Contents - Faperta

Recommendations

Info

Host Plant Resistance to Insects: Potential and Limitations 89 FIGURE 4.5 Wild relatives of chickpea (Cicer bijugum, Cicer judaicum, and Cicer microphyllum) that have shown high levels of resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. In sorghum, accessions belonging to Sorghum laxifl orum Bailey, S. australiense Garber & Snyder, S. brevocallosum Garber, S. dimidiatum Stapf., S. matarkense Garber, S. nitidum (Vahl) Pers., S. purpureosericeum (Hochst. Ex A. Rich.), S. timorense (Kunth) Buse, S. versicolor Andersson, S. angustum S.T. Blake, S. ecarinatum Lazarides, S. exstans Lazarides, S. interjectum Lazarides, and S. intrans F. Mull. ex Benth. are highly resistant to sorghum shoot fl y, A. soccata. Sorghum laxifl orum, S. australiense, S. brevocallosum, S. dimidiatum, S. matarkense, S. nitidum, S. purpureosericeum. S. timorense, S. versicolor, S. angustum, S. ecarinatum, S. exstans, S. interjectum, S. stipoideum (Ewart & Jean White) C. Gardener and C.E. Hubb., and S. intrans are resistant to spotted stem borer, C. partellus (Venkateswaran, 2003). Sorghum midge, S. sorghicola, females did not lay any eggs in the spikelets of S. angustum, S. amplum Lazarides, and S. bulbosum Lazarides compared to 30 eggs in spikelets of S. halepense (L.) Pers. under nochoice conditions (Sharma and Franzmann, 2001). Odors from the panicles of S. halepense are more attractive to the females of sorghum midge than the odors from panicles of S. stipoideum, S. brachypodum Lazarides, S. angustum, S. macropsermum Garber, S. nitidum, S. laxifl orum, and S. amplum. In the case of rice, Oryza eichingeri A. Peter has shown high levels of resistance to brown planthopper, N. lugens and the green leafhopper, Nephotettix sp.; O. brachyantha A. Chev. et Roehr., and O. minuta J.S. Presl. ex C.B. Presl. to yellow stem borer, C. suppressalis; and O. alta Swallen. and O. ridleyi Hook. f. to striped rice stem borer, S. incertulas (Khush, 1977; Khush and Brar, 1991; Brar and Khush, 1997). In the case of wheat, the wild relatives Aegilops tauschii (Coss.) Schmal., Triticum ventricosum Ces. (Syn. Aegilops ventricosa Tausch.), and T. turgidum L. are resistant to Hessian fl y, M. destructor; and T. monococcum L. and T. turgidum to Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) (Clement, 2002). Inducible Resistance Induced resistance is the qualitative and/or quantitative enhancement of a plant’s defense mechanisms against insect pests in response to extrinsic physical or chemical stimuli. Induced resistance results in changes in a plant that produce a negative effect on herbivores (Karban and Baldwin, 1997). Earlier research in host-pathogen systems documented that protection could be effective for a week or more (McIntyre and Dodds, 1979; Chaudary,
90 Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability Schwarzbach, and Fischbeck, 1983). Recent reports on the duration of induced resistance in host-pathogen systems have been documented in barley (Pelcz and Wolffgang, 1986), cotton (Liu, Chen, and Wang, 1990), and cucumber (Dalisay and Kuc, 1995). Insect herbivory has been shown to induce resistance in soybean plants (Lin, Kogan, and Fischer, 1990; Fischer, Kogan, and Paxton, 1990; Lin and Kogan, 1990) against the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) and the Mexican bean beetle, E. varivestis. Cross-resistance to P. includens due to previous Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) injury in the form of induced resistance is benefi cial to the plant. Bean leaf beetle, C. trifurcata herbivory also affects larval growth rates and reduced the suitability of foliage to the corn earworm, H. zea in soybean (Felton, Summers, and Mueller, 1994). Chemically induced expression systems or “gene switches” enable temporal, spatial, and quantitative control of genes introduced into plants or those that are already present in the plants to impart resistance to insects. This approach has provided opportunities for management of development of resistance in insect pest populations in transgenic crops. In addition to insect or pathogen attack, resistance can also be induced by suboptimal concentrations of potassium iodide, copper, and herbicides. Effectiveness of the chemical injury inducer Actigard in providing resistance to various insect pests and pathogens in the tomato has been demonstrated by Inbar et al. (1998). Induced resistance against E. varivestis lasted three days after damage in soybean (Underwood, 1998). Proteinase inhibitors and oxidative enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and lipoxygenase persist for at least 21 days after induction in damaged tomato leafl ets (Stout, Workman, and Duffey, 1996). A wide range of inducible genes has been identifi ed in plants based on endogenous chemical signals, such as phytohormones, responses to insect and pathogen attack, or wounding. The best-studied system utilizes the PR1-a promoter from tobacco, which is induced during systemic resistance response following pathogen infection (Uknes et al., 1993). The PR1-a mRNA levels can also be induced by exogenous application of salicylic acid or 1,2,3-benzothaidiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) (Ward et al., 1991; Gatz, 1997). The latter has been commercialized as a plant immunization chemical. However, PR1-a use may be limited due to its responsiveness to exogenous signals such as pathogens, UV-B, and pollutants (Gatz, 1997). Safeners used for detoxifi cation of certain herbicides also induce a range of metabolic enzymes, such as glutathione-S transferase and cytochrome P 450 ( Jepson, Martinez, and Sweetruan, 1998). Safener-induced cDNA clones (In 2-2 and GST-27) have been isolated from maize and Arabidopsis. These promoters can be induced by M-(aminocarbonyl)-2-chloro benzenesulfonamide and the herbicide sulfonylurea. Tetracycline and lactose represser operator systems from Escherichia coli Escherich have also been used to control gene expression ( Jepson et al., 1994). Tetracycline (TetR) repressor protein has been used to regulate the expression from CaMV 35S promotor (Gatz and Quail, 1998). Another system in yeast uses a copper-dependent transcriptional activation system, which consists of ace1 gene encoding a metalloresponsive factor expressed constitutively. Activation of the reporter gene (ace1) is achieved in the presence of copper (Mett, Lochhead, and Reynolds, 1993). Copper has traditionally been used as a fungicide, but application of copper for activation of the reporter gene may not be ideal in all crops. Another transcriptional activation system (Alc) is based on ethanol (Caddick et al., 1998). The AlcR transcription factor interacts with ethanol or related inducers. It has a low activity, rapid and reversible induction, and suffi ciently high levels of induction to generate phenotypic effects. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) (Wang et al., 1997) and ecdysone receptor (Wing, Slawecki, and Carlson, 1988; Jepson, Martinez, and Sweetruan, 1998) also have the potential for use as switches for inducible resistance to insects. Octadecanoid and the salicylic acid pathways are involved in the induced attraction of the parasitoid wasp, Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) by Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyn. infested with
Page 2:
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR PES
Page 5 and 6:
CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
Page 7 and 8:
vi Contents Population Prediction M
Page 9 and 10:
viii Contents Multilines/Synthetics
Page 11 and 12:
x Contents 7. Genetic Transformatio
Page 13 and 14:
xii Contents Horizontal Gene Flow .
Page 15 and 16:
xiv Contents Cereals ..............
Page 17 and 18:
xvi Contents Expressed Sequence Tag
Page 19 and 20:
xviii Foreword Large-scale deployme
Page 21 and 22:
xx Preface of newer insecticide mol
Page 23 and 24:
2 Biotechnological Approaches for P
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
10 Biotechnological Approaches for
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60: 38 Biotechnological Approaches for
Page 109: 88 Biotechnological Approaches for
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 230 and 231:
7 Genetic Transformation of Crops f
Page 232 and 233:
Genetic Transformation of Crops for
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
8 Genetic Engineering of Entomopath
Page 278 and 279:
Genetic Engineering of Entomopathog
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
9 Genetic Engineering of Natural En
Page 316 and 317:
Genetic Engineering of Natural Enem
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 360 and 361:
11 Transgenic Resistance to Insects
Page 362 and 363:
Transgenic Resistance to Insects: I
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 522 and 523:
19 Biotechnology, Pest Management,
Page 524 and 525:
Biotechnology, Pest Management, and
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532:
Page 535 and 536:
514 Species Index Arabidopsis thali
Page 537 and 538:
516 Species Index Empoasca fabae HP
Page 539 and 540:
518 Species Index N Nasonovia ribis
Page 541 and 542:
520 Species Index Sorghum (continue
Page 543 and 544:
522 Subject Index Brown planthopper
Page 545 and 546:
524 Subject Index Mass rearing, 4,
Page 547:
526 Subject Index Toxin genes for i
show all

Contents - Faperta

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?