Infant Toddler Learning & Development Foundations
Infant Toddler Learning & Development Foundations
Infant Toddler Learning & Development Foundations
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT<br />
70<br />
Problem Solving<br />
Behaviors leading up to the<br />
foundation (4 to 7 months)<br />
During this period, the child<br />
may:<br />
• Explore toys with hands and<br />
mouth. (3–6 mos.; Parks 2004,<br />
10)<br />
• Reach for a second toy when<br />
already holding on to one toy.<br />
(5–6.5 mos.; Parks 2004, 49)<br />
• Hold a toy up to look at it<br />
while exploring it with the<br />
hands. (Scaled score of 9 for<br />
5:16–6:15 mos.; Bayley 2006,<br />
55)<br />
Behaviors leading up to the<br />
foundation (9 to 17 months)<br />
During this period, the child may:<br />
• Crawl over a pile of soft blocks<br />
to get to the big red ball. (8–11<br />
mos.; Parks 2004)<br />
• Figure out how toys work by<br />
repeating the same actions<br />
over and over again. (9–12<br />
mos.; Lerner and Ciervo 2003)<br />
• Pull the blanket in order to<br />
obtain the toy that is lying out<br />
of reach on top of the blanket.<br />
(8–10 mos.; Parks 2004)<br />
• Crawl around the legs of a<br />
chair to get to the ball that<br />
rolled behind it. (9–12 mos.;<br />
Parks 2004, 50; 18 mos.; Lally<br />
and others 1995, 78–79)<br />
• Keep turning an object around<br />
to find the side that makes it<br />
work, such as the reflective<br />
side of a mirror or the open<br />
side of a nesting cup. (9–12<br />
mos.; Parks 2004, 65)<br />
• Try to hold on to two toys with<br />
one hand while reaching for a<br />
third desired toy, even if not<br />
successful. (Scaled score of 9<br />
for 10:16–11:15 mos.; Bayley<br />
2006, 58)<br />
• Unscrew the lid of a plastic jar<br />
to get items out of it. (Scaled<br />
score of 10 for 14:16–15:15<br />
mos.; Bayley 2006, 62)<br />
Behaviors leading up to the<br />
foundation (19 to 35 months)<br />
During this period, the child may:<br />
• Use a stick to dig in the sandbox<br />
when unable to find a shovel.<br />
(17–24 mos.; Parks 2004)<br />
• Use a tool to solve a problem,<br />
such as using the toy broom<br />
to get a car out from under the<br />
couch, using a wooden puzzle<br />
base as a tray to carry all the<br />
puzzle pieces to another place,<br />
or using the toy shopping cart to<br />
pick up the wooden blocks and<br />
move them to the shelf to be put<br />
away. (17–24 mos.; Parks 2004,<br />
52)<br />
• Move to the door and try to turn<br />
the knob after a parent leaves for<br />
work in the morning. (21–23 mos.;<br />
Parks 2004, 53)<br />
• Imitate a problem-solving method<br />
that the child has observed<br />
someone else do before. (Scaled<br />
score of 10 for 20:16–21:15 mos.;<br />
Bayley 2006, 66)<br />
• Tug on shoelaces in order to untie<br />
them.<br />
• Complete a puzzle with three<br />
separate cut-out pieces, such<br />
as a circle, square, and triangle,<br />
even though the child may try to<br />
put the triangle into the square<br />
hole before fitting it in the triangle<br />
opening. (Scaled score of 10 for<br />
19:16–20:15 mos.; Bayley 2006,<br />
66)