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Beam Synchronism y condition The distance between accelerating gaps is proportional to particle velocity Electric field (tti (at time tt) 0 ) 1 0.5 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 z -0 .5 -1 l=βλ/2 Example: a linac superconducting 4-cell accelerating structure Synchronism condition: t (travel between centers of cells) = T/2 l 1 = βc 2 f l β c = = 2 = = f βλ 2 1. In an ion linac cell length has to increase (up to a factor 200 !) and the linac will be made of a sequence of different accelerating structures (changing cell length, frequency, operating <strong>mode</strong>, etc.) matched to the ion velocity. 2. For electron linacs, β =1, l =λ/2 → An electron linac will be made of an injector + a series i of f id identical ti l accelerating l ti structures, t t with ith cells ll all ll the th same length l th Note: in the example above, we have synchronism only if we neglect the increase in beta inside the structure ! 4
Example: Superconducting Proton Linac The same Superconducting cavity design can be used for different proton beta’s, just changing the cell length accordingly to beta. β=0.52 β=0.7 β=0.8 β=1 β <strong>CERN</strong> (old) SPL design, SC linac 120 - 2200 MeV, 680 m length, 230 cavities 5
Page 1 and 2: Introduction to RF Linear Accelerat
Page 3: (v/c)^2 ( 1 Proton and Electron Vel
Page 7 and 8: RF input λ p TM01 field configurat
Page 9 and 10: Slowing down waves: the disc- loade
Page 11 and 12: eam Traveling wave linac structures
Page 13 and 14: mode 0 mode π/2 mode 2π/3 mode π
Page 15 and 16: Comparing traveling and standing wa
Page 17 and 18: Disc-loaded structures operating in
Page 19 and 20: Examples p of DTL Top; CERN Linac2
Page 21 and 22: eam Multigap linac structures: the
Page 23 and 24: Proton linac architecture - cell le
Page 25 and 26: Multi-gap Superconducting linac str
Page 27 and 28: Quarter Wave Resonators Simple 2-ga
Page 29 and 30: Focusing solenoids Examples: p an e
Page 31 and 32: Electron linac architecture EXAMPLE
Page 33 and 34: Heavy y Ion Linac Architecture EXAM
Page 35 and 36: Longitudinal g dynamics y → Ions
Page 37 and 38: Transverse dynamics - Space charge
Page 39 and 40: Transverse equilibrium in ion and e
Page 41 and 42: x_rms beaam size [m] High-intensity
Page 43 and 44: 55. DDouble bl periodic i di accele
Page 45 and 46: Mechanical errors differences in f
Page 47 and 48: The Side Coupled p Linac To operate
Page 49 and 50: The Cell-Coupled Drift Tube Linac W
Page 51 and 52: The Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ
Page 53 and 54: RFQ Qpproperties p - 2 3. The dista
Page 55 and 56:
How to create a quadrupole RF mode
Page 57 and 58:
Electron sources: give energy to th
Page 59 and 60:
Accelerating structure: the choice
Page 61 and 62:
Mains Transforms mains power into D
Page 63:
Bibliography g p y 1. Reference Boo
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