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<strong>Contents</strong> xv Toxicological Effects and Metabolism of the Transgene Products ........................... 448 Biosafety of Transgene Products ............................................................................... 448 Bt Cry Proteins ........................................................................................................ 448 Protease Inhibitors ................................................................................................. 450 Lectins ...................................................................................................................... 450 Changes in Chemical Profi le/Secondary Metabolites ........................................... 450 Biosafety of Transgenic Feed/Forage for Animals ................................................ 451 DNA Transfer from Transgenic Food to Microorganisms/Humans ....................... 452 Potential Effects on Human Health Resulting from the Use of Viral DNA in Human Food ................................................................................... 452 Transposable Elements ............................................................................................... 453 Fate of Genetically Modifi ed Plant DNA in the Digestive System ...................... 453 Allergenic Effects ............................................................................................................. 454 Public Attitude to Food from Transgenic Plants ......................................................... 456 Introduction of Food from Genetically Modifi ed Crops to the General Public ......................................................................................................... 457 Consumer Response to Food from Genetically Modifi ed Crops ......................... 457 Role of the Scientifi c Community, NGOs, and the Media ......................................... 458 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 459 References ......................................................................................................................... 459 16. Detection and Monitoring of Food and Food Products Derived from Genetically Modifi ed Crops ......................................................................................... 465 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 465 Sampling for Detection of Genetically Modifi ed Food .............................................. 466 Detection of Genetically Modifi ed Foods .................................................................... 466 DNA-Based Methods .................................................................................................. 468 Qualitative PCR Analysis ...................................................................................... 468 Multiplex PCR-Based Detection Methods .......................................................... 469 Quantitative PCR .................................................................................................... 469 Microarray Technology ......................................................................................... 470 RNA-Based Methods .................................................................................................. 471 Protein-Based Methods .............................................................................................. 471 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ............................................................. 471 Lateral Flow Sticks ................................................................................................. 472 Phenotypic Characterization ..................................................................................... 472 Mass Spectrometry ..................................................................................................... 472 Surface Plasmon Resonance ...................................................................................... 473 Monitoring of Genetically Modifi ed Food and Food Labeling ................................. 473 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 474 References ......................................................................................................................... 474 17. Molecular Markers for Diagnosis of Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies .............................................................................................................. 477 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 477 Molecular Tools for Diagnosis of Insect Pests ............................................................. 478 Polymerase Chain Reaction ....................................................................................... 478 Random Amplifi ed Polymorphic DNA ................................................................... 478
xvi <strong>Contents</strong> Expressed Sequence Tags ........................................................................................... 478 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms ........................................................ 479 Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats ................................................................................. 479 Application of Molecular Markers for Insect Diagnosis ............................................ 479 Diagnosis of Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies ........................................... 479 Detection of Insect Biotypes ...................................................................................... 480 Phylogenetics and Population Structure ................................................................. 481 Application of Molecular Markers for Studying Population Genetics .................... 482 Application of Molecular Markers for Studying Social Behavior of Insects ........... 483 Molecular Basis of Insect–Plant Interactions ............................................................... 483 Application of Molecular Markers to Understand Functional Genomics of Insects ....................................................................................................................... 484 Detection of Natural Enemy–Insect Host Interactions ............................................... 485 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 485 References ......................................................................................................................... 486 18. Molecular Techniques for Developing New Insecticide Molecules and Monitoring Insect Resistance to Insecticides ................................................... 493 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 493 Development of New Insecticide Molecules ................................................................ 493 Molecular Markers for Monitoring Insect Resistance to Insecticides ...................... 494 Comparative Genomics and Divergent Evolution of Detoxifi cation Genes .......... 495 Microarrays and Regulatory Mutations in Cytochrome P450s ............................ 496 Quantitative Trait Loci, Positional Cloning, and Multiple Resistance to Bt Toxins ............................................................................................................... 496 Selective Sweeps and Genomic Consequences ....................................................... 497 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 497 References ......................................................................................................................... 498 19. Biotechnology, Pest Management, and the Environment: The Future ................ 501 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 501 Genetic Engineering of Crops for Resistance to Insect Pests .................................... 501 Genetic Improvement of Natural Enemies .................................................................. 504 Genetic Improvement of Entomopathogenic Microorganisms ................................. 504 Molecular Markers, Biosystematics, and Diagnostics ................................................ 505 Development of New Insecticide Molecules and Monitoring Insect Resistance to Insecticides ........................................................................................... 506 Marker-Assisted Selection and the Genomics Revolution ......................................... 506 Transgenic Crops and the Environment ...................................................................... 507 Biosafety of Food from Transgenic Crops .................................................................... 508 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 509 References ......................................................................................................................... 509 Species Index ........................................................................................................................... 513 Subject Index ............................................................................................................................ 521
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526 Subject Index Toxin genes for i
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