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Injectors for ion and electron linacs Ion injector (CERN Linac1) Electron injector (CERN LIL) 3 common problems for protons and electrons after the source, up to ~1 MeV energy: 1. large space charge defocusing 2. particle velocity rapidly increasing 3. need to form the bunches Solved by a special injector Ions: RFQ bunching, focusing and accelerating. Electrons: Standing wave bunching and pre-accelerating section. For all particles, the injector is where the emittance is created! 58
Accelerating structure: the choice of frequency approximate scaling laws for linear accelerators: RF defocusing g( (ion linacs) ) ~ frequency q y Cell length (=βλ/2) ~ (frequency) -1 Peak electric field ~ (frequency) 1/2 Shunt impedance (power efficiency) ~ (frequency) 1/2 Accelerating structure dimensions ~ (frequency) 1 -1 Machining tolerances ~ (frequency) -1 Higher frequencies are economically convenient (shorter, less RF power, higher gradients possible) but limitation comes from mechanical precision in construction (tight tolerances are expensive!) and beam dynamics for ion linacs at low energy. Electron linacs tend to use higher frequencies (0.5-12 GHz) than ion linacs. Standard ffrequency 3 GH GHz (10 cm wavelength). l th) NNo li limitations it ti ffrom bbeam ddynamics, i iiris i iin TW structure requires less accurate machining than nose in SW structure. Proton linacs use lower frequencies (100-800 MHz), increasing with energy (ex.: 350 – 700 MHz): compromise between focusing, focusing cost and size. size Heavy ion linacs tend to use even lower frequencies (30-200 MHz), dominated by the 59 low beta in the first sections (CERN RFQ at 100MHz, 25 keV/u: βλ/2=3.5mm !)
Page 1 and 2:
Introduction to RF Linear Accelerat
Page 3 and 4:
(v/c)^2 ( 1 Proton and Electron Vel
Page 5 and 6:
Example: Superconducting Proton Lin
Page 7 and 8: RF input λ p TM01 field configurat
Page 9 and 10: Slowing down waves: the disc- loade
Page 11 and 12: eam Traveling wave linac structures
Page 13 and 14: mode 0 mode π/2 mode 2π/3 mode π
Page 15 and 16: Comparing traveling and standing wa
Page 17 and 18: Disc-loaded structures operating in
Page 19 and 20: Examples p of DTL Top; CERN Linac2
Page 21 and 22: eam Multigap linac structures: the
Page 23 and 24: Proton linac architecture - cell le
Page 25 and 26: Multi-gap Superconducting linac str
Page 27 and 28: Quarter Wave Resonators Simple 2-ga
Page 29 and 30: Focusing solenoids Examples: p an e
Page 31 and 32: Electron linac architecture EXAMPLE
Page 33 and 34: Heavy y Ion Linac Architecture EXAM
Page 35 and 36: Longitudinal g dynamics y → Ions
Page 37 and 38: Transverse dynamics - Space charge
Page 39 and 40: Transverse equilibrium in ion and e
Page 41 and 42: x_rms beaam size [m] High-intensity
Page 43 and 44: 55. DDouble bl periodic i di accele
Page 45 and 46: Mechanical errors differences in f
Page 47 and 48: The Side Coupled p Linac To operate
Page 49 and 50: The Cell-Coupled Drift Tube Linac W
Page 51 and 52: The Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ
Page 53 and 54: RFQ Qpproperties p - 2 3. The dista
Page 55 and 56: How to create a quadrupole RF mode
Page 57: Electron sources: give energy to th
Page 61 and 62: Mains Transforms mains power into D
Page 63: Bibliography g p y 1. Reference Boo
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