Contents - Faperta

54 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability
TABLE 3.3 (continued)
Crop Insect Species Remarks References
Cowpea Spotted pod borer,
Maruca vitrata
Pod sucking bug,
Clavigralla
tomentosicollis
Pigeonpea Spotted pod borer,
Maruca vitrata
Chickpea Pod borer, Helicoverpa
armigera
Okra Cotton leafhopper,
Amrasca biguttula
biguttula
Lentil Weevil, Sitona crinitus
Herbst.
Brassica Mustard aphid,
Lipaphis erysimi
Mustard Flea beetle, Phyllotreta
cruciferae (Geoze)
Sitka
spruce
White pine weevil,
Pissodes strobi (Peck.)
Screening test based on nonpreference for
oviposition and larval feeding, fi nal-instar larval
weight, pupal period, and adult size.
Dry cowpea seeds were better than fresh seeds or
fresh pods to identify protracted nymphal
development and high cohort mortality.
Plants infested with 10 neonate larvae at 50%
fl owering.
Plants infested with 20 neonate larvae at 30 days
after planting or at the fl owering stage.
One-week-old plants can be used for rapid
screening. Inverse relationship between nymphs
and trichome density.
Infesting 10 lentil seedlings with 6 pairs caused
high damage (visual damage score of 7.0 on a 1
to 9 scale).
Brassica germplasm can be screened for resistance
to aphid at cotyledonary stage using 10 and 15
apterae of L. erysimi, and aphid clones from a
common host.
Test arenas without borders and evaluating
damage when 50% of the cotyledon area in the
standard check was damaged.
Caging seedlings under choice conditions is a
useful tool for mass screening of clonal material.
Echendu and
Akingbohungbe
(1990)
Jackai (1990)
Sharma and
Franzmann (2000);
Sharma, Saxena,
and Bhagwat (1999)
Sharma,
Pampapathy, and
Kumar (2005)
Mahal, Lal, and
Singh (1993)
El Damir, El
Bouhssini, and Al
Salti (1999)
Kher and Rataul
(1992)
Palaniswamy and
Lamb (1992)
Klimaszewski et al.
(2000)
and Spodoptera litura (F.). The plants can be covered with cages, a muslin cloth, or a
nylon bag.
• The experiment may be terminated when the differences between the resistant and
susceptible checks are maximum, and more than 80% plants or leaf area/pods are
damaged in the susceptible check. Data may be recorded on plant damage, egg laying,
larval survival, and larval weights as appropriate. Insect damage can also be evaluated
visually on a 1 to 9 scale (where 1 10% damage, and 9 80% damage).
Use of Excised Plant Parts
Artifi cial infestation in the fi eld and in the greenhouse requires a large number of insects,
and there is no control over the environmental conditions. Differences in fl owering times
of the test material add another variable to the screening process. Cage screening in the
fi eld and in the greenhouse at times may be cumbersome as a number of large-sized
cages may be required to complete the screening process. To overcome some of these
problems and to screen large numbers of lines rapidly, leaf discs and excised plant parts
can be used successfully to evaluate the test material for resistance to insects (Sams, Laver,
and Redcliffe, 1975; Fitt, Mares, and Llewellyn, 1994; Fitt et al., 1998; Olsen and Daly, 2000;
Sharma et al., 2005b) (Table 3.4). These techniques can also be used to study the consumption