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18 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability<br />

indicated that insecticide applications are more effective than the natural plant products,<br />

Bt, NPV, or the release of natural enemies. However, biopesticides can be applied in rotation<br />

or in combination with the synthetic insecticides. Scouting for eggs and young larvae<br />

is most critical for timely application of control measures. Control measures on most crops<br />

must start with the onset of infestation and must coincide with egg laying and presence of<br />

small larvae. Transgenics with different insecticidal genes can be exploited for sustainable<br />

crop production in the future.<br />

References<br />

Adkisson, P.L. and Dyck, V.A. (1980). Resistant varieties in pest management systems. In Maxwell, F.G.<br />

and Jennings, P.R. (Eds.), Breeding Plants Resistant to Insects. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons,<br />

233–251.<br />

Altieri, M.A., van Schoonhoven, A. and Doll, J.A. (1977). The ecological role of weeds in insect pest<br />

management systems: A review illustrated by bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cropping systems.<br />

Pest Articles and News Summaries (PANS) 23: 195–205.<br />

Altieri, M.A., Wilson, R.C. and Schmidt, L.L. (1985). The effect of living mulches and weed cover on the<br />

dynamics of foliage and soil arthropod communities in three crop systems. Crop Protection<br />

4: 2010–2213.<br />

Andow, W. (1991). Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annual Review of<br />

Entomology 36: 561–586.<br />

Andow, D.A. and Risch, S.J. (1985). Predation in diversifi ed agroecosystems: Relations between a<br />

coccinellid predator and its food. Journal of Applied Ecology 22: 357–372.<br />

Apel, H., Herrmann, A. and Richter, O. (1999). A decision support system for integrated pest<br />

management of Helicoverpa armigera in the tropics and subtropics by means of a rule-based<br />

fuzzy-model. Zeitschrift fur Agrarinformatik 7: 83–90.<br />

Balasubramanian, G., Balasubramanian, M., Sankran, K. and Manickam, T.S. (1986). Effect of fertilization<br />

on the incidence of shoot fl y and stem borer on rainfed sorghum. Madras Agricultural<br />

Journal 73: 471–473.<br />

Bateman, R., Carey, M., Moore, D. and Prior, C. (1993). The enhanced infectivity of Metarhizium fl avoviride<br />

in oil formulations to desert locusts at low humidities. Annals of Applied Biology 122: 145–152.<br />

Bergman, J.M. and Tingey, W.M. (1979). Aspects of interaction between plant genotypes and biological<br />

control. Bulletin of Entomological Society of America 25: 275–279.<br />

Bugg, R.L., Ehler, L.E. and Wilson, L.T. (1987). Effect of common knotweed (Polygonum viculare) on<br />

abundance and effi ciency of insect predators of crop pests. Hilgardia 55(7): 1–53.<br />

Carde, R.T. and Minks, A.K. (1995). Control of moth pests by mating disruption: Successes and<br />

constraints. Annual Review of Entomology 40: 559–585.<br />

Chand, P., Sinha, M.P. and Kumar, A. (1979). Nitrogen fertilizer reduces shoot fl y incidence in<br />

sorghum. Science and Culture 45: 61–62.<br />

Corbett, A. and Plant, R.E. (1993). Role of movement in the response of natural enemies to agroecosystem<br />

diversifi cation: A theoretical evaluation. Environmental Entomology 22: 519–531.<br />

Cox, P.G., Marsden, S.G., Brook, K.D., Talpaz, H. and Hearn, A.B. (1991). Economic optimization of<br />

Heliothis thresholds on cotton using a pest management model. Agricultural Systems 35: 157–171.<br />

Dahiya, S.S., Chauhan, Y.S., Johansen, C. and Shanower, T.G. (1999). Adjusting pigeonpea sowing<br />

time to manage pod borer infestation. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter 6: 44–45.<br />

Daly, J.C. and Gregg, P. (1985). Genetic variation in Heliothis in Australia: Species identifi cation and<br />

gene fl ow in the two species H. armigera (Hubner) and H. punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera:<br />

Noctuidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 75: 169–184.

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