Primordial Black Holes and Cosmological Phase Transitions Report ...

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PBHs and Cosmological Phase Transitions 48 Table 11: Mass spectrum of the supersymmetric particles and the Higgs boson according to the SPS1a scenario (e.g. Aguilar–Saavedra et al., 2006; Allanach et al., 2002). It is also shown the experimental lower limit for the mass of each particle (in the case of the h 0 we have an upper limit instead). See Yao et al. (2006) for a detailed list of lower mass limits and more details on this subject. Particle Spin Mass (GeV) Experimental lower limit (GeV) h 0 0 116.0 < 150 H 0 0 425.0 A 0 0 424.9 H ± 0 432.7 Ñ1 1/2 97.7 46 Ñ2 1/2 183.9 62 Ñ3 1/2 400.5 100 Ñ4 1/2 413.9 116 ˜C ± 1 1/2 183.7 94 ˜C ± 2 1/2 415.4 94 ˜eR 0 125.3 73 ˜eL 0 189.9 107 ˜νe 0 172.5 94 ˜µR 0 125.3 94 ˜µL 0 189.9 94 ˜νµ 0 172.5 94 ˜τR 0 107.9 82 ˜τL 0 194.9 82 ˜ντ 0 170.5 94 ũR 0 547.2 250 ũL 0 564.7 250 ˜dR 0 546.9 250 ˜dL 0 570.1 250 ˜sR 0 547.2 250 ˜sL 0 564.7 250 ˜cR 0 546.9 250 ˜cL 0 570.1 250 ˜t1 0 366.5 92 ˜t2 0 585.5 92 ˜ b1 0 506.3 89 ˜ b2 0 545.7 89 ˜g 1/2 607.1 241
PBHs and Cosmological Phase Transitions 49 Figure 11: Mass spectrum of supersymmetric particles and the Higgs boson according to the SPS1a scenario (cf. Table 11 for mass values). Here ( ˜ lL, ˜ lR, ˜νl) and (˜qL, ˜qR) represent the first and the second families of sleptons and squarks respectively (e.g. Aguilar–Saavedra et al., 2006; Allanach et al., 2002). is the energy (E = p 2 + m 2 ) and the sign is + for fermions and − for bosons. The quantity µ = µ(T ) is the chemical potential 23 of the species. The chemical potential is conserved in every collision (e.g. Lyth, 1993). In the early Universe all known particle species are freely created and destroyed. The only significant restriction is that each collision must respect conservation of the electric charge, baryon number and the three lepton numbers. Since the photon carries none of these charges it turns out that µγ = 0 and equation (95) leads to the blackbody distribution (e.g. Lyth 1993). The same goes for any particle which is its own antiparticle. If the antiparticle is distinct, 23 In the context of Particle Physics the chemical potential measures the tendency of particles to diffuse. Particles tend to diffuse from regions of high chemical potential to those of low chemical potential. In a system with many particle species each of them has its own chemical potential. The chemical potential of the i-th particle species is defined as µi = ∂U ∂Ni s,V,N j=i where U is the total internal energy of the system, s is the entropy, V is the volume and Ni is the number of particles of the i-th species. Being a function of internal energy, the chemical potential applies equally to both fermion and boson particles. That is, in theory, any fundamental particle can be assigned a value of chemical potential, depending upon how it changes the internal energy of the system into which it is introduced. QCD matter is a prime example of a system in which many such chemical potentials appear (e.g. Baierlein, 2001).
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CCM-Centro de Ciências Matemática
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Contents List of Figures vii List o
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PBHs and Cosmological Phase Transit
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List of Tables 1 The Universe timel
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Table 49 (continued). PBHs and Cosm
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Table 49 (continued). Radiation EW
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