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Physico-Chemical and Molecular Markers for Resistance to Insect Pests 163 TABLE 6.2 Biochemical Markers Associated with Resistance to Heliothis/Helicoverpa Crop Biochemical Marker Remarks References Cotton High gossypol High heliocides (H 1–H 4) High tannins High phenols High bud sucrose Sugars and proteins Pigeonpea Water extract Acetone extract Low amino acids, sugars, proteins, and high phenol content High tannins and polyphenols High isoquercetrin, quercetin, and quercetin-3-methyl ether High stilbene content Sesquiterpenes in lipid layers High trypsin and amylase inhibitors Chickpea High oxalic acid High malic acid Hexanal, -pinine-1-acetate, limonene, -cedrene methyl-cyclopentene, 2,3,4-trimethyl hexane Low amino acid and soluble sugar content Lectins High polyphenols, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignins High activity of phenol ammonia lyase High judaicin-7-O-glucoside, 2-methoxy judaicin, maakiain, and cholorogenic acid Tomato More glandular exudates High L-tomatine, 2-tridecanone, Fe, and zinc High phenolics High ascorbic acid and low reducing sugars Sequiterpenes: ()-(E)-endo-santelon- 12-oic acid, ()-(E)-endo-bergamoten-12-oic acid Chlorogenic acid, caryophyllene, and humulene Acylglucoses Resistance Resistance Resistance Resistance Susceptibility Susceptibility Antifeedant Phagostimulant Resistance Resistance Phagostimulant Resistance Attractant Antibiosis Antibiosis Antifeedant Attractants Resistance Antibiosis Resistance Resistance Antibiosis Resistance Resistance Resistance Resistance Oviposition stimulants Antibiosis Resistance Lukefahr et al. (1975), Hedin et al. (1983), Mohan et al. (1994) Chan et al. (1978), Ramnath (1990), Khan et al. (1999) Narayanan and Singh (1994) Rajeswari et al. (1999) Narayanan and Singh (1994) Tang and Wang (1996) Shanower, Yoshida, and Peter (1997), Green et al. (2002) Shanower, Yoshida, and Peter (1997), Green et al. (2002) Sahoo and Patnaik (2003) Dodia et al. (1998) Green et al. (2002, 2003) Green et al. (2002, 2003) Langenheim (1994) Giri and Kachole (1998), Mullimani and Sudhendra (2002) Yoshida, Cowgill, and Wightman (1995) Rembold (1981) Rembold and Winter (1982), Rembold et al. (1989, 1990) Chhabra et al. (1990) Shukla et al. (2005) Chhabra et al. (1990) Bhatnagar et al. (2000) Simmonds and Stevenson (2001) Juvik and Stevens (1982) Ferry and Cuthbert (1975), Dimock and Kennedy (1983), Farrar and Kennedy (1988, 1990) Isman and Duffey (1982a, 1982b), Kashyap (1983) Banerjee and Kalloo (1989) Coates et al. (1988) Frelichowski and Juvik (2001) Farrar and Kennedy (1988, 1990) Felton, Broaduray, and Duffey (1989) Juvik et al. (1994) Maize High maysin and isomaysin Resistance Wiseman et al. (1992) Soybean High pinitol Resistance Reese et al. (1982) Groundnut High caffeoylquinic acid Antibiosis Kimmins et al. (1995)
164 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability Acetone extracts of pods of pigeonpea and its wild relative, Cajanus platycarpus (Benth.) Maesen, have a signifi cant feeding stimulant effect on H. armigera larvae, whereas the extracts from C. scarabaeoides pods have no such effect (Shanower, Yoshida, and Peter, 1997). Quercetin, quercetrin, and guercetin-3-methyl ether (present in pod surface exudates) play an important role in food selection behavior of H. armigera larvae in pigeonpea (Green et al., 2002, 2003). Sterols and soybean leaf extractables in combination with sucrose are phagostimulant to the larvae of the cabbage looper, T. ni (Sharma and Norris, 1994a). Antifeedants Chemicals that inhibit feeding are called phagodeterrents. High acidity in the leaf exudates of chickpea is associated with resistance to H. armigera (Srivastava and Srivastava, 1989; Bhagwat et al., 1995). Chickpea exudates have malate and oxalate as the main components, and there are characteristic differences among genotypes depending on diurnal cycles and growth stage. Varieties with the highest amounts of malic acid are resistant to H. armigera (Rembold, 1981; Rembold et al., 1990). Malic acid acts as an antifeedant to the H. armigera larvae (Bhagwat et al., 1995). Oxalic acid inhibits the growth of H. armigera larvae when incorporated into artifi cial diet, while malic acid shows no growth inhibition (Yoshida, Cowgill, and Wightman, 1995, 1997). The chickpea fl avonoids judaicin 7-O- - glucoside, 2 methoxy judaicin, judaicin, and maakiain present in wild relatives of chickpea (Cicer bijugum Rech. and C. judaicum Boiss.) have shown antifeedant activity towards the larvae of H. armigera (Simmonds and Stevenson, 2001). Stilbene, a phytoalexin, occurs at high concentrations in pigeonpea cultivars with resistance to H. armigera (Green et al., 2003). Growth Inhibitors Alkaloids, ketones, terpenoids, fl avonoids, and organic acids produced by the plants are toxic to insects. Gossypol, heliocide 1, heliocide 2, gossypolone, hemigossypolone, lactone, condensed tannins, and volatile terpenes in cotton confer resistance to bollworms (Hedin et al., 1983; Sharma, 1982; Sharma and Agarwal, 1982a, 1982b; Tang and Wang, 1996). High density of gossypol glands on squares rather than leaves, calyxes, and bracts contributes to H. armigera resistance in cotton (Rajarajeswari and Subba Rao, 1997). Tannins and terpenoid aldehydes gradually increase from the cotyledon stage to the late-bloom stage of cotton (Zummo, Segers, and Benedict, 1984). However, there is a sudden drop in tannins at the one-third growth stage, which provides a window of increased vulnerability to H. zea. Phenolics have also been reported to impart resistance to bollworms. Catechin, chrysanthemin, isoquercitrin, quercetin, condensed tannins, cyanidin, and delphinidin have been tested in laboratory bioassays against H. armigera, and found to exert a weight inhibition of 50% at variable concentrations. The polar solvent extractables of the soybean genotype PI 227687, resistant to the cabbage looper, T. ni, contains diadzien, coumesterol, sojagol, and glyceollins. These compounds reduce feeding, survival, and development of T. ni (Sharma and Norris, 1991, 1994b). In tomato, L-tomatine, 2-tridecanone, and phenolics are responsible for antibiosis to H. zea (Ferry and Cuthbert, 1975; Dimock and Kennedy, 1983; Farrar and Kennedy, 1988, 1990). The allelochemical 2- tridecanone is highly toxic to H. zea (Kennedy and Yamamoto, 1979). High phenol content has also been reported to be associated with resistance to H. armigera (Banerjee and Kalloo, 1989). Acylglucoses exuded by trichomes of the wild tomato species, Lycopersicon pennellii (Corr.) D’Arcy act as feeding or oviposition deterrents or both. Exposure to these compounds in artifi cial diet or as sprays on cultivated tomato
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR PES
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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vi Contents Population Prediction M
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viii Contents Multilines/Synthetics
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x Contents 7. Genetic Transformatio
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xii Contents Horizontal Gene Flow .
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xiv Contents Cereals ..............
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xvi Contents Expressed Sequence Tag
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xviii Foreword Large-scale deployme
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xx Preface of newer insecticide mol
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2 Biotechnological Approaches for P
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10 Biotechnological Approaches for
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8 Genetic Engineering of Entomopath
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9 Genetic Engineering of Natural En
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11 Transgenic Resistance to Insects
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Transgenic Resistance to Insects: I
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19 Biotechnology, Pest Management,
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Biotechnology, Pest Management, and
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514 Species Index Arabidopsis thali
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516 Species Index Empoasca fabae HP
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518 Species Index N Nasonovia ribis
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520 Species Index Sorghum (continue
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522 Subject Index Brown planthopper
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524 Subject Index Mass rearing, 4,
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526 Subject Index Toxin genes for i
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