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Focusing gp periods Focusing provided by quadrupoles (but solenoids for low β !). Different distance between focusing elements (=1/2 length of a FODO focusing period) ! For the main linac accelerating structure (after injector): Protons Protons, (high beam current and high space charge) require short distances: - βλ in the DTL, from ~70mm (3 MeV, 352 MHz) to ~250mm (40 MeV), - can be increased to 4-10βλ at higher energy (>40 MeV). - longer focusing periods require special dynamics (example: the IH linac). Heavy ions (low current, no space charge): 2-10 βλ in the main linac (>~150mm). Electrons (no space charge charge, no RF defocusing): up to several meters, depending on the required beam conditions. Focusing is mainly required to control the emittance. 40
x_rms beaam size [m] High-intensity protons – the case of Linac4 Transverse (x) r.m.s. beam envelope along Linac4 0.003 0.002 0.001 0 DTL : FFDD and FODO Example: beam dynamics design for Linac4@<strong>CERN</strong>. CCDTL : FODO PIMS : FODO 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 distance from ion source [m] High intensity protons (60 mA bunch current, duty cycle could go up to 5%), 3 - 160 MeV Beam dynamics design minimising emittance growth and halo development in order to: 11. avoid id uncontrolled t ll d bbeam l loss ( (activation ti ti of f machine hi parts) t ) 2. preserve small emittance (high luminosity in the following accelerators) 41
Page 1 and 2: Introduction to RF Linear Accelerat
Page 3 and 4: (v/c)^2 ( 1 Proton and Electron Vel
Page 5 and 6: Example: Superconducting Proton Lin
Page 7 and 8: RF input λ p TM01 field configurat
Page 9 and 10: Slowing down waves: the disc- loade
Page 11 and 12: eam Traveling wave linac structures
Page 13 and 14: mode 0 mode π/2 mode 2π/3 mode π
Page 15 and 16: Comparing traveling and standing wa
Page 17 and 18: Disc-loaded structures operating in
Page 19 and 20: Examples p of DTL Top; CERN Linac2
Page 21 and 22: eam Multigap linac structures: the
Page 23 and 24: Proton linac architecture - cell le
Page 25 and 26: Multi-gap Superconducting linac str
Page 27 and 28: Quarter Wave Resonators Simple 2-ga
Page 29 and 30: Focusing solenoids Examples: p an e
Page 31 and 32: Electron linac architecture EXAMPLE
Page 33 and 34: Heavy y Ion Linac Architecture EXAM
Page 35 and 36: Longitudinal g dynamics y → Ions
Page 37 and 38: Transverse dynamics - Space charge
Page 39: Transverse equilibrium in ion and e
Page 43 and 44: 55. DDouble bl periodic i di accele
Page 45 and 46: Mechanical errors differences in f
Page 47 and 48: The Side Coupled p Linac To operate
Page 49 and 50: The Cell-Coupled Drift Tube Linac W
Page 51 and 52: The Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ
Page 53 and 54: RFQ Qpproperties p - 2 3. The dista
Page 55 and 56: How to create a quadrupole RF mode
Page 57 and 58: Electron sources: give energy to th
Page 59 and 60: Accelerating structure: the choice
Page 61 and 62: Mains Transforms mains power into D
Page 63: Bibliography g p y 1. Reference Boo

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