Genetic Engineering of Entomopathogenic Microbes for Pest Management 291 Thanabalu, T., Hindley, J., Brenner, S., Oei, C. and Berry, C. (1992). Expression of the mosquitocidal toxins of Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis by recombinant Caulobacter crescentus, a vehicle for biological control of aquatic insect larvae. Applied Environmental Microbiology 58: 905–910. Thompson, M.A., Schnepf, H.E. and Feitelson, J.S. (1995). Structure, function, and engineering of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. In Setlow, J.K. (Ed.), Genetic Engineering: Principles and Methods, vol. 17. New York, USA: Plenum Press, 99–117. Tojo, A. and Aizawa, K. (1983). Dissolution and degradation of d-endotoxin by gut juice protease of silkworm, Bombyx mori. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45: 576–580. Tomalski, M. and Miller, L.K. (1991). Insect paralysis by baculovirus mediated expression of a mite neurotoxin gene. Nature 252: 82–85. Tomalski, M.D., Kutney, R., Bruce, W.A., Brown, M.R., Blum, M.S. and Travis, J. (1989). Purifi cation and characterization of insect toxins derived from the mite, Pyemotes tritici. Toxicon 27: 1151–1167. Tomasino, S.F., Leister, R.T., Dimock, M.B., Beach, R.M. and Kelly, J.L. (1995). Field performance of Clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis expressing the insecticidal crystal protein gene cry1A(c) of Bacillus thuringiensis against European corn borer in fi eld corn. Biological Control 5: 442–448. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. (1989). Microbiology. New York, USA: Cummings, 201–225. Treacy, M.F., Rensner, P.E. and All, J.N. (2000). Comparative insecticidal properties of two nucleopolyhedrovirus vectors encoding a similar toxin gene chimer. Journal of Economic Entomology 93: 1096–1104. Tzotzos, T. (Ed.). (1995). Genetically Modifi ed Microorganisms: A Guide to Biosafety. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, International. Udayasuriyan, V., Nakamura, A., Masaki, H. and Uozumi, T. (1995). Transfer of an insecticidal protein gene of Bacillus thuringiensis into plant-colonizing Azospirillum. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 11: 163–167. Uma Devi, K., Padmavathi, J., Sharma, H.C. and Seetharama, N. (2001). Laboratory evaluation of the virulence of Beauveria bassiana isolates to the sorghum shoot borer, Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their characterization by RAPD-PCR. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 17: 131–137. Vadlamudi, R.K., Ji, T.H. and Bulla, L.A. Jr. (1993). A specifi c binding protein from Manduca sexta for the insecticidal toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Berliner. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268: 12334–12340. Vail, P.V., Anderson, S.J. and Jay, D.L. (1973). New procedures for rearing cabbage loopers and other lepidopterous larvae for propagation of nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Environmental Entomology 2: 339–344. Valaitis, A.P., Lee, M.K., Rajamohan, F. and Dean, D.H. (1995). Brush border membrane aminopeptidase-N in the midgut of the gypsy moth serves as the receptor for the CryIA(c) d-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 25: 1143–1151. Valaitis, A.P., Mazza, A., Brousseau, R. and Masson, L. (1997). Interaction analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins with two aminopeptidases from gypsy moth midgut brush border membranes. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 27: 529–539. Van Rie, J., Jansens, S., Hofte, H., Degheele, D. and Van Mellaert, H. (1989). Specifi city of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. Importance of specifi c receptors on the brush border membrane of the mid-gut of target insects. European Journal of Biochemistry 186: 239–247. Van Rie, J., McGhaughey, W.H., Johnson, D.E., Barnett, B.D. and Van Mellaert, H. (1990). Mechanism of insect resistance to the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis. Science 247: 72–74. Visser, B., Bosch, D. and Honée, G. (1993). Domain-function studies of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins: A genetic approach. In Entwistle, P.F., Cory, J.S., Bailey, M.J. and Higgs S. (Eds.), Bacillus thuringiensis, An Environmental Biopesticide: Theory and Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 71–88. Walter, M.V. and Seidler, R.J. (1992). Measurement of conjugal gene transfer in terrestrial ecosystems. In Levin, M.A., Siedler, R.J. and Rogul, N. (Eds.), Microbial Ecology: Principles, Methods, and Applications. New York, USA: McGraw Hill, 311–326.
292 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability Waterfi eld, N.R., Bowen, D.J., Fetherston, J.D., Perry, R.D. and Ffrench-Constant, R.H. (2001). The tc genes of Photorhabdus: A growing family. Trends in Microbiology 9: 185–191. WHO (World Health Organization). (1973). Uses of Viruses for the Control of Insect Pests and Disease Vectors. WHO Technical Report Series no 531. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Wigle, D.T., Samenic, R.M., Wilkins, K., Riedel, D., Ritter, L., Morrison, H.I. and Mao, Y. (1990). Mortality study of Canadian male farm operators: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma mortality and agricultural practices in Saskatchewan. Journal of National Cancer Institute 82: 575–582. Wolfersberger, M.G. (1990). The toxicity of two Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxins to gypsy moth larvae is inversely related to the affi nity of binding sites on midgut brush border membranes for the toxins. Experientia 46: 475–477. Wolfersberger, M.G., Hofmann, C. and Lüthy, P. (1986). Interaction of Bacillus thuringiensis delta- endotoxin with membrane vesicles isolated from lepidopteran larval midgut. In Falmagne, P., Alouf, J.E., Fehrenbach, F.J., Jeljaszewicz, J. and Thelestam, M. (Eds.), Bacterial Protein Toxins. Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 237–238. Wong, H.C., Schnepf, H.E. and Whiteley, H.R. (1983). Transcriptional and translational start sites for the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene. Journal of Biological Chemistry 258: 1960–1967. Wu, D., Johnson, J.J. and Federici, B.A. (1994). Synergism of mosquitocidal toxicity between CytA and CryIVD proteins using inclusions produced from cloned genes of Bacillus thuringiensis. Molecular Microbiology 13: 965–972. Yaoi, K., Kadotani, T., Kuwana, H., Shinkawa, A., Takahashi, T., Iwahana, H. and Isato, R. (1997). Aminopeptidase N from Bombyx mori as a candidate for the receptor of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa toxin. European Journal of Biochemistry 246: 652–657. Yoshisue, H., Ihara, K., Nishimoto, T., Sakai, H. and Komano, T. (1995). Expression of the genes for insecticidal crystal proteins in Bacillus thuringiensis: cryIVA, not cryIVB, is transcribed by RNA polymerase containing Sigma H and that containing Sigma E. FEMS Microbiology Letters 127: 65–72. Yoshisue, H., Nishimoto, T., Sakai, H. and Komano, T. (1993). Identifi cation of a promoter for the crystal protein-encoding gene cryIVB from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Gene 137: 247–251. Zambrano, B.K., Davila, M. and Castillo, M.A. (2002). Detection of fungi DNA fragments and their possible relation with entomopathogenic protein synthesis activity. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia 19: 185–193. Zilberberg, N., Zlotkin, E. and Gurevitz, M. (1992). Molecular analysis of cDNA and the transcript encoding the depressant insect selective neurotoxin of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehren.). Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 22: 199–203. Zlotkin, E. (1988). Neurotoxins. In Lunt, G.G. and Olsen, R.W. (Eds.), Comparative Invertebrate Neurochemistry. London, UK: Croom Helm, 256–324. Zlotkin, E. and Gordon, D. (1985). Detection, purifi cation and receptor binding assays of insect selective neurotoxins derived from scorpion venom. In Breer, H. and Miller, T.A. (Eds.), Neurochemical Techniques in Insect Research. New York, USA: Springer Verlag, 243–295. Zlotkin, E., Eitan, M., Bindokas, V.P., Adams, M.E., Moyer, M., Burkhart, W. and Fowler, E. (1991). Functional duality and structural uniqueness of depressant insect selective neurotoxins. Biochemistry 30: 4814–4821. Zlotkin, E., Frankel, G., Miranda, F. and Lissitzky, S. (1971a). The effect of scorpion venom potency. Toxicon 9: 1–8. Zlotkin, E., Miranda, F., Kupeyan, G. and Lissitzky, S. (1971b). A new toxic protein in the venom of scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Toxicon 9: 9–13. Zlotkin, E., Rochat, H., Kupeyan, C., Miranda, F. and Lissitzky, S. (1971c). Purifi cation and properties of the “insect” toxin from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Bioichimie 53: 1073–1078. Zylstra, G.J., Cuskey, S.M. and Olson, R.H. (1992). Construction of plasmids for use in survival and gene transfer research. In Levin, M.A., Siedler, R.J. and Rogul, N. (Eds.), Microbial Ecology: Principles, Methods, and Applications. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill, 363–371.
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