2011 - Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences ...

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Milestone 3. Apply a CloudSat method for simultaneous retrievals of mean rain rate and ice water path in stratiform precipitating systems to multi-year data sets collected during the CloudSat overpasses in the vicinity of the ARM Southern Great Plains Climate Research Facility (ACRF). The CloudSat retrievals will be analyzed for possible correlations between parameters of the ice parts of precipitating systems (e.g., ice water path) and the resultant rainfall. The satellite retrievals will be also compared to the ARM retrievals, so a consistency between space-borne and ground-based estimates of hydrometeor parameters in precipitating cloud systems will be investigated. A method to retrieve ice water path (IWP), mean rainfall rate and cloud liquid water path (CLWP) in the same vertical atmospheric column was developed and initially applied for stratiform-like precipitation events observed at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. The retrieval method is based on multi-frequency radar measurements at W-, Ka and S-band. The radar measurements also provide a robust separation of the liquid, mixed and ice hydrometeor layers. Applying the method to case studies indicates that characteristic values of CLWP are about 300-400 g/m2, although values up to 1,000 g/m2 and higher are not uncommon. IWP, which represents the precipitating cloud part of the atmospheric column that is observed above the freezing level, usually significantly exceeds cloud liquid water path and can reach values of approximately 10,000 g/m2 and even higher. There is lowto-medium correlation between IWP and mean rain rate. On average, mean rainfall in the liquid layer, R, increases with an increase in ice mass observed above the melting layer. Figure 1 shows an example of retrievals. Figure 2: Example of a retrieval. Milestone 4. Maintain configurations and web access to the real-time water vapor flux tool for use by researchers and weather forecasters to assess and monitor extreme precipitation events along the West Coast of the United States. In support of the near-real-time water vapor flux tool, which is used by researchers and forecasters to help monitor and study extreme orographic precipitation events, 104 CIRES Annual Report 2011 automated software operations and configurations were maintained for 10 different NOAA and cooperative agency sites along the U.S West Coast. The maintenance and configuration of software to distribute the tool’s numerical flux data was also performed. Lastly, monitoring of data and product quality as well as near-real-time availability was accomplished on a daily basis to support research and forecasting efforts during the NOAA HMT and CalWater campaigns. Milestone 5. The CalWater experiment is a multi-year effort supported by NOAA and the California Energy Commission to study the impact of anthropogenic aerosols and climate change on precipitation and associated water supply in California. Aerosol and meteorological observing instruments will be deployed in key locations in California. Part of this effort will be to diagnose the vertical structure of the precipitating cloud systems in the context of collocated aerosol observations. Another part of this effort will entail analysis of meteorological observations to characterize the Sierra barrier jet, its modulation by atmospheric rivers and the resultant spatio-temporal distribution of precipitation. During the first year of the CalWater experiment, a major accomplishment was the installation of NOAA radars and surface meteorological instruments at three field sites in California for the 2010-2011 winter season field campaign. The sites included Sugar Pine Dam, Mariposa airport and Lincoln airport. Researchers from the University of California at San Diego installed aerosol sampling instruments at all three sites. While the first year of CalWater focused on collecting data during the 2010-2011 winter season field campaign, next year will focus on analyzing and interpret- NOAA instrumentation at the Mariposa airport during sunset. From left to right, the photo shows a vertically pointing S-band (2.8 GHz) profiling radar, a Parsivel disdrometer and an anemometer mounted on a 10-m tower.
ing the collected data. GSD-04UnmannedAircraftSystems FEDERAL LEAD: SARA SUMMERS CIRES LEAD: ELIZABETH WEATHERHEAD NOAA Goal 3: Weather and Water Project Goal: Analyze sea ice images collected from satellite to automatically identify ice seals and derive fractal ice characteristics. Milestone 1. Evaluate measurements from unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) for their ability to measure sea ice characteristics and marine mammals. More than 27,000 images have been collected through NOAA’s Unmanned Aircraft Program. The analysis of these images, both to understand ice qualities and identify seals, is important to NOAA’s mission of understanding and protecting the world’s oceans. Techniques were successfully developed to automate analysis of images to describe the observed ice. Ice characteristics that are automatically described include: fraction of ice cover, amount A ribbon seal. of ice in each of the WMO classification of ice types and fractal dimensionality (edge-to-area ratio) of ice. Using a different set of programs, the images are also analyzed to help identify seals within an image. Successful development of seal identification can allow for future unmanned aircraft flights to be used to identify seals and, potentially, estimate seal populations should flight transects offer sufficient coverage. These capabilities did not exist prior to this effort. Efforts are proposed to make these image-analysis techniques operational and usable for future flights. The merging of information on ice characteristics and seal identification indicates that the seals show a distinct preference to certain types of ice. Further analysis will be needed to confirm this as a general tendency and may give insight into the fragility of seal habitats in the Arctic. Product: Weatherhead, EC, Sea ice characteristics and ice seal behavior: New results from unmanned aircraft data, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010, abstract #C43D-0574. CIRES Annual Report 2011 105
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COOPERATIVE INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH
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2 CIRES Annual Report 2011 From the
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Executive Summary and Research High
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which is a learning community and m
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and community preparedness and disa
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10 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Year in
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Council of Fellows n Waleed Abdalat
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Organization The Cooperative Instit
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CREATING A DYNAMIC RESEARCH ENVIRON
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DAVID OONK/CIRES CIRES Director Kon
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CIRES Communications It has long be
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22 CIRES Annual Report 2011 People&
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Richard Armstrong The Glaciers and
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Roger Bilham Block Bounding Bookshe
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John Cassano Polar Climate and Mete
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Xinzhao Chu LIDAR Research Campaign
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Joost de Gouw Sources and Chemistry
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Lang Farmer Development of a Microi
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Baylor Fox-Kemper Improving Subgrid
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Craig Jones Understanding the Origi
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Peter Molnar Tibet and the Asian Mo
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David Noone A Modern Approach to Pa
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Judith Perlwitz Exploring Mechanism
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Balaji Rajagopalan with graduate st
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Mark C. Serreze Rapid Arctic Change
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Robert Sievers Innovative Vaccine D
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Margaret Tolbert Laboratory Studies
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Page 72 and 73: WESTERN WATER ASSESSMENT n Impacts
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Page 78 and 79: Faezeh Nick Sabbatical Ph.D., Insti
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Page 86 and 87: Figure 1: Simplified schematic show
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Page 98 and 99: Figure 1: Sea surface height (SSH)
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Page 124 and 125: Several climate-monitoring products
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Page 128 and 129: Figure 1: Global image of the Radia
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Page 144 and 145: Refereed Publications, 2010 Abdalat
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with a first-guess approach, J. Geo
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stable water isotopes in climate mo
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G Keppel-Aleks, EA Kort, R Macatang
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Non-Refereed Publications, 2010 Ale
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and DZ Friday (2010), Digital eleva
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Refereed Journals in which CIRES Sc
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Honors and Awards, 2010 Abdalati, W
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Conferences, Workshops, Events, Pre
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170 CIRES Annual Report 2011 Append
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Acronyms 20CR Twentieth Century Rea
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ESRL Earth System Research Laborato
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MERRA Modern Era Retrospective-Anal
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SXI Solar X-ray Imager TES Total Em
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