Contents - Faperta

Recommendations

Info

Genetic Engineering of Natural Enemies for Integrated Pest Management 301 Altering Biological Attributes Altering longevity of certain arthropods might be benefi cial, and research on mechanisms of ageing may provide useful genes in the future. A cloned catalase gene inserted into D. melanogaster by P-element-mediated transformation has been shown to provide resistance to hydrogen peroxide, although it did not prolong the lifespan of fl ies (Orr and Sohal, 1992). Shortening developmental rate, enhancing progeny production, altering sex ratio, extending temperature and relative humidity tolerances, and altering host or habitat preferences could enhance the effectiveness of biological control agents (Hoy, 1976). O’Brochta and Atkinson (1998) suggested the use of transgenic insects for the control of insect-borne diseases by making the insects incapable of transmitting the disease. Quality Control of Insect Cultures and Mass Production Maintaining quality in laboratory-reared arthropods is diffi cult due to possible genetic changes caused by inadvertent selection, inbreeding, genetic drift, and founder effects (Stouthammer, Luck, and Werren 1992; Hopper, Roush, and Powell, 1993). Biotechnological approaches can be used for mass production and quality control of Trichogramma spp. (de Almeida, da Silva, and de Medeiros, 1998). If high-quality and inexpensive artifi cial diets for predators and parasitoids are available, biological control programs would no longer be restricted by ineffi cient mass production methods. Beckendorf and Hoy (1985) suggested that recombinant DNA techniques could make arthropod natural enemies more effi cient and less expensive. Once a gene has been cloned, it can be inserted into a number of benefi cial species. One of the signifi cant benefi ts of recombinant DNA techniques may be that it will be easier to maintain quality in transgenic arthropods. The ability to manipulate and insert genetic material into the genome of Drosophila has been used to develop a fundamental understanding of genetics, biochemical interactions, development, and behavior of insects (Lawrence, 1992). Genetic engineering of arthropods other than Drosophila has been attempted, but with limited success (Walker, 1989; Handler and O’Brochta, 1991; Hoy, 1994; Kramer, 2004). Adaptation to Extreme Environmental Conditions Increased tolerance to cold in frost-susceptible arthropods or tolerance to heat and dry conditions, for example, in Trichogramma species, can be achieved by genetic transformation (Figure 9.1). Antifreeze protein genes cloned from the wolf-fi sh, Anarhichas lupus (L.) have been expressed in transgenic Drosophila (Rancourt et al., 1990; Rancourt, Davies, and Walker, 1992), using the hsp70 promoter and yolk polypeptide promoters of Drosophila. Although additional work is required, the results suggest that subtropical or tropical species of arthropod natural enemies could become adapted to a much broader range of climates. Improving Resistance to Insecticides Several insect parasitoids can be improved for resistance to insecticides for use in integrated pest management (Figures 9.2 and 9.3). Potentially useful resistance genes that have been cloned include parathion hydrolase gene (opd) from Pseudomonas diminuta Leifson and Hugh and Flavobacterium, cyclodiene resistance gene (g-aminobutryic acid A, GABA A) from Drosophila, b-tubulin genes from Neurospora crassa (Draft) and Septoria nodorum (Berk.) that confer resistance to benomyl, acetylcholinesterase gene (Ace) from D. melanogaster and
302 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability FIGURE 9.1 The egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis, which can be improved for adaptation to harsh environments. FIGURE 9.2 Helicoverpa larval parasitoid, Cotesia sp. (cocoons), which can be improved for resistance to insecticides. FIGURE 9.3 The lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea, which can be improved for resistance to insecticides.
Page 2:
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR PES
Page 5 and 6:
CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
Page 7 and 8:
vi Contents Population Prediction M
Page 9 and 10:
viii Contents Multilines/Synthetics
Page 11 and 12:
x Contents 7. Genetic Transformatio
Page 13 and 14:
xii Contents Horizontal Gene Flow .
Page 15 and 16:
xiv Contents Cereals ..............
Page 17 and 18:
xvi Contents Expressed Sequence Tag
Page 19 and 20:
xviii Foreword Large-scale deployme
Page 21 and 22:
xx Preface of newer insecticide mol
Page 23 and 24:
2 Biotechnological Approaches for P
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
10 Biotechnological Approaches for
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 230 and 231:
7 Genetic Transformation of Crops f
Page 232 and 233:
Genetic Transformation of Crops for
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273: Genetic Transformation of Crops for
Page 274 and 275: Genetic Transformation of Crops for
Page 276 and 277: 8 Genetic Engineering of Entomopath
Page 278 and 279: Genetic Engineering of Entomopathog
Page 314 and 315: 9 Genetic Engineering of Natural En
Page 316 and 317: Genetic Engineering of Natural Enem
Page 336: Genetic Engineering of Natural Enem
Page 339 and 340: 318 Biotechnological Approaches for
Page 360 and 361: 11 Transgenic Resistance to Insects
Page 362 and 363: Transgenic Resistance to Insects: I
Page 372 and 373:
Transgenic Resistance to Insects: I
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 522 and 523:
19 Biotechnology, Pest Management,
Page 524 and 525:
Biotechnology, Pest Management, and
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532:
Page 535 and 536:
514 Species Index Arabidopsis thali
Page 537 and 538:
516 Species Index Empoasca fabae HP
Page 539 and 540:
518 Species Index N Nasonovia ribis
Page 541 and 542:
520 Species Index Sorghum (continue
Page 543 and 544:
522 Subject Index Brown planthopper
Page 545 and 546:
524 Subject Index Mass rearing, 4,
Page 547:
526 Subject Index Toxin genes for i
show all

Contents - Faperta

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?