Contents - Faperta

140 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability
in mungbean, Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek to the Azuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus
chinensis L., and the cowpea weevil, C. maculatus (F.), is derived from the wild mungbean,
Vigna radiata var. sublobata (L.) Wilczer (Roxb.) Verdc., and is inherited as a simple dominant
trait (Tomaka et al., 1992). In desi chickpea, highly signifi cant variances have been
observed for pod borer, H. armigera damage, suggesting the involvement of the additive
type of gene action (Singh et al., 1991), but there was a preponderance of the nonadditive
type of gene action in the kabuli types. From line tester studies, it was concluded that
resistance to H. armigera is controlled by multiple genes. In most studies, gene action was
found to be predominantly additive, although the nonadditive type of gene action was also
observed (Singh et al., 1991; Gowda et al., 2005). In pigeonpea, combining ability studies
have indicated the preponderance of the nonadditive type of gene action for resistance to
H. armigera and Maruca vitrata (Geyer) (Lal, Singh, and Vishwajeet, 1989). Verulkar, Singh,
and Bhattacharya (1997) indicated the involvement of a single dominant gene in the
antixenosis mechanism of resistance in C. scarabaeoides to H. armigera.
Nonglandular trichomes, which are associated with resistance to H. armigera in C. scarabaeoides,
are inherited as a dominant trait (Rupakala et al., 2005). Resistance to the cowpea
aphid, A. craccivora is inherited as a monogenic dominant trait (Bala et al., 1987). Resistance
to C. maculatus is controlled by a combination of major and minor genes expressed as a
recessive trait (Redden, Dobie, and Gatehouse, 1983; Redden, Singh, and Luckefahr, 1984),
and is controlled by both additive and dominance effects (Fatunla and Badaru, 1983).
Cowpea resistance to the cowpea curculionid beetle, Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman is
controlled by one pair of genes, and is controlled by the additive type of gene action
(Ferry and Cuthbert, 1975).
Vegetables
The level of resistance in carrot to western plant bugs, Lygus hesperus Knight and Lygus
elisus van Duzee, has been increased through self-pollination for three generations (D.R.
Scott, 1977). de Ponti (1979) increased resistance in cucumber to the two spotted mite,
Tetranychus urticae Koch by crossing several moderately resistant cultivars, indicating polygenic
inheritance of resistance. A single gene controls the inheritance of cucurbitacin
(a feeding deterrent) in cucurbits. However, two or three gene pairs control resistance to
the spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. Factors other than
cucurbitacin also condition the expression of resistance to insects (G.C. Sharma and Hall,
1971). Resistance in lettuce to the leaf aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), has been transferred
from Lactuca virosa L. to Lactuca sativa L. by interspecifi c crossing (Eenink, Groenwold,
and Dieleman, 1982). Resistance is monogenic and inherited as a dominant trait (Eenink,
Dieleman, and Groenwold, 1982).
Vine size in tomato is associated with resistance to H. zea and there are large pleiotropic
effects (Ferry and Cuthbert, 1973). Antixenosis in tomato Entry 38 is under polygenic control.
In L. hirsutum f. glabratum, resistance is controlled by more than one factor (Kalloo et al.,
1989). Acyl sugars present in Lycopersicon pennellii (Correll) D’Arcy are responsible for high
levels of resistance to the spider mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard. High acyl sugar
content in the cross L. esculentum L. pennellii is inherited as a recessive trait, and is
controlled by a single locus (Resende et al., 2001).
In okra, resistance to A. biguttula biguttula is controlled by dominant genes (B.R. Sharma
and Gill, 1982). Both additive and dominance gene effects were signifi cant, but additive
and dominance dominance type of interactions appear to be more important than
other effects.