Transgenic Resistance to Insects: Interactions with Nontarget Organisms 361 Deml, R. and Dettner, K. (1998). Wirkungen Bacillus thuringiensis-toxin – produzierender Pfl anzen auf Ziel- und Nichtzielorganismen – eine Standortbestimmung. Umweltbundesamt Texte 36: 120 S. Dhillon, M.K. and Sharma, H.C. (2007). Survival and development of Campoletis chlorideae on various insect and crop hosts: Implications for Bt-transgenic crops. Journal of Applied Entomology 131: 179–185. Dhillon, M.K., Lawo, N., Sharma, H.C. and Romeis, J. (2008). Direct effects of Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and avidin on the ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata. IOBC/WPRS/SROP Bulletin 33: 43–50. Dogan, E.B., Berry, R.E., Reed, G.L. and Rossignol, P.A. (1996). Biological parameters of convergent lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on transgenic potato. Journal of Economic Entomology 89: 1105–1108. Donegan, K.K., Schaller, D.L., Stone, J.K., Ganio, L.M., Reed, G., Hamm, P.B. and Seidler, R.J. (1996). Microbial populations, fungal species diversity and plant pathogen levels in fi eld plots of potato plants expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis endotoxin. Transgenic Research 5: 25–35. Donegan, K.K., Seidler, R.J., Fieland, V.J., Schaller, D.L., Palm, C.J., Ganio, L.M., Cardwell, D.M. and Steinberger, Y. (1997). Decomposition of genetically engineered tobacco under fi eld conditions: Persistence of the proteinase inhibitor I product and effects on soil microbial respiration and protozoa, nematode and microarthropod populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 34: 767–777. Down, R.E., Ford, L., Mosson, H.J., Fitches, E., Gatehouse, J.A. and Gatehouse, A.M.R. (1999). Protease activity in the larval stage of the parasitoid wasp, Eulophus pennicornis (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae); effects of protease inhibitors. Parasitology 119: 157–166. Down, R.E., Ford, L., Woodhouse, S.D., Davison, G.M., Majerus, M.E.N., Gatehouse, J.A. and Gatehouse, A.M.R. (2003). Tritrophic interactions between transgenic potato expressing snowdrop lectin (GNA), an aphid pest [peach-potato aphid; Myzus persicae (Sulz.)] and a benefi cial predator (2-spot ladybird; Adalia bipunctata L.). Transgenic Research 12: 229–241. Down, R.E., Ford, L., Woodhouse, S.D., Raemaekers, R.J.M., Leitch, B., Gatehouse, J.A. and Gatehouse, A.M.R. (2000). Snowdrop lectin (GNA) has no acute toxic effect on a benefi cial insect predator, the 2-spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata L.). Journal of Insect Physiology 46: 379–391. Duan, J.J., Head, G., Jensen, A. and Reed, G. (2004). Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis potato and conventional insecticides for Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) management on the abundance of ground-dwelling arthropods in Oregon potato ecosystems. Environmental Entomology 33: 275–281. Dutton, A., Romeis, J. and Bigler, F. (2003a). Test procedure to evaluate the risk that insect-resistant transgenic plants pose to entomophagous arthropods. In Van Driesche, R.G. (Ed.), Proceedings, First International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Honolulu. FHTET-2003-05. Morgantown, USA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 466–472. Dutton, A., Romeis, J. and Bigler, F. (2003b). Assessing the risks of insect resistant transgenic plants on entomophagous arthropods: Bt-maize expressing Cry1Ab as a case study. BioControl 48: 611–636. Dutton, A., Klein, H., Romeis, J. and Bigler, F. (2002). Uptake of Bt-toxin by herbivores feeding on transgenic maize and consequences for the predator, Chrysoperla carnea. Ecological Entomology 27: 441–447. Fearing, P.L., Brown, D., Vlachos, D., Meghji, M. and Privalle, L. (1997). Quantitative analysis of CryIA(b) expression in Bt maize plants, tissues, and silage and stability of expression over successive generations. Molecular Breeding 3: 169–176. Ferry, N., Raemaekers, R.J.M., Majerus, M.E.N., Jouanin, L., Port, G., Gatehouse, J.A. and Gatehouse, A.M.R. (2003). Impact of oilseed rape expressing the insecticidal cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin on the benefi cial predator Harmonia axyridis (multicoloured Asian ladybeetle). Molecular Ecology 12: 493–504. Fitt, G., Mares, C.L. and Llewellyn, D.J. (1994). Field evaluation and potential ecological impact of transgenic cottons (Gossypium hirsutum) in Australia. Biocontrol Science and Technology 4: 535–548.
362 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability Flexner, J.L., Lighthart, B. and Croft, B.A. (1986). The effects of microbial pesticides on non-target, benefi cial arthropods. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 16: 203–254. Flint, H.M., Henneberry, T.J., Wilson, F.D., Holguin, E., Parks, N. and Buehler, R.E. (1995). The effects of transgenic cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; containing Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes for the control of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) and other arthropods. Southwestern Entomologist 20: 281–292. Gatehouse, A.M.R., Ferry, N. and Raemaekers, R.J.M. (2002). The case of the monarch butterfl y: A verdict is returned. Trends in Genetics 18: 249–251. Girard, C., Picard Nizou, A.L., Grallien, E., Zaccomer, B., Jouanin, L. and Pham-Delègue, M.H. (1998). Effects of proteinase inhibitor ingestion on survival, learning abilities and digestive proteinases of the honeybees. Transgenic Research 7: 239–246. Griffi ths, B.S., Geoghegan, I.E. and Robertson, W.M. (2000). Testing genetically engineered potato, producing the lectins GNA and ConA, on nontarget soil organisms and processes. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 159–170. Groot, A.T. and Dicke, M. (2002). Insect-resistant transgenic plants in a multi-trophic context. Plant Journal 31: 387–406. Haider, M.Z., Knowles, B.H. and Ellar, D.J. (1986). Specifi city of Bacillus thuringiensis var. colemani insecticidal delta-endotoxin is determined by differential proteolytic processing of the protoxin by larval gut proteases. European Journal of Biochemistry 156: 531–540. Hawes, C., Haughton, A.J., Osborne, J.L., Roy, D.B., Clark, S.J., Perry, J.N., Rothery, P., Bohan, D.A., Brooks, D.R., Champion, G.T., Dewar, A.M., Heard, M.S., Woiwod, I.P., Daniels, R.E., Young, M.W., Parish, A.M., Scott, R.J., Firbank, L.G. and Squire, G.R. (2003). Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the farm scale evaluations of genetically modifi ed herbicide-tolerant crops. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences (Series B) 358: 1899–1913. Head, G., Surber, J.B., Watson, J.A., Martin, J.W. and Duan, J.J. (2002). No detection of Cry1Ac protein in soil after multiple years of transgenic Bt cotton (Bollgard) use. Environmental Entomology 31: 30–36. Hilbeck, A. (2001). Implications of transgenic, insecticidal plants for insect and plant biodiversity. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 4: 43–61. Hilbeck, A., Baumgartner, M., Fried, P.M. and Bigler, F. (1998a). Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn-fed prey on mortality and development time of immature Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Environmental Entomology 27: 480–487. Hilbeck, A., Moar, W.J., Pusztai, C.M., Filippini, A. and Bigler, F. (1998b). Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin to the predator, Chrysoperla cornea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Environmental Entomology 27: 1255–1263. Hilbeck, A., Moar, W.J., Puzstai, C.M., Filippini, A. and Bigler, F. (1999). Prey mediated effects of Cry1Ab toxin and protoxin on the predator, Chrysoperla carnea. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 91: 305–316. Hilder, V.A. and Boulter, D. (1999). Genetic engineering of crop plants for insect resistance: A critical review. Crop Protection 18: 177–191. Hoffmann, M.P., Zalom, F.G., Wilson, L.T., Smilanick, J.M., Malyj, L.D., Kiser, J., Hilder V.A. and Barnes, W.M. (1992). Field evaluation of transgenic tobacco containing genes encoding Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin or cowpea trypsin inhibitor: Effi cacy against Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 85: 2516–2522. Jasinski, J., Eisley, B., Young, C., Willson, H. and Kovach, J. (2001). Benefi cial arthropod survey in transgenic and non-transgenic fi eld crops in Ohio. Special Circular, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center 179: 99–102. Jepson, P.C., Croft, B.A. and Pratt, G.E. (1994). Test systems to determine the ecological risks posed by toxin release from Bacillus thuringiensis genes in crop plants. Molecular Ecology 3: 81–89. Jimenez, D.R. and Gilliam, M. (1989). Age-related changes in midgut ultrastructure and trypsin activity in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Apidologie 20: 287–303.
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