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Deployment of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Crops for Pest Management 319 FIGURE 10.2 Performance of Bt transgenic and nontransgenic cotton hybrids with and without insecticide protection. pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Wilson et al., 1992), cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and cotton bollworms, Helicoverpa zea Boddie/Heliothis virescens (F.) (Benedict et al., 1996), and H. armigera (Hubner) (Guo et al., 1999). Field trials in the Andalusian region of Spain have also confi rmed the effectiveness of Bt transgenic cotton in providing protection against H. armigera, P. gossypiella, and Earias insulana (Boisd). In addition to reduction in the number of insecticidal sprays, the transgenic cotton was also relatively safe to benefi cial arthropods (Novillo, Soto, and Costa, 1999). In China, transgenic cotton cultivars Shiyuan 321, Zhongmiansuo 19, 3517, and 541 resulted in up to 96% mortality of cotton bollworm, H. armigera (Guo et al., 1999). Sukang 102 exceeded the nontransgenic control and Simian 3 in boll weight (Xu et al., 2000). New cotton hybrids derived from cross- pollination between Bt-transgenic cotton as a donor parent and traditionally bred cotton cultivars possessing high yield and resistance to cotton diseases and insect pests have shown competitive and transgressive dominances, and the lint output increased by 11.7% to 54.6% (Z.B. Wu et al., 2003). Dong et al. (2004) reported that yield increase in Bt-transgenic cotton varieties under good agronomic management and pesticide application was only marginal. However, the hybrids resulted in 20% increase in productivity over the conventional cultivars. Rapid increases in adoption of Bt cotton have been attributed to hybrid seed production, seedling transplanting, and low planting densities. In India, the cotton hybrids (Mech 12, Mech 162, Mech 184, RCH 2) carrying the cry1Ac gene have been approved for cultivation (Mohan and Manjunath, 2002). Since then, many hybrids have been released for cultivation in different regions in the country (Table 10.1).
320 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability TABLE 10.1 Transgenic Events with Resistance to Insects Used for Crop Improvement in Different Crops Event COT102 Syngenta Seeds Inc. Institution/ Company Description Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Insect-resistant cotton produced by inserting gene from Bacillus thuringiensis AB88. The APH4 gene from E. coli was used as a selectable marker. MON531/757/1076 Monsanto Insect-resistant cotton produced by inserting gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (B.t.k.). Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum L. 5345 Monsanto Resistance to lepidopteran pests through the cry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis spp. kurstaki. RBMT15-101, -02, -15. RBMT21-129, -350, BMT22-082. 176 Syngenta Seeds Inc. BT11 (X4334CBR, X4734CBR) Potato, Solanum tuberosum L. Monsanto Colorado potato beetle and potato virus Y produced by inserting the cry3A protein and gene encoding for PVY. Monsanto Colorado potato beetle and potato leafroll virus (PLRV) resistant potatoes produced by inserting the cry3A and replicase encoding gene from PLRV. Syngenta Seeds Inc. Maize, Zea mays L. Insect-resistant maize produced by inserting cry1Ab for resistance to European corn borer. Insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize inserting the cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, and the phosphoinothricin acelytransferase (PAT) encoding gene from S. viridochromogen. MON802 Monsanto Insect-resistant and glyphosate herbicide-tolerant line produced by inserting the genes encoding the protein from Bacillus thuringiensis and the 5-5¢-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (A. tumefaciens strain CP4). MON809 Pioneer HiBred International Inc. Resistant to European corn borer through introduction of a synthetic cry1Ab gene. MON810 Monsanto Insect-resistant maize produced by inserting the cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (HD-1). The genetic modifi cation affords resistance to attack by the European corn borer. Source: http://www.agbios.com/dbase.php Transgenic hybrids suffered 20 to 40% less bollworm damage than their nontransgenic counterparts under unprotected conditions (Figure 10.3). Among these, Mech 184 suffered the least boll damage (20%) (Sharma and Pampapathy, 2006). There were no differences in cottonseed yield of transgenic and nontransgenic versions of Mech 12 and Mech 162 under protected or unprotected conditions (Figure 10.4), under moderate levels of bollworm damage. However, their yield under unprotected conditions was very low as both of these hybrids were severely damaged by cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida. Transgenic hybrid Mech 184 yielded more than the nontransgenic counterpart, both under protected and unprotected conditions. This hybrid was also less susceptible to cotton leafhopper, A. biguttula biguttula (4 jassids per plant) as compared to Mech 12 and
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR PES
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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vi Contents Population Prediction M
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viii Contents Multilines/Synthetics
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x Contents 7. Genetic Transformatio
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xii Contents Horizontal Gene Flow .
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xiv Contents Cereals ..............
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xvi Contents Expressed Sequence Tag
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xviii Foreword Large-scale deployme
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xx Preface of newer insecticide mol
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2 Biotechnological Approaches for P
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10 Biotechnological Approaches for
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7 Genetic Transformation of Crops f
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8 Genetic Engineering of Entomopath
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19 Biotechnology, Pest Management,
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Biotechnology, Pest Management, and
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514 Species Index Arabidopsis thali
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516 Species Index Empoasca fabae HP
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518 Species Index N Nasonovia ribis
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520 Species Index Sorghum (continue
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522 Subject Index Brown planthopper
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524 Subject Index Mass rearing, 4,
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526 Subject Index Toxin genes for i
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