Contents - Faperta

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<strong>Contents</strong> xi Gene Pyramiding ............................................................................................................. 237 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 238 References ......................................................................................................................... 239 8. Genetic Engineering of Entomopathogenic Microbes for Pest Management ...... 255 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 255 Natural versus Engineered Microbes ........................................................................... 256 Genetic Engineering of Microbes .................................................................................. 257 Entomopathogenic Viruses ........................................................................................ 257 Baculoviruses with Neurotoxins ......................................................................... 259 Baculoviruses Expressing Insect Diuretic Hormones ...................................... 262 Expression of Entomopoxvirus in Bacteria ........................................................ 262 Effect of Insecticides on Biological Activity of Baculoviruses Expressing Neurotoxins .................................................................................... 262 Role of Baculoviruses in Pest Management ....................................................... 262 Entomopathogenic Bacteria ............................................................................................ 263 Bacillus thuringiensis .................................................................................................... 263 Gene Expression and Cry Structure .................................................................... 264 Mode of Action ....................................................................................................... 265 Biopesticides Based on Bacillus thuringiensis ...................................................... 267 Genetic Engineering of Bacteria ............................................................................... 268 The Alternative Delivery Systems for Bt Toxins ..................................................... 269 Entomopathogenic Fungi ............................................................................................... 272 Entomopathogenic Protozoa .......................................................................................... 275 Entomopathogenic Nematodes ...................................................................................... 275 Biosafety Considerations for Using Genetically Engineered Microbes ................... 276 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 278 References ......................................................................................................................... 279 9. Genetic Engineering of Natural Enemies for Integrated Pest Management ........ 293 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 293 Techniques for Genetic Engineering of Arthropods .................................................. 295 DNA Injection into Eggs ............................................................................................ 295 Maternal Microinjection ............................................................................................. 296 Sperm-Mediated Transfer .......................................................................................... 296 Paratransgenesis .......................................................................................................... 297 Vectors for Genetic Engineering of Arthropods ......................................................... 297 Transposable Elements ............................................................................................... 297 Viral Vectors ................................................................................................................. 298 Baculoviruses ............................................................................................................... 298 Genetic Improvement of Benefi cial Arthropods ......................................................... 299 Cryopreservation ........................................................................................................ 299 Altering Biological Attributes ................................................................................... 301 Quality Control of Insect Cultures and Mass Production .................................... 301 Adaptation to Extreme Environmental Conditions ............................................... 301 Improving Resistance to Insecticides ....................................................................... 301 Dominant Repressible Lethal Genetic System ............................................................ 303 Markers and Promoters .................................................................................................. 304 Environmental Release and Potential Risks ................................................................ 305 Genetic Exchange with Natural Populations .......................................................... 306
xii <strong>Contents</strong> Horizontal Gene Flow ................................................................................................ 307 Transgene Instability .................................................................................................. 307 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 308 References ......................................................................................................................... 308 10. Deployment of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Crops for Pest Management: Potential and Limitations ............................................................................................. 317 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 317 Progress in Development of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Crops .............................. 318 Effectiveness of Transgenic Crops for Controlling Insect Pests ........................... 318 Cotton ....................................................................................................................... 318 Cereals ...................................................................................................................... 321 Grain Legumes ....................................................................................................... 323 Potato ........................................................................................................................ 323 Vegetables ................................................................................................................ 323 Deployment of Transgenic Plants for Pest Management ........................................... 323 Transgenic Crops and Chemical Control ................................................................ 324 Transgenic Crops and Biological Control ................................................................ 325 Transgenic Crops and Cultural Control .................................................................. 326 Advantages and Limitations of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Crops ......................... 327 Stability of Transgene Expression ............................................................................. 328 Performance Limitations ............................................................................................ 329 Secondary Pest Problems ........................................................................................... 329 Insect Sensitivity ......................................................................................................... 330 Evolution of Insect Biotypes ...................................................................................... 330 Environmental Infl uence on Gene Expression ....................................................... 330 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 331 References ......................................................................................................................... 331 11. Transgenic Resistance to Insects: Interactions with Nontarget Organisms ...... 339 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 339 Bt Sprays, Transgenic Plants, and Nontarget Organisms .......................................... 341 Interaction of Transgenic Crops with Nontarget Organisms: Protocols for Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Transgenic Plants ............................................. 342 Infl uence of Transgenic Crops on Diversity of Nontarget Organisms .................... 345 Infl uence of Transgenic Crops on Activity and Abundance of Pollinators ............ 347 Interaction of Transgenic Crops with Predators ......................................................... 348 Synergistic/Neutral Interactions .............................................................................. 349 Bt Toxins .................................................................................................................. 349 Lectins ...................................................................................................................... 350 Antagonistic Interactions ........................................................................................... 350 Bt Toxins .................................................................................................................. 350 Protease Inhibitors ................................................................................................. 352 Lectins ...................................................................................................................... 352 Interaction of Transgenic Crops with Parasitoids ....................................................... 352 Synergistic/Neutral Interactions .............................................................................. 353 Bt Toxins .................................................................................................................. 353 Lectins ...................................................................................................................... 353 Antagonistic Interactions ........................................................................................... 354 Bt Toxins .................................................................................................................. 354
Page 2: BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR PES
Page 5 and 6: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
Page 7 and 8: vi Contents Population Prediction M
Page 9 and 10: viii Contents Multilines/Synthetics
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Page 17 and 18: xvi Contents Expressed Sequence Tag
Page 19 and 20: xviii Foreword Large-scale deployme
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19 Biotechnology, Pest Management,
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514 Species Index Arabidopsis thali
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516 Species Index Empoasca fabae HP
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518 Species Index N Nasonovia ribis
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520 Species Index Sorghum (continue
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522 Subject Index Brown planthopper
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524 Subject Index Mass rearing, 4,
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526 Subject Index Toxin genes for i
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Contents - Faperta

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