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Physico-Chemical and Molecular Markers for Resistance to Insect Pests 187 in accurately and precisely phenotyping such traits, which confound the development of effective MAS systems. The quality of an MAS program can only be as good as the quality of the phenotypic data on which the development of that marker was based. Therefore, it is essential to use large mapping populations characterized across seasons and locations, using well-defi ned phenotyping protocols. Nevertheless, when confi dence limits are calculated for the QTL positions, they might cover several intervals or entire chromosome arms, if the heritability of the trait is low (Hyne et al., 1995). Fine mapping of such large QTL intervals, by phenotypic screening of several hundred individuals exhibiting molecular marker evidence of genetic recombination in the interval of interest, is then required to obtain tightly linked fl anking markers that can be exploited in MAS. Conclusions A good beginning has been made in developing genetic linkage maps of many crops. However, the accuracy and precision of phenotyping for resistance to insect pests remains a critical constraint in many crops. There is a need to focus on developing innovative solutions to this problem. Improved phenotyping systems will have substantial impact on both conventional and MAS to breed for resistance to insect pests, in addition to the more strategic research that feeds into these endeavors. MAS has had a dramatic impact, particularly in the private sector, in breeding for disease resistance and quality traits where simply inherited components could be readily identifi ed. The same potential may be achieved in the case of more complex traits such as resistance to insect pests and abiotic stresses. However, the practical and logistical demands for developing and implementing molecular breeding systems for these traits are quite complex. There is a need to use MAS to develop cultivars with improved resistance to insect pests and to strengthen Bt transgenic crops through introgression of other components of resistance through MAS. There are very few reports concerning the application of MAS for resistance to insect pests. However, those available fail to demonstrate an increase in effi ciency of MAS over conventional breeding approaches, although combining MAS with conventional approaches has given better results. Thus, not only is there a need for precise mapping of the QTLs associated with resistance to insects, but also the development of a new par adigm in breeding based on re-engineering breeding programs to make best use of molecular marker data. Only a combination of conventional and molecular approaches can accelerate the progress in developing cultivars with insect resistance to increase crop productivity and improve livelihoods of the rural poor. References Agrama, H.A., Widle, G.E., Reese, J.C., Campbell, L.R. and Tuinstra, M.R. (2002). Genetic mapping of QTLs associated with greenbug resistance and tolerance in Sorghum bicolor. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 104: 1373–1378. Ahmad, F., Gaur, P.M. and Slinkard, A.E. (1992). Isozyme polymorphism and phylogenetic interpretations in the genus Cicer L. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 83: 620–627.
188 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability Akbari, M., Wenzl, P., Caig, V., Carling, J., Xia, L., Yang, S., Uszynski, G., Mohler, V., Lehmensiek, A., Kuchel, H., Hayden, M.J., Howes, N., Sharp, P., Vaughan, P., Rathmell, B., Huttner, E. and Kilian, A. (2006). Diversity arrays technology (DArT) for high-throughput profi ling of the hexaploid wheat genome. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 113: 1409–1420. Alam, S.N. and Cohen, M.B. (1998). Detection and analysis of QTLs for resistance to the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, in a doubled-haploid rice population. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 97: 1370–1379. Arora, R., Kaur, S. and Singh, M. (1996). Groundnut genotype reaction to Helicoverpa armigera in India. International Arachis Newsletter 16: 35–37. Arora, P.K., Kaur, N., Thind, S.K., Aulakh, P.S. and Kaur, N. (2000). Metabolites of some commercial cultivars of guava in relation to incidence of fruit fl y. Pest Management in Horticulture Ecosystem 6(1): 61–62. Aubert, G., Morin, J., Jacquin, F., Loridon, K., Quillet, M.C., Petit, A., Rameau, C., Lejeune-Hénaut, I., Huguet, T. and Burstin, J. (2002). Functional mapping in pea as an aid to the candidate gene selection and for investigating synteny with the model legume Medicago truncatula. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112: 1024–1041. Auclair, J.L. (1963). Aphid feeding and nutrition. Annual Review of Entomology 8: 439–490. Auclair, J.L., Maltais, J.B. and Cartier, J.J. (1957). Factors in resistance of peas to the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae). II. Amino acids. Canadian Entomologist 10: 457–464. Bai, Y., Michaels, T.E. and Pauls, K.P. (1998). Determination of genetic relationships among Phaseolus vulgaris populations in a conical cross from RAPD marker analyses. Molecular Breeding 4: 395–406. Banerjee, M.K. and Kalloo, G. (1989). Role of glands in resistance to tomato leaf curl virus, Fusarium wilt, and fruit borer in Lycopersicon. Current Science 52: 575–576. Beck, S.D. (1972). Nutrition, adaptation and environment. In J.G. Rodriguez (Ed.), Insect and Mite Nutrition: Signifi cance and Implications in Ecology and Pest Management. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland, 1–6. Behura, S.K., Sahu, S.C., Nair, S. and Mohan, M. (2000). An AFLP marker that differentiates biotypes of the Indian gall midge (Orseolia oryzae, Wood-Mason) is linked to sex and avirulence. Molecular and General Genetics 263: 328–334. Benedict, J.H., Leigh, T.F. and Hyer, A.H. (1983). Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) oviposition behaviour, growth and survival in relation to cotton trichome density. Environmental Entomology 12: 331–335. Bennett, S.E. (1965). Tannic acid as a repellent and toxicant to alfalfa weevil larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology 58: 372. Bertin, I., Zhu, J. H. and Gale, M.D. (2005). SSCP-SNP in pearl millet—a new marker system for comparative genetics. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 110: 1467–1472. Bhagwat, V.R., Aherker, S.K., Satpute, V.S. and Thakre, H.S. (1995). Screening of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes for resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) and its relationship with malic acid in leaf exudates. Journal of Entomological Research 19: 249–253. Bharathi, M. (1989). Mechanisms and Genetics of Resistance in Rice to the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Ph.D. thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Bhat, M.G. and Jayaswal, A.P. (1988). A study on factors of bollworm resistance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using isogenic lines. Journal of the Indian Society for Cotton Improvement 13: 149–153. Biradar, S.K., Sundaram, R.M., Thirumurugan, T., Bentur, J.S., Amudhan, S., Shenoy, V.V., Mishra, B., Bennet, J. and Sharma, P.N. (2004). Identifi cation of fl anking SSR markers for a major rice gall midge resistance gene Gm1 and their validation. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109: 1468–1473. Boehringer, A., Lebot, V. and Aradhya, M. (1991). Isozyme variation in twenty-one perennial pigeonpea genotypes. International Pigeonpea Newsletter 14: 6–7.
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR PES
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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vi Contents Population Prediction M
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viii Contents Multilines/Synthetics
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x Contents 7. Genetic Transformatio
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xii Contents Horizontal Gene Flow .
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xiv Contents Cereals ..............
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xvi Contents Expressed Sequence Tag
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xviii Foreword Large-scale deployme
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xx Preface of newer insecticide mol
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2 Biotechnological Approaches for P
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19 Biotechnology, Pest Management,
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514 Species Index Arabidopsis thali
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516 Species Index Empoasca fabae HP
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518 Species Index N Nasonovia ribis
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520 Species Index Sorghum (continue
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522 Subject Index Brown planthopper
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524 Subject Index Mass rearing, 4,
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526 Subject Index Toxin genes for i
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