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Mechanisms and Inheritance of Resistance to Insect Pests 127 Number of eggs laid female –1 500 400 300 200 100 0 ICPL 98001 T 21 ICPL 87 ICPL 332 No-choice Multi-choice FIGURE 5.2 Oviposition preference by the Helicoverpa armigera females on pigeonpea under no-choice and multichoice conditions. and frego-bract are nonpreferred by the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) for egg laying than the genotypes with normal leaves (Wu, Cai, and Zhang, 1997). Oviposition nonpreference is also a component of resistance to H. armigera in chickpea (Cowgill and Lateef, 1996) and pigeonpea (Figure 5.2) (H.C. Sharma et al., 2001; Kumari, Sharma, and Reddy, 2005), and to Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in tomato (Cosenza and Green, 1979). Both antixenosis and antibiotic types of resistance have been observed against the pea weevil, Bruchus pisorum L. (Clement et al., 1994). Nonpreference for feeding and nutritional antibiosis are major components of resistance in soybean to Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Kogan, 1982). Antibiosis Antibiosis is expressed in terms of larval mortality, decreased larval and pupal weights, prolonged larval and pupal development, and reduced fecundity. Antibiosis effects are also expressed in terms of sex ratio and proportion of insects entering diapause. The antibiotic type of resistance prolongs the generation time, and can reduce the insect population within a few generations through a cumulative effect on insect survival and development (Coaker, 1959; Knipling, 1979; Jayaraj, 1982; H.C. Sharma, 1993). Both chemical and morphological factors mediate antibiosis (Panda and Khush, 1995; H.C. Sharma and Nwanze, 1997; Smith, 2005). Lethal effects may be acute, often affecting young larvae, while chronic effects lead to mortality of older larvae, pupae, and adults (H.C. Sharma, Vidyasagar, and Subramanian, 1993; H.C. Sharma and Nwanze, 1997; H.C. Sharma et al., 2001; Smith, 2005; Stevenson et al., 2005). Individuals surviving the direct effects of antibiosis may have reduced body weight, a prolonged period of development, and reduced fecundity. Antibiosis may also include subchronic effects, such as slow growth rates, poor utilization of food, and reduced fecundity (Reese and Beck, 1976). Antibiosis is an important component of resistance to H. armigera in cotton. Cotton genotypes Suvin (Gossypium barbandense L.) and MCU 9 (G. hirsutum L.) are more suitable than TKHe 44 (G. arboreum L.) for the growth and development of H. armigera (Nanthagopal and Uthamasamy, 1989). Net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and fecundity have been found to be relatively lower on cotton genotypes LK 861 and LPS 141 as compared to MCU 5 (Rao and Prasad, 1996). There is a large variation in larval survival, larval and pupal weights, egg viability, and longevity of H. armigera adults when reared on different chickpea genotypes (Srivastava and Srivastava, 1990). Life table analysis suggested that there is considerable variation in net reproductive rate (142.1 to 268.6), mean generation
128 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability Larval weight (mg) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 IG 69948 IG 70032 IG 70033 IG 72931 IG 70039 IG 70002 IG 70010 Accession FIGURE 5.3 Expression of antibiosis to Helicoverpa armigera larvae in wild relatives of chickpea (larval weights at 10 days after releasing the larvae on the leaves of different wild relatives of chickpea). ICC 506, Annigeri, and ICCC 37 are the resistant, commercial, and susceptible checks, respectively, of the cultivated chickpea. time (39.1 to 45.2 days), intrinsic rate of increase (0.12 to 0.14), fi nite rate of increase (1.13 to 1.15), and multiplication rate per week (2.57 to 3.02) on different genotypes (R.P. Sharma and Yadav, 2000). Antibiosis is one of the important components of resistance to H. armigera in wild relatives of chickpea (Figure 5.3) (H.C. Sharma et al., 2005b). The fecundity of the females emerging from insects reared on resistant genotypes of chickpea is also affected adversely (Figure 5.4). Larval mortality and prolongation of the larval period are the main components of resistance to H. armigera in wild relatives of pigeonpea (Shanower, Yoshida, and Peter, 1997). Larval and pupal weights and developmental period are all adversely affected when H. armigera larvae were fed on the fl owers of wild relatives of pigeonpea, such as Cajanus cajanifolius (Hains) Maesen and C. sericeus (F. Muell. ex-Benth.) F. Muell.; and only few larvae survived to maturity (Dodia et al., 1996). A signifi cant reduction in fecundity has also been observed when the larvae were reared on resistant varieties. In groundnut, larvae of H. zea fed on PI 229358 showed a signifi cant reduction in larval growth (Beland and Hatchett, 1976). Some of the groundnut accessions suffer heavy leaf Eggs laid/female 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 ICC 3137 ICC 12476 ICC 12477 ICC 12478 ICC 12479 FIGURE 5.4 Fecundity of Helicoverpa armigera females emerging from insects reared on different chickpea genotypes. IG 69947 ICCV 2 IG 69980 ICC 4918 IG 70019 IG 70003 ICC 506EB IG 69979 ICCC 37 ICC 506 Annigeri ICCC 37
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR PES
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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vi Contents Population Prediction M
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viii Contents Multilines/Synthetics
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x Contents 7. Genetic Transformatio
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xii Contents Horizontal Gene Flow .
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xiv Contents Cereals ..............
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xvi Contents Expressed Sequence Tag
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xviii Foreword Large-scale deployme
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xx Preface of newer insecticide mol
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2 Biotechnological Approaches for P
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10 Biotechnological Approaches for
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7 Genetic Transformation of Crops f
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8 Genetic Engineering of Entomopath
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9 Genetic Engineering of Natural En
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11 Transgenic Resistance to Insects
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Transgenic Resistance to Insects: I
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19 Biotechnology, Pest Management,
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514 Species Index Arabidopsis thali
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516 Species Index Empoasca fabae HP
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518 Species Index N Nasonovia ribis
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520 Species Index Sorghum (continue
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522 Subject Index Brown planthopper
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524 Subject Index Mass rearing, 4,
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526 Subject Index Toxin genes for i
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