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Development of Resistance to Transgenic Plants 395<br />

can be used to tailor expression of cry genes in transgenic plants for pest management in<br />

the future. Planting of refuge crops and use of integrated pest management from the very<br />

beginning is crucial to delay the development of resistance to insect-resistant transgenic<br />

crops, and increasing their usefulness for sustainable crop production.<br />

References<br />

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cotton by Helicoverpa armigera. Proceedings of the Eighth Australian Cotton Conference, 1996,<br />

Broadbeach. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: Cotton Growers Research Association, 299–305.<br />

Akhurst, R., James, W. and Bird, L. (2000). Resistance to Ingard ® cotton by the cotton bollworm,<br />

Helicoverpa armigera. Proceedings of the 10th Australian Cotton Conference, 16–18 August, 2000.<br />

Brisbane, Australia: Australian Cotton Growers Research Association, 1–5. http://cotton.pi.<br />

csiro.au/Publicat/conf/coconf00/Areawide/25/25.htm.<br />

Akhurst, R.J., James, W., Bird, L.J. and Beard, C. (2003). Resistance to the Cry1Ac d-endotoxin of<br />

Bacillus thuringiensis in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).<br />

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Alstad, D.N. and Andow, D.A. (1995). Managing the evolution of insect resistance to transgenic<br />

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Altre, J.A., Grafi us, E.J. and Whalon, M.E. (1996). Feeding behavior of CryIIIA-resistant and susceptible<br />

Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae on Bacillus thuringiensis<br />

tenebrionis-transgenic CryIIIA-treated and untreated potato foliage. Journal of Economic<br />

Entomology 89: 311–317.<br />

Andow, D.A. and Alstad, D.N. (1998). F 2 screen for rare resistance alleles. Journal of Economic<br />

Entomology 91: 572–578.<br />

Andow, D.A. and Hutchinson, W.D. (1998). Bt-corn resistance management. In Mellon, M. and<br />

Rissler, J. (Eds.), Now and Never: Serious New Plans to Save a Natural Pest Control. Cambridge,<br />

Massachusetts, USA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 19–66.<br />

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resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ab in an Iowa population of European corn borer<br />

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Arpaia, S., Chiriatti, K. and Giorio, G. (1998). Predicting the adaptation of Colorado potato beetle<br />

(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to transgenic eggplants expressing CryIII toxin: The role of gene<br />

dominance, migration, and fi tness costs. Journal of Economic Entomology 91: 21–29.<br />

Australian Cotton Growers Research Association. (2001). Transgenics and Insect Management. Strategy<br />

Committee. Brisbane, Australia. http://cotton.crc.org.au/Publicat/Pest.<br />

Ballester, V., Escriche, B., Mensua, J.L., Reithmacher, G.W. and Ferre, J. (1994). Lack of cross-resistance<br />

to other Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins in a population of Plutella xylostella highly resistant<br />

to Cry1Ab. Biocontrol Science and Technology 4: 437–443.<br />

Ballester, V., Granero, F., Tabashnik, B.E., Malvar, T. and Ferre, J. (1999). Integrative model for binding<br />

of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in susceptible and resistant larvae of the diamondback moth<br />

(Plutella xylostella). Applied Environmental Microbiology 65: 1413–1419.<br />

Barton, K., Whiteley, H. and Yang, N.S. (1987). Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxin in transgenic<br />

Nicotiana tabacum provides resistance to lepidopteran insects. Plant Physiology 85: 1103–1109.<br />

Bauer, L.S. (1995). Resistance: A threat to the insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis.<br />

Florida Entomologist 78: 415–443.<br />

Bauer, L.S., Koller, C.M., Miller, D.L. and Hollingworth, R.M. (1994). Laboratory selection of cottonwood<br />

leaf beetle, Chysomela scripta, to Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis delta endotoxin.<br />

Abstracts of 27th Annual Meeting of Society for Invertebrate Pathology. Montpellier, France: Society<br />

for Invertebrate Pathology, 68.

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