlorophyll-a concentration in the mid–Pacific Ocean away from direct terrestrial influence. Statistically significant decreases in chlorophyll-a concentration were observed over broad extra-equatorial regions in both the northern (10–40˚ N) and southern (15–40˚ S) hemispheres. In the northern hemisphere, the decrease is related to a decrease in aerosol optical depth, and the most likely mechanism seems to be a reduction in iron fertilization. In the southern hemisphere, the cause is less clear, but multi-annual climate processes appear to be more important than aerosol trends. Product: McCarty, BJ, and JH Churnside, Latitudinal trends of chlorophyll-a concentration and aerosol optical depth in the mid-Pacific Ocean, submitted to Earth Interact. Figure 1: Satellite observations of monthly chlorophyll-a concentration, March 2000 and 2009. The decline in chlorophyll-a concentration is clearly depicted between 30–40˚ N. PM-03 Response of Natural Systems to Perturbations n NGDC-07 Anthropogenic Remote Sensing NGDC-07AnthropogenicRemoteSensing FEDERAL LEAD: CHRIS ELVIDGE CIRES LEAD: BENJAMIN TUTTLE NOAA Goal 4: Support the nation’s commerce with information for safe, efficient and environmentally sound transportation. Project Goal: Provide spatial and temporal depictions of human activities based on satellite detection and mapping of population centers, fires, gas flares and heavily lit fishing boats. Milestone 1: Complete a radiance calibrated Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP OLS) nighttime lights product for the year 2010 using satellite F16. A Radiance Calibrated product was developed using the Fixed Gain data collected by the DMSP satellite F16 for the year 2010. This product is able to solve the vexing problem of saturation in the operational Stable Lights data set. By blending in low-gain data with the operational data, bright urban cores are resolvable. This product has already been used in studies of economics, stocks of metals and carbon emissions. A paper was published for the Asia-Pacific CIRES Annual Report 2011 125
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COOPERATIVE INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH
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2 CIRES Annual Report 2011 From the
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Executive Summary and Research High
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which is a learning community and m
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and community preparedness and disa
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10 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Year in
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Council of Fellows n Waleed Abdalat
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Organization The Cooperative Instit
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CREATING A DYNAMIC RESEARCH ENVIRON
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DAVID OONK/CIRES CIRES Director Kon
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CIRES Communications It has long be
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22 CIRES Annual Report 2011 People&
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Richard Armstrong The Glaciers and
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Roger Bilham Block Bounding Bookshe
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John Cassano Polar Climate and Mete
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Xinzhao Chu LIDAR Research Campaign
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Joost de Gouw Sources and Chemistry
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Lang Farmer Development of a Microi
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Baylor Fox-Kemper Improving Subgrid
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Craig Jones Understanding the Origi
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Peter Molnar Tibet and the Asian Mo
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David Noone A Modern Approach to Pa
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Judith Perlwitz Exploring Mechanism
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Balaji Rajagopalan with graduate st
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Mark C. Serreze Rapid Arctic Change
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Robert Sievers Innovative Vaccine D
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Margaret Tolbert Laboratory Studies
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Greg Tucker Is Climate Change Etche
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Rainer Volkamer Simulation Chamber
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Carol Wessman with graduate student
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SCIENTIFIC CENTERS n Center for Lim
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Center for Science and Technology P
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Climate Diagnostics Center The miss
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Earth Science and Observation Cente
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National Snow and Ice Data Center T
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WESTERN WATER ASSESSMENT n Impacts
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EDUCATION AND OUTREACH n Climate Sc
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Page 86 and 87: Figure 1: Simplified schematic show
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Page 116 and 117: Milestone 4. Analyze balloon-borne
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Page 122 and 123: Milestone 1. Add additional glacier
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Page 174 and 175: Acronyms 20CR Twentieth Century Rea
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ESRL Earth System Research Laborato
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MERRA Modern Era Retrospective-Anal
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SXI Solar X-ray Imager TES Total Em
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