Contents - Faperta

xiv Contents
Cereals .......................................................................................................................... 412
Brassicas ........................................................................................................................ 414
Soybean ........................................................................................................................ 414
Sunfl ower ..................................................................................................................... 415
Vegetables ..................................................................................................................... 415
Beets .............................................................................................................................. 415
Development of Resistance to Antibiotics: Horizontal Gene Flow .......................... 416
Gene Flow, Selection Pressure, and Enhanced Fitness of Herbivores ..................... 418
Gene Flow and Selection Pressure from Herbivores ............................................. 418
Gene Flow and Enhanced Fitness of Herbivores ................................................... 419
Gene Flow and Genetic Purity of Crops ....................................................................... 420
Gene Flow and the Centers of Genetic Diversity ........................................................ 421
Gene Flow and Aquatic Environments ........................................................................ 422
Management of Gene Flow ............................................................................................. 422
Use of Taxonomic Information .................................................................................. 422
Geographic Isolation ................................................................................................... 423
Use of Border Rows ..................................................................................................... 423
Use of Cytoplasmic Male-sterility ............................................................................ 424
Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 424
References ......................................................................................................................... 425
14. Transgenic Resistance to Insects: Nature of Risk and Risk Management ......... 431
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 431
Assessment of Risk to Agriculture ................................................................................ 433
Selection for Weedy Traits ......................................................................................... 433
Invasiveness ................................................................................................................. 433
Assessment of Nature of Risk to the Environment .................................................... 434
Risk Assessment .......................................................................................................... 434
Probability of Harm .................................................................................................... 434
Hazard to the Environment ....................................................................................... 435
Probability of Horizontal and Vertical Gene Flow ................................................. 436
Risk Management ............................................................................................................ 436
General Information ................................................................................................... 437
DNA Donor and Receiving Species .......................................................................... 437
Conditions of Release and the Target Environment .............................................. 437
Interaction Between the Transgenic Plants and the Environment ...................... 438
Control, Monitoring, and Waste Treatment ............................................................ 438
Post Release Monitoring of the Transgene .............................................................. 438
Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 440
References ......................................................................................................................... 440
15. Biosafety of Food from Genetically Modifi ed Crops .............................................. 443
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 443
Biosafety Assessment of Food from Genetically Modifi ed Crops ............................ 444
Comparative Effects of Traditional Breeding and Genetic Engineering
on Food Quality ...................................................................................................... 446
Substantial Equivalence to the Nontransgenic Food ............................................. 446
Nutritional Quality ..................................................................................................... 447