Contents - Faperta

Contents xiii
Protease Inhibitors ................................................................................................. 356
Lectins ...................................................................................................................... 356
Interactions of Transgenic Plants with Fauna and Flora in the Rhizosphere ......... 356
Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 359
References ......................................................................................................................... 359
12. Development of Resistance to Transgenic Plants and Strategies
for Resistance Management ......................................................................................... 369
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 369
Factors Infl uencing Insect Susceptibility to Bt Toxins ............................................... 371
Variation in Insect Populations for Susceptibility to Bt Toxins ............................ 371
Effect of Host Plant on Insect Susceptibility to Cry Proteins ............................... 373
Detection, Development, and Monitoring of Resistance ........................................... 374
Detection of Resistance .............................................................................................. 374
Development of Resistance under Laboratory Conditions ................................... 374
Development of Resistance under Field Conditions .............................................. 377
Mechanisms of Resistance .............................................................................................. 377
Reduced Protoxin-Toxin Conversion ........................................................................ 378
Reduced Binding to Receptor Proteins .................................................................... 378
Feeding Behavior ........................................................................................................ 379
Cross Resistance .......................................................................................................... 379
Genetics of Resistance ..................................................................................................... 380
Frequency of Resistance Alleles ................................................................................ 380
Inheritance of Resistance ........................................................................................... 382
Strategies for Resistance Management ......................................................................... 383
Stable Transgene Expression ..................................................................................... 384
High Level of Transgene Expression ........................................................................ 385
Gene Pyramiding ........................................................................................................ 386
Pyramiding Two or More Bt Genes ..................................................................... 386
Pyramiding Bt with Protease Inhibitor and Lectin Genes ............................... 387
Pyramiding Bt Genes with Conventional Host Plant Resistance ................... 388
Pyramiding Genes for Resistance to Multiple Pests ......................................... 389
Regulation of Gene Expression and Gene Deployment ........................................ 389
Planting Refuge Crops ............................................................................................... 390
Refuge Types ........................................................................................................... 390
Role of Alternate Hosts as Refugia ...................................................................... 391
Removal of Alternate Hosts and Destruction of Carryover Population ............. 392
Use of a Planting Window ......................................................................................... 393
Crop Rotations ............................................................................................................. 393
Integrated Pest Management ..................................................................................... 393
Simulation Models for Resistance Management ......................................................... 393
Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 394
References ......................................................................................................................... 395
13. Transgenic Resistance to Insects: Gene Flow ........................................................... 407
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 407
Role of Pollinators in Gene Flow ................................................................................... 408
Role of Viruses in Gene Flow ......................................................................................... 409
Gene Flow into the Wild Relatives of Crops: Vertical Gene Flow ............................ 409
Cotton ........................................................................................................................... 412