Contents - Faperta

136 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability
O. oryzae, whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), and yellow stem borer,
Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Khush and Brar, 1991). The genes Glh2, Glh3, Glh5, Glh6, and
Glh7 are inherited as dominant traits for resistance to green leafhopper, while glh4 and glh8
are recessive (Athwal and Pathak, 1972; Rezaul, Kamin, and Pathak, 1982; M.D. Pathak and
Khan, 1994). Four genes condition resistance to N. cincticeps. The gene Grh1 (green rice leafhopper)
B, from the cultivar Norin PL2 (Kobayashi et al., 1980) is located on rice chromosome
5 (Tamura et al., 1999), while Grh2 from DV S5 is located on chromosome II (Wang et
al., 2004). Grh3 is located on chromosome 6, and on chromosome 3 (Saka et al., 1997; Fukuta
et al., 1998; Yazawa et al., 1998). Seven genes control the expression of resistance to N. virescens
(Chelliah, 1986).
Thirteen Bph (brown planthopper) genes control resistance to N. lugens (Khush and Brar,
1991). The wild rice, Oryza australiensis Domin. and O. offi cinalis Wall. ex Watt. are the sources
of bph10 and bphl3 genes, respectively (Ishii et al., 1994; Renganayaki et al., 2002). The genes
Bph1, 3, 6, 9, 10, and 13 are inherited as dominant traits, while bph2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, and 12 are
inherited as recessive traits. Bph1 and bph2 segregate independently of bph3 and bph4. The
genes bph3 and bph4, and bph1 and bph2 are linked closely (Ikeda and Kaneda, 1981). Resistance
to gall midge, O. oryzae is controlled by several dominant genes (Sastry and Prakasa Rao,
1973). Two of these genes were designated as Gm (gall midge) 1 and Gm2 (Chaudhary et al.,
1986). Both of these genes segregate independently of one another. Six additional dominant
genes (Gm4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) and a recessive gene (gm3) have also been documented (Srivastava
et al., 1993; D. Yang et al., 1997; A. Kumar, Shrivastava, and Sahu, 1998; A. Kumar, Shrivastava,
and Shukla, 2000; A. Kumar et al., 2000; Katiyar et al., 2001). Both dominant and recessive
genes control the inheritance of resistance to the white backed planthopper, S. furcifera. The
genes Wbph (white-backed planthopper) 1 in N 22 and Wbph2 in ARC 10239 are inherited as
dominant traits (Sidhu, Khush, and Medrano, 1979; Angeles, Khush, and Heinrichs, 1981).
Wbph3 in AOR 52 and wbph4 in Podiwi A8 are inherited as dominant and recessive traits,
respectively (Hernandez and Khush, 1981). Resistance in rice to stem borer, S. incertulas is
polygenic, and exists in many genotypes (Khush and Brar, 1991).
Wheat and Barley
Identifi cation of germplasm for resistance to the Hessian fl y, M. destructor began in the
early 1900s, and 29 genes from rye, wheat, durum wheat, Triticum turgidum var. durum L.,
Aegilops tauschii Coss., or Aegilops triuncialis L. that control resistance to this insect have
been identifi ed (Smith, 2005). All the genes (except h4) are inherited as dominant or partially
dominant traits. Genes HI to H5, H7, H8, and Hl2 have been derived from wheat; H6,
H9 to H11, H14 to H20, H28, and H29 from durum wheat; H21 and H25 from rye; and H22
to H24 and H26 from A. tauschii (Berzonsky et al., 2003). H30 is a single dominant gene
from A. triuncialis (Martin-Sanchez et al., 2003). The genes H3, H6, and H9 occur on wheat
chromosome 5A, with H3 linked to H6 and H9. H5 is inherited independently of H9
(Gallun and Patterson, 1977; Stebbins, Patterson, and Gallun, 1983). HI0 and HI2 are also
located on wheat chromosome 5A (Ohm et al., 1995). Several of these genes have been
deployed in response to evolution of Hessian fl y, M. destructor biotypes.
Eleven genes control the expression of resistance to greenbug, S. graminum in A. speltoides
(Tausch), A. tauschii, rye, tall wheatgrass, Agropyron elongatum (Host.) Beauv., and wheat.
Resistance to biotypes A, B, and C derived from CI 17609 has been introgressed from rye
as a dominant gene (Gb2) on wheat chromosome IA (Hollenhorst and Lappa, 1983). The
dominant genes Gb3 and Gb4 on chromosome 7D originated from A. tauschii, and have
been introduced into wheat germplasm CI 17895 and CI 17959, respectively (Harvey, Martin,