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Advancing Science and Discovery
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The Kalahari Copperbelt in Central Namibia:
Controls on Copper Mineralization
Kenneth J. Maiden † (SEG 1999 F, 2005 F), International Base Metals Limited, Sydney 2001, Australia; and
Gregor Borg (SEG 1988 M), Economic Geology and Petrology Research Unit, Martin Luther University of
Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
ABSTRACT
The Kalahari Copperbelt stretches discontinuously for 800 km from central
Namibia to northern Botswana (Figure 1; Borg, 1988; Borg and
Maiden, 1989). In central Namibia, copper mineralization, hosted by
slate and phyllite, is intermittently developed over more than 60 km of
strike of the Kagas Member of the Klein Aub For mation. The strata-bound
nature of copper occurrences led early explorers to the conclusion that
copper was either syngenetic, i.e., emplaced during deposition of the host
strata, or diagenetic, i.e., emplaced into the host strata during burial and
compaction. As a result, initial exploration largely focused on “favorable”
stratigraphic units as target horizons and for the most part ignored
structurally controlled target areas of significant economic potential.
Subsequent research at the (presently inactive) Klein Aub Mine and
elsewhere in the Namibian part of the belt showed that, although copper
concentrations are broadly strata-bound, the structural associations (e.g.,
the relation to a late reverse fault at Klein Aub) and detailed textural features
(e.g., copper in veins, brittle fractures, cleavage-parallel lenticles,
and tectonic breccia zones) indicate that copper mineralization was
emplaced into structurally controlled sites late in the deformation history
of the region.
The conclusion of the present review is that economically viable copper
accumulations resulted predominantly from one or more regionally
extensive but locally structurally controlled hydrothermal events, mostly
subsequent to formation of the dominant cleavage. As a result, modern
exploration should focus primarily on favorable structures, particularly
potential dilatant sites in tectonically complex zones.
† Corresponding author: e-mail, KMaiden@zamia.com.au
NEWSLETTER
OCTOBER 2011 NUMBER 87
INTRODUCTION
VIEWS (pg. 10–12)
Siegfried Muessig
The Kalahari Copperbelt stretches discontinuously for
800 km from central Namibia to northern Botswana
(Borg and Maiden, 1989). Copper occurrences have been
known to exist in the Namibian sector of the belt, particularly
around Klein Aub, Witvlei, and Dordabis, for
many years (see, for example, Anhauesser and Button,
1973; Ruxton, 1986; Ruxton and Clemmey, 1986; Borg
and Maiden, 1986a, 1987). The Klein Aub underground
mine operated between 1966 and 1987, producing
around 5.5 million tonnes of chalcocite-dominated ore
at 2% Cu and 50 g/t Ag (Schneider and Seeger, 1992).
Regional exploration programs by several companies
during the 1960s and 1970s traced the extension of the
belt into western and northern Botswana. During recent
years, spurred by the increase in the price of copper,
exploration in the Botswana segment of the belt has
been successful in identifying significant copper-silver
resources, with several deposits containing tens to hundreds
of millions of tonnes of potentially ore grade mineralization
(see, for example, Discovery Metals, 2011;
Hana Mining, 2011). However, in the Namibian sector,
which was the subject of considerable exploration during
the 1960s and 1970s, much less explo-
to page
ration has taken place subsequently. 14 ...
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OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 3
SEG
NEWSLETTER
Nº 87 — OCTOBER 2011
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Brian G. Hoal
NEWS EDITOR
Alice Bouley
GRAPHIC DESIGN
Vivian Smallwood
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Christine Horrigan
Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
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Littleton, CO 80127-3732 USA
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DEADLINE FOR NEWSLETTER #88:
November 30, 2011
Contents
FEATURE ARTICLE
1 The Kalahari Copperbelt in Central Namibia: Controls on Copper Mineralization
NEWSLETTER COLUMNS
4 From the Executive Director: Growth and Transformation at SEG
5 Presidential Perspective: Geoscientists Can Be Better Communicators
6 SEGF Presidential Perspective: Sustaining Global Student Support Programs — Part II
VIEWS
10 VIEWS — Some Elements of Exploration Success or How to Shave the Odds
SEG NEWS
6 Contributions – SEG, SEG Foundation, and SEG Canada Foundation
12 Letter to the Editor by Dan Wood
20 SEG Geometallurgy Forum
21 Geometallurgy — The Simple Approach
22 UNESCO-SEG-SGA Curso Latinoamericano de Metalogenia, Colombia
23 Doug Kirwin Lectures on Oyu Tolgoi and Korean Au-Ag Deposits
23 Regional Vice-President Lecturer in China
23 SEG Lecturers Visit Toronto
24 Gold of the North Pacific Rim Conference, Magadan, Russia
SEG STUDENT NEWS
26 Welcome New Student Chapters
26 Australian National University Student Chapter Field Trip to Peru
27 CODES SEG Student Chapter Field Trip to Middle and Lower Yangtze Mineral Belt
27 ETH-Zürich SEG Student Chapter Field Trip to Poland
28 European SEG Student Chapter Conference
29 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos SEG Student Chapter
30 SEG Student Chapter Medellin, Mining Districts of the São Francisco Craton,
SEG Brazil-Colombia
30 University of Arizona SEG Student Chapter Rocky Mountain Field Trip
31 University of Geneva Student Chapter Field Trip to Sardinia
31 Four Students Sponsored at the 2011 Goldschmidt Conference in Prague
32 New Mexico Tech Student Chapter Viburnum Field Course Report
EXPLORATION REVIEWS
33– Africa · 33– Alaska · 34– Australasia · 35– Latin America
35– Northern Eurasia · 36– Contiguous United States
MEMBERSHIP
38-40 SEG Membership: Candidates and New Fellows, Members and Student Members
41 SEG Announcements & Deadlines
42 Personal Notes & News
44-45 Publications Order Form
ANNOUNCEMENTS
2 Northwest Mining Association 2011 Annual Meeting, Reno, Nevada USA (inside front cover)
4 SEG Announces the 2011-2012 Awards
7 SEG Foundation Student Research Grants Announcement – apply now for 2012
8 SEG Foundation Graduate Student Fellowships Announcement – apply now for 2012
9 SEG 2012 Conference, Lima, Peru
13 SEG-AME-BC Short Course on Phosphorites and Evaporites 2012 Roundup,
Vancouver, BC Canada
25 Rio Tinto—SEG Special Publication, “Geology and Genesis of Major Copper Deposits and
Districts of the World: A Tribute to Richard Sillitoe”
27 SEG Guidebook–Gold-Mercury, Sonoma, CA
29 SEG Foundation Student-Dedicated Field Course Announcement - Iberian Pyrite Belt
32 Mini-Symposium on Rare Earth Element Geology at CSM, Colorado
32 CODES SEG Student Chapter at UTAS – register for field trip to Southern Africa
36 Guidebooks: Mexico and Bingham
41 Congratulations to all SEG 25-year and 50-year Members!
46 SEG New Publication - SEG Reviews 17
48 SEG Course at PDAC 2012 – Gold in Precambrian Shields, Toronto, Canada (back cover)
48 SEG Contact Information (back cover)
CALENDAR
46 Calendar
ADVERTISERS —
2 Actlabs, Ltd. (inside front cover)
47 ALS Minerals (inside back cover)
26 Anzman, Joseph R.
40 Australian Institute of
Geoscientists
8 AVRUPA Minerals
36 Big Sky Geophysics
28 Geocon, Inc.
2 Geosense (inside front cover)
47 Kinross Gold (inside back cover)
23 Laravie, Joseph A.
26 LTL Petrographics
46 Lufkin, John L., Ph.D
8 McKelvey, G.E.
46 Oldroyd, Geoffrey C.
37 Ore Research & Exploration
23 Petrographic Consultants Intl.
28 Recursos del Caribe, S.A.
21 Resource Geosciences de Mexico
19 Senior Exploration Management
Course
2 SGS (inside front cover)
21 Shea Clark Smith
40 Zonge Engineering & Research

4 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Growth and Transformation at SEG
SEG faces the same challenges as many
businesses in our sector with the constant
need to innovate and provide creative
solutions to old and new problems.
Fortunately, we now have a level
of continuity and expertise among our
Littleton office staff that allows us to
adopt many much needed changes. So
what are some of these changes? The
Cloud has come to SEG—you have all
probably heard the selling points, especially
if you are seeking enhanced performance
as an Internet user. The key
factor driving this decision is budget
predictability even more than the
attraction of improved security, lower
overhead, and enhanced accessibility.
This transition comes at the same time
as the launch of a new online bookstore
that will provide users with e-commerce
functionality and features similar
to leading marketplaces on the
Internet. We plan to integrate publication
sales, event registrations, dues, and
contributions into one easy-to-use
“shopping” experience that will further
allow posts to social networking sites
(Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn) about
products and events.
Other transformational features
being worked on at SEG include an
online membership application process—this
in response to the decision
to move to a digital version of record
for the journal and, subsequently, all
publications. Print is a by-product,
although one that many members
prefer, but it has limited flexibility and
is becoming increasingly costly to
deliver both in terms of time and shipping
costs. There is no plan to terminate
print any time soon, but members
will notice in the dues notices for 2012
that our “default” membership will be
electronic. Print options can be selected
in addition to that, and, based on the
results of the recent online membership
survey, we recognize that many members
will continue to request print publications.
Another change in the works
is the migration of the journal website
(both at GeoScienceWorld and our
institutional subscriber website) to an
enhanced platform, termed H2O by the
provider HighWire Press, that will allow
for a variety of features, including the
delivery of content for mobile devices.
The Publications Board is watching this
space carefully since many feel that
there will be increasing demand for
content formatted for those users who
choose the medium of tablet computers
and smartphones.
Building on the Presidential Per spec -
tive from the July issue of the SEG News -
letter, I am happy to report that the
Curriculum Committee continues to
make significant progress. We anticipate
that 2012 will be the beginning of a
three-year program of courses and educational
events that provide members
with the tools needed in our industry.
This will include the teaching of fundamental
exploration skills that are
sometimes lacking in recent graduates
and even junior economic geologists.
There is nothing particularly game
changing about any of these initiatives
or changes.
However, it is the
pace at which they
are occurring that
gives one pause,
and there is always
the opportunity to
end up with at
least some unintendedconse-
BRIAN G. HOAL
SEG Executive Director
and Editor
quences. So I will ask for members to be
patient as we work through these
changes together while trying to avoid
positioning SEG too close to the bleeding
edge. As always, member feedback
is both encouraged and welcome. 1
Please Pay Your 2012
Membership Dues Online
To renew online, please go the SEG
website at www.segweb.org and click
on “2012 Dues Renewal”. Assuming
you have not changed your login credentials,
your Username is your membership
number and your Password is
your last name (6 characters or more).
Making a voluntary contribution to
any one of a number of the SEG,
Foundation, or Canada Foundation
funds is also very much appreciated. If
you have any questions about your
membership, or would like to receive a
print version of your renewal notice,
please contact SEG at seg@segweb.org.
Thank you for your
continued support of the SEG!
Brian G. Hoal, Executive Director,
Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
Society of Economic Geologists Announces
2011–2012 Awards
Robert Kerrich (University of Saskatchewan, Canada) – R.A.F. Penrose Gold Medal for 2011
François Robert (Barrick Gold Corporation, Canada) – SEG Silver Medal for 2011
Richard J. Goldfarb (U S Geological Survey, Colorado, USA) – Ralph W. Marsden Award for 2011
Patrick Mercier-Langevin (Geological Survey of Canada, Canada) – Waldemar Lindgren Award for 2011
Daniel G. Wood (Consultant, Australia) – SEG Distinguished Lecturer for 2012
Richard H. Sillitoe (Consultant, United Kingdom) – SEG International Exchange Lecturer for 2012
Paul G. Spry (Iowa State University, Iowa, USA) – SEG Thayer Lindsley Lecturer for 2012
Robin Edward Harmer (Jock Harmer Consulting, South Africa) – SEG Regional VP Lecturer for 2012

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 5
PRESIDENTIAL PERSPECTIVE
Geoscientists Can Be Better Communicators
George Bernard Shaw said, “The single
biggest problem in communication is
the illusion that it has taken place.”
Certainly that has been my experience
working as a geologist and with other
geoscientists over my career. It is one
thing to talk with each other using
highly technical jargon. It is another
thing completely to talk with non-geoscientists
this way. Let me give you a
few memorable examples from my
experience.
When I was a young mine geologist
starting work at Pegasus Gold’s
Zortman-Landusky operations
in Montana, I met
with the general manager
for an interview. He knew
that I had just graduated
with an M.Sc. degree in geological engineering
and he wanted to test me a bit
on how much I knew about rocks. So
he asked me, “Do you know how many
kinds of rocks there are?” Before I could
blurt out a response, he told me, “There
are only two kinds of rocks, son: ore
and waste!” I thought that was funny
at the time, but I soon realized that
communicating to mine operators
using plain English with a focus on economics
was critical to the operation
and my personal success.
Much later in my career, I was on a
sabbatical as chief geologist for Phelps
Dodge at their Morenci Mine in Arizona
and working on a large mapping program
for my Ph.D. dissertation. I had a
meeting with the newly appointed president
of that business unit to bring him
up to speed on what I was doing. In the
course of our conversation, I told him
about my focus on delineating the limits
of mineralization and alteration as
one aspect of my mapping program.
His eyes glazed over and he looked a
bit puzzled, so I asked him, “Do you
know what alteration is?” He said, “Of
course, that’s when I take my suit to
the cleaners and have it altered so it fits
me better.” I thought he was kidding
until I explained what alteration was
from a geological perspective. This gentleman
was a well-educated and very
successful mining engineer. I assumed
he should have known this, and I was
wrong.
About this same time, I was managing
a groundwater exploration program
…one of the task force
members asked, “What
is economic geology?”
for Phelps Dodge’s Safford project. The
best target was in the volcanic aquifer,
a structural basin in the valley near the
Dos Pobres copper deposit. I could
never convince the executive vice president
of operations and exploration to
fund the groundwater exploration program—he
just thought I was crazy. By
the way, this man was a Ph.D. educated
and very successful exploration
geologist, so I was confused. Two years
later, we were discussing this very same
issue when the EVP said, “Why would
you want to explore for water in the
basalt flows capping the
top of the mountain
range?” I had assumed
that he knew the volcanic
aquifer was located in the
valley below. He approved the funding
immediately, and we were quite successful
in developing additional
groundwater resources for the project.
I took a graduate-level class in active
tectonics from Professor George Davis
at the University of Arizona while pursuing
my Ph.D. This class was taught in
a seminar style where six of us read a
suite of reference papers each week
about a particular area of interest, then
we met to discuss what we had read
and learned. George made each of
these discussions a unique experience,
one time enlarging some of the key figures,
providing us with paper copies,
scissors, and tape and asking us to
reconstruct what happened. Another
week, we had studied active tectonism
in the Hawaiian Islands. As we entered
the classroom, George picked four of us
to be the panelists and told the other
two graduate students that one was
Robert MacNeil, the other was Jim
Lehrer, and they were going to interview
the panel of experts about geologic
hazards in Hawaii. Oh, and by
the way, he told us that we couldn’t use
any technical jargon. That was the single
most difficult communication exercise
I have ever experienced. The key
lesson was not about geology, it was
about communication!
Just last week, I was speaking in
front of 14 members of the National
Research Council’s Committee on
Workforce Trends in U.S. Energy and
Mining Industries. My topic related to
the education and training needs for
geoscientists, economic
geologists,
and other mining
professionals. I
was only two
minutes into my
talk when one of
the task force
members asked,
“What is eco-
M. STEPHEN ENDERS
SEG President
2011
nomic geology?” Now, these task force
members are the cream of the crop in
the U.S. sciences, all highly educated
and very successful; some were members
of the National Academy of
Sciences. It was a bit intimidating, but I
held my own ground well enough.
What I assumed was that they knew
what economic geology was, and I was
wrong again. When I explained that
economic geology was a sub-discipline
of the geosciences that focuses on the
study of ore deposits, there was a big
sigh of relief and we moved on.
I believe we have an obligation to
tell the public and our peers in other
technical disciplines why mineral
resources are important, where they
can be found, and how they can be
produced in a sustainable manner that
maximizes the benefit to society. Those
of us who work in mining or exploration
companies have an obligation to
clearly communicate to our management,
our boards of directors, our
shareholders, and our stakeholders in
the communities in which we work. As
researchers, we must explain what we
do and how it contributes to the study
of mineral resources and to the exploration
and mining businesses in particular.
This means communicating in
plain language with explanations that
everyone can understand. We will be
more successful as companies, employees,
consultants, and researchers when
we do this. 1
SEG helps prepare the world’s
geologists and explorers today to
make discoveries tomorrow. Let us
make sure everyone knows about
and clearly understands the good
work that we do.

6 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
FOUNDATION PRESIDENTIAL PERSPECTIVE
Sustaining Global Student Support Programs—Part II
Greetings to all SEG members and SEG Foundation contributors.
In my July 2011 perspective, I focused on the Student Field
Trip Program of the Foundation and, as promised, this article
will address the other two SEGF student programs—graduate
student fellowships and student research grants. Before doing
that, though, I am pleased to announce an important new
contribution to the Foundation. This past quarter Anglo
American plc generously committed to a 5-year pledge, commencing
this year, earmarked for the Graduate Student
Fellowship Program. Anglo American has been a frequent
and generous supporter of past SEG events and now is
extending that support to the Foundation. In a letter to the
Foundation, Graham Brown, group head of geosciences, said,
“The vision of SEG Foundation to encourage and develop a
new generation of economic geologists is well aligned with
the needs of our industry and of Anglo American.” This
strong financial contribution will go a very long way to sustain
the Grad uate Student Fellowship Program, and Anglo
American plc will join AngloGold Ashanti Ltd., Barrick Gold
Corporation, Gold Fields, and Newmont Mining Company as
major corporate sponsors. In addition, Bear Creek Mining
Company, Talon Gold, Corvus Gold, and Coeur d’Alene
Mines Corporation have all made pledges or new contributions
to SEGF this year. On behalf of the Trustees, I extend
my sincerest thanks to Anglo American—specifically,
Graham Brown and Stewart McCracken, for their commitment
to SEG Foundation’s student development programs.
In other news, Borden Putnam, Trustee and member of the
Fund Raising Committee and student field trip coordinator,
was nominated and has agreed to serve on the SEG-SEGF
Investment Committee. This committee, chaired by George
Ireland, has the important task of directing and monitoring
the investments of the Society and the Foundation—a task
that is even more important today as we see global financial
markets experience fundamental and rapid shifts. As a result
of accepting this new challenge, Borden will leave the Fund
Raising Committee and be replaced by a new Foundation
Trustee. Please join me in welcoming Borden to the Investment
Committee and thanking him for his commitment to the
Foundation’s past fund-raising efforts.
Now back to the student programs. In 2006, the Board of
Trustees of the Society of Economic Geologists Foundation
established the Graduate Student Fellowship Program to provide
grants to students beginning a course of graduate study
in economic geology leading to a master of science (M.Sc.)
and/or Ph.D. degree. Since inception, a total of $783,315 has
been awarded to 86 beginning graduate students representing
36 universities and 14 different countries. This year, 22 students,
out of a record 54 who applied, received grants from
SEGF and SEGF Canada. A committee of four geosciences
professionals, chaired by Dr. Stephen Piercey, has the responsibility
of independently reviewing the applications and
selecting the Fellowship recipients. Stephen reports that the
committee, consisting of François Robert, Rael Lipson, and
Antonio Arribas, has seen a constant increase in the number
and quality of applications.
On a parallel and complementary track is the Student
Research Grant Program, which has long been the “flagship”
program of the Foundation with over US$1.67 million awarded
to students since 1996. These grants support specific graduate
student research projects and exceptional bachelor-level
honors projects, including petrology, agedating,
and geochemical analyses. This
year, between SEGF and SEGF Canada, 68
students representing 47 universities and
10 countries received funding totaling over
US$166,500 for their research projects.
Student research grants are awarded from
several funds, including the Dummett,
Hickock-Radford, McKinstry, Newmont,
Nutt, and Terrones funds, and funds from
SEGF Canada. The McKinstry Fund alone,
DONALD J. BIRAK
SEG Foundation
President 2011
since inception, has provided US$1,078,621 for 532 research
grants. The Student Research Grants Program is coordinated
by James Macdonald, with input from a panel of application
reviewers consisting of Jeffrey Abbott, Craig Bow, Phil Brown,
Odin Christensen, Laurie Curtis, John Dilles, Allan Juhas,
Judith Kinnaird, Bill McClelland, Richard Nielsen, Gerry Ray,
Stephen Turner, and SEGF Canada President, Gerry Carlson.
Many students have sent the Society letters of thanks for
the support extended to them under both the SRG and GSF
Programs. To all of the student recipients, please know your
letters are important and are much appreciated by the
Foundation Trustees, and we will continue to seek ways to
support additional deserving applicants.
In closing, and on behalf of the Board of Trustees, I would
like to thank Stephen Piercey, James Macdonald, their committee
members and reviewers, and Vicky Sternicki—SEG
assistant for student affairs—for a job well done on two
major student programs. 1
Contributions 6/1/2011–8/31/2011
SEG
General Fund
Wilson, Sydney, Canada
Foundation
Corporate
Sponsors
Coeur D’Alene
Mines Corp., USA
Oromin Explora -
tions Ltd., Canada
SEG Foundation
General Fund
Muessig, Siegfried, USA
Pritting, John R., Chile
McKinstry Fund
Nielsen, Richard L., USA
The Timothy
Nutt Memorial
Fund
Emerson, Mark, USA
Student
Fellowship Fund
Anonymous, USA
Seavoy, Ronald E., USA
Birak, Donald J., USA
Pritting, John R., Chile
Thank you for your generous
contributions to the Society and
the SEG Foundation.
Student Field
Trip Fund
Anonymous, USA
Harvey, Bruce A., USA
Seavoy, Ronald E., USA
Nielsen, Richard L.,
USA
Hughes, Stephen G.,
Indonesia
Furman, Francis C.,
USA
Pritting, John R., Chile
Ancelmi, Matheus F.,
Brazil
SEG Canada
Foundation
Hughes, Stephen G.,
Indonesia

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 7
THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS FOUNDATION, INC.
Student Research Grants Available for 2012
The SEG Foundation (SEGF) and the SEG Canada Foundation
(SEGCF) will provide Student Research Grants for the year
2012. Individual grants are for one year and typically range
from US$1,000 to US$5,000. These grants support graduate
student research projects leading to Master’s or Doctoral
degrees, and exceptional BS Honors or “BS Titulo” projects.
Students in mineral resource study programs throughout the
world are eligible and encouraged to apply. Instructions on
how to apply for student research grants are given below.
Preference will be given to those applicants
who are SEG Student Members.
Student Membership application information can be found
at on the SEG website at: www.segweg.org.
Grants will be awarded from the following funds:
Hugh E. McKinstry Fund supports “study, research and
teaching of the science of economic geology or for
related projects,” with preference give to field and
related laboratory research by graduate students.
Geologists on study-leave from their employment are
also eligible to apply.
Hickok-Radford Fund supports field-based research projects
and directly related laboratory studies as applied to
metallic mineral deposits, with preference given to projects
located in Alaska, northern Canada and other
regions north of Latitude 60 North, or for projects at very
high elevations elsewhere and extreme southern latitudes.
Newmont Mining Corporation Grants support research
projects worldwide related to the geology, mineralization
and metallogeny of gold deposits. Emphasis is
placed on research with a strong field component, with
funding available for directly related laboratory work.
Hugh Dummett Mineral Discovery Fund supports applied
economic geology research, including the development
of new exploration technology and techniques, and the
dissemination of related results through publications, lectures,
short courses, workshops and conferences.
Alberto Terrones L. Fund annually supports qualifying
students from Mexico, Peru, and other Latin American
countries who are pursuing graduate studies in applied
economic geology or geological engineering while regularly
enrolled at MS or PhD degree-granting universities
in the U.S. or Canada. The grants may be used for thesis
research, university fees, living expenses while on
campus, travel, or any other expense directly related to
pursuing the graduate study program.
Timothy Nutt Memorial Fund provides financial support
for geology students and young economic geologists
located in Zimbabwe or in Southern Africa with ties to
Zimbabwe. The fund may be used to support SEG student
chapter activities, travel to meetings, field trips
and for research or study grants, technical lectures or
any other activities approved by the SEG Regional Vice
President for Africa.
Society of Economic Geologists Canada Foundation
Fund supports research by Canadian or non-Canadian
students on mineral deposits or districts in Canada;
non-Canadian projects at Canadian universities; non-
Canadian students studying at Canadian universities,
or Canadian students doing research at universities outside
of Canada.
General Information
Awards are intended to fund specific expenses related to
student research projects leading to advanced degrees.
Awards are competitive and based upon project merit and
qualification of the applicant.
Applicants must describe what the project is; why the
research is important, and how it is to be done.
An estimate of expenses for the project must be included
with the application.
Grants are expected to be fully utilized by the end of the
year in which they are dispersed.
Grant recipients are required to provide a year-end
accounting of how the funds were spent together with a
suitable progress report or final abstract.
Applicants requesting financial support from the Alberto
Terrones L. fund for non-research expenses must include a
statement describing the need and purpose of such request.
Applications may be submitted for any one of the awards,
but will be considered for all awards.
Applicants who are awarded a Graduate Student
Fellowship grant for 2012 will not be eligible for a 2012
Student Research Grant.
A 2012 Research Grant Application form may be downloaded from
Applications and Advisor Appraisals must be received by March 1, 2012.
Student Research Grant Awards will be announced by April 30, 2012.
Completed applications should be sent to:
E-mail: studentprograms@segweb.org
Student Research Grants Committee c/o Assistant for Student Affairs
Society of Economic Geologists Foundation, 7811 Shaffer Parkway, Littleton, CO 80127-3732 USA
Phone: +1.720.981.7882/Fax: +1.720.981.7874

8 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS FOUNDATION, INC.
Graduate Student Fellowships Available for 2012
The Society of Economic Geologists Foundation, Inc. (SEGF) and the SEG Canada Foundation (SEGCF) under its Graduate Student
Fellowship Program will award one-year fellowships, of up to US$15,000 each, for the year 2012 to students who intend to pursue
a course of study in economic geology leading to a Professional Master’s, Master of Science (MSc) and/or PhD degree. Students
from throughout the world are encouraged to apply. Applicants must meet the following requirements:
Have completed, or are in the process of completing, a BS or equivalent degree in the geosciences or a related
field.
Have been accepted, or are in the process of being accepted, as a first-year graduate student at a recognized
college or university offering a graduate program leading to a Professional Master’s, MSc, and/or
PhD in economic geology as it relates to the study of mineral and ore deposits, geochemistry or geophysics
with applications to minerals exploration and mine geology, or
Must be currently enrolled as a full-time first-year student in a graduate program that fits the foregoing
description.
Must be an SEG student member.
The 2011 application form may be downloaded from:
http://www.segweb.org/students/StudentFellowshipAwards.aspx.
The completed application form must be accompanied by:
(1) an official transcript of grades from the institution awarding the BS degree and
(2) two letters of recommendation—one from the student’s undergraduate advisor or head of department, and
another from a faculty member familiar with the applicant’s academic record and character.
Awards are competitive and based on merit and qualifications of the applicant. Those awarded a 2012 Graduate Student
Fellowship will not be eligible to receive a 2012 Student Research Grant.
Applications, together with the supporting information, must be received no later than February 1, 2012.
Fellowships awarded under this program will be announced in March 2012.
The SEGF Graduate Student Fellowship Program is supported by major grants from:
AngloAmerican (new sponsor for 2012!), AngloGold Ashanti Limited, Barrick Gold Corporation,
Gold Fields Exploration Inc., and Newmont Mining Corporation.Corporation, Gold Fields Exploration Inc.,
and Newmont Mining Corporation.
PAID ADVERTISEMENT
PAUL W. KUHN
President
paulk@avrupaminerals.com
www.avrupaminerals.com
Direct: +351-253274070 Portugal mobile: +351-925972240
Fax: +351-253615041 U.S. mobile: +1-509-990-6786
PAID ADVERTISEMENT

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 9
SEG 2012 CONFERENCE
Integrated Exploration and Ore Deposits
SEPTEMBER 23–26, 2012 WESTIN HOTEL, LIMA, PERU
First Announcement and CALL FOR PAPERS
Join economic geologists from
around the world next year in Peru!
Held in conjunction with the XVI Congreso Peruano de Geología
Oral sessions
● Major ore deposits of Latin America
● New porphyry Cu discoveries and developments in Chile and Peru
● Ore deposits of the world and their exploration
● SEG-SGA session: Scientific and ore deposit
Discoveries
Poster sessions
● Posters are integral to this meeting, 2-hour sessions
after each day’s plenary talk and prior to the afternoon
oral session
Short courses and field trips
● Numerous short courses and field trips are planned,
the latter to mines in Peru and neighboring countries
Students
● SEG student members who present talks and/or posters
are eligible to receive financial support to attend this
conference
● Special activities for students include a review of
ore discoveries plus an SEG field workshop and
UNESCO-SEG-SGA course.
SEG meeting coordinator: Miguel Cardozo
Program chairs: Lluís Fontboté, Jeffrey Hedenquist, Richard Sillitoe
Language for oral presentations: English (preferred)
and Spanish – Simultaneous translation
Expressions of interest by 15 December, 2011. Go to
survey link http://surveymonkey.com/s/2012-
Lima-Peru-Conference
Abstract submission deadline for talks and posters:
15 March 2012
Submit to Peru2012@segweb.org as a Word file.
Title, author[s], affiliation[s], abstract, in English,
limited to 500 words, plus one illustration.
Published SEG digital abstract volume will be
available at the meeting.
In association with the
Sociedad Geológica del Perú

VIEWS
10 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
Views columns are the opinions of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of SEG.
VIEWS
Some Elements of Exploration Success or
How to Shave the Odds
What makes for success in exploration
can be looked at from two broad perspectives,
the organizational, and the
individual. I will deal primarily with the
broad factors and the philosophy needed
to guide the exploration organization
to economic success—to discovery. I will
not deal particularly with the scientific
factors and discipline needed to turn
the individual scientist into an ore
finder, a subject that bears importantly
on exploration success, as this topic is
beyond the scope of this discussion
(Muessig, SEG Newsletter, April 1992).
EXPLORATION
-DISCOVERY/ACQUISITION
-NOT SCIENCE
-A BUSINESS
-CREATES CAPITAL
Exploration is a combination of activities
that in my view should include the
acquisition of undeveloped properties
that contain known but undeveloped
resources. Exploration is not a science. The
goal of science is not specific; it is an
open-ended search for knowledge and
understanding. By contrast, the goal of
exploration is specific: the discovery or
acquisition of a mineral deposit, by
whatever means. The way it got there is
Siegfried Muessig Sig served as a WW II B-
29 pilot/flight engineer. He joined the U.S.
Geological Survey in 1951, and published the
seminal bulletin on the Republic gold district,
as well as papers on borate mineralogy and
geology. He organized and managed the U.S.
Borax exploration department from 1959. In
1966 he joined Getty Oil, where he organized,
staffed, and managed the new minerals division
until it was sold and disbanded in 1984
by Texaco. He actively participated in or discovered
the Escondida and Zaldivar Cu deposits,
Chile (50%); Jabiluka U deposit, Australia
(35%); Mercur Au deposit, Utah (100%); and
Casa Grande Cu deposit, Arizona (50 %). He
also revitalized the Petrotomics U mine, Wyom -
ing (100%) and tripled production; initiated
Tidal Diamonds marine mine, Namibia (33%);
and discovered other substantial uranium,
and Cu, Zn, and Pb deposits (100%). Sig
organized and operated Crystal Exploration
diamond program in a J.V. with Ashton Mining
and Dow Chemical, and consulted internationally
until 2007.
really of no great concern in the search
for ore; finding a “look-alike” is. This is
an important distinction and this philosophical
concept should pervade the
organization and guide its operations. It
follows, for example, that if a drill hole
will test a prospect, without further geologic
work or understanding, the hole
should be drilled; if it is negative, the
prospect should be dropped.
Exploration is a business. It utilizes
the knowledge of science and the
resources of people, money, and time to
achieve economic return. It is to a mining
company what research is to the
drug, chemical, and other technologically
based companies; without it such
companies fade away.
Successful exploration creates new
capital and can yield the highest return
of any of the business functions in a
company. It takes ideas and judicious
decisions and converts them into new
wealth.
WHY EXPLORATION
-REPLACE RESERVES
-EXPAND THE BUSINESS
-CREATE OPPORTUNITIES
To preserve its life, a company obviously
needs to replace any known re -
serves and convert resources to reserves.
Reserves can sometimes be bought, but
good ones only at a premium, and so
exploration is really a better option. The
company needs to expand the business,
and advance its industry position; otherwise
shareholders will leave, productive
employees will flee, and the company
will stagnate. Most importantly, a
strong exploration presence makes the
company a “player”; it creates business
opportunities for acquisitions and joint
ventures, for example, that would not
be there if it were not active in the field.
So, how do you shave the odds in
a high-risk business? In its simplest
elements, the organizational strategy
for successful exploration boils down to
what, where, and how. However, I want
to strongly re-emphasize that the overall
philosophy that prevails is the most
important ingredient of organizational
success.
COMPANY
STRATEGY
SIEGFRIED MUESSIG
(SEG 1957 SF)
SEG President, 1978
-THE RIGHT COM-
MODITIES
-IN THE RIGHT
PLACES
-WITH THE RIGHT APPROACH
Commodities with large base demand
form the backbone of our industrial
society. Although a number of the
strategic metals, for example, are
glamorous, they have relatively small
total demand. The need for growth is
obvious and with business becoming
increasingly international and the
demand increasing to raise the average
person to a higher standard of living,
generally the best growth lies in the
basic commodities. A broad market—
many uses—gives protection against
substitution. High discovery potential is
an aspect commonly overlooked when
commodities are being selected. Here I
refer to those found widely distributed
and commonly in many different wellknown
geologic environments. Lastly,
commodities that require a lot of custom
processing to produce a whole
range of special products and technical
service at the marketing end usually
are a tough business, and therefore will
generally not support a robust exploration
effort, especially for a junior
company.
Where best to look? Or, where do we
expect to get the highest discovery
potential and lowest risk? In a word, in
the shadow of the head frame. More
broadly, the lowest risk is within or
close to the identified mineral districts
and mineral trends. This obvious principle
reflects the fact that ore-forming
processes tend to occur as multiple
events and therefore produce multiple
deposits in favorable geologic settings
(Fig. 1).
DEPOSITS TO LOOK FOR
-LARGE SIZE, SIMPLE GEOMETRY
-EXPECTED HIGH GRADE
-MANY WELL-UNDERSTOOD
EXAMPLES
-SIMPLE METALLURGY

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 11
FIGURE 1 illustrates the obvious: the closer to ore, the
lower the risk. Much has been written about doing
grass-roots exploration where land is cheap and a
discovery might give the organization an advantage
in a new district; however, until a company is comfortable
with its exploration business and has some
discovery, I’d say, keep your drill rigs near the head
frames. I would add further, that in my view, it pays
to concentrate effort in a few areas. This allows the
group to progressively build on its own work, that of
others, and build associations that could lead to new
ventures in the area. This is much preferable to over
reacting to submittals and ending up with projects all
over the map.
... from 10
-SPECIFIC EXPLORATION/
DEVELOPMENT SKILLS NOT NEEDED
-IN LOWER HALF OF COST SPECTRUM
The large size and simple geometry of
stratiform deposits and porphyry de -
posits, say, make them easier to find
than vein deposits or complexly folded
ones. District habits and styles may
suggest places where deposits, if found,
are of higher grade, may have simpler
metallurgy, and may have lower costs,
than elsewhere. Two types of models,
the genetic and the descriptive, have been
developed and their use has improved
the odds for discovery; when looking for
ore, therefore, go for the observed— the
“look alike”— forget the theory (Fig. 1).
THE JOINT VENTURE
-INCREASES EXPOSURE
-SHORTENS LEAD TIME TO DISCOVERY
-SPREADS RISK
-SPREADS CONTACTS
-REDUCES CAPITAL EXPOSURE
-GAINS EXPERTISE IN NEW AREA
A joint venture increases “exposure”
and thereby can shorten the time to
discovery and spreads the risk (Fig. 2).
Joint ventures increase exposure to new
ideas and contacts in the business and,
in development, reduce capital
expense. Gaining new skills
through a partner is many
times quicker and cheaper
than building them up yourself.
Let us now take a look at
some desirable characteristics of
the practitioners of the business.
THE LEADER – CATALYST
FOR DISCOVERY
-HAS A TRACK RECORD
-IS ELITIST
-INTENSE, FOCUSED, DECISIVE
-ENTREPRENEURIAL
The successful explorationist
has a highly personalized
leadership style. He has been
involved in several discoveries,
and is demanding, impatient,
and has a sense of urgency
about the business. He does
not just accept responsibility,
he usurps it. And what kind of
organization does he run?
THE ORGANIZATION
-INFORMAL, BUT PRIDEFUL
-COMMUNICATIVE, FLEXIBLE
-LEAN MULTIFUNCTIONAL STAFF
-AUTHORITIES PUSHED LOW
-HAS A NEGOTIATED CHARTER
This organization is lean and multifunctional
and also considers itself
elitist. It is an organization in which,
where possible, authorities are pushed to
the level at which the data and
information needed to make
decisions lie. Most importantly,
it operates under a concise written
charter, negotiated with
executive management, which
gives it a mandate to operate
under clear authorities and
guidelines and to perform with
a minimum of unwarranted
interference.
EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT
-SETS CLEAR OBJECTIVES
-ENSURES CONTINUITY,
PERSISTENCE
-IMPARTS SENSE OF PURPOSE
-COMFORTABLE WITH THE
RISKS
-FAMILIAR AND INVOLVED
The successful exploration
group operates in an environment
where exploration is a
well-recognized and accepted part of the
corporate culture. It is a culture occupied
with successful ventures, which are
few, and not preoccupied with the failures,
which are many. Exploration sits
at the same table as the other major
functional units of the company.
Given the unpredictability of discovery,
the only real measure of success, it
is important to periodically judge performance
of the exploration effort. Two
scales need to be used: long-term and
short-term. The long-term measure can
be truly quantitative and financial,
since we would expect to have one or
more discoveries to measure, whereas
in the short-term, lacking discovery, we
can only judge performance subjectively,
and is therefore more difficult.
MEASURING PERFORMANCE –
LONG-TERM
-COST PER UNIT DISCOVERED –
THE “FINDING COST”
-PRESENT VALUE OF DISCOVERIES VS
P.V. OF EXPLORATION COSTS
-IMPACT ON COMPANY
-AT LEAST 5-YEAR PERIOD
Assuming that there are discoveries,
there is success to measure, and the criteria
used are pretty straight forward.
Each discovery should have a calculated
“finding cost,” presented in terms
of the cost per unit of the commodities
discovered, the Present Value (P.V.) of
the discovery, and the P.V. of the exploration
costs to find it.
to page
The time scale of 5
12 ...
FIGURE 2 shows the broad aspects of how the organization
can select and get into target areas and
equates the mode of entry with risk. The diagram is
obvious in its relationships, but let me make a strong
recommendation about the acquisition of reserves
or a mine: if it has no “romance” – exploration potential
– don’t do it.
VIEWS

VIEWS
12 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
... from 11
VIEWS (Continued)
years is minimal, especially if there
have been changes in management
directions, in which case more time is
needed to judge. The size and value of
the discovery will determine the financial
impact on the company and can be an
important factor in judging the exploration
effort. But always remember that
even the best groups have dry spells.
SHORT-TERM PERFORMANCE
MEASURES
-QUALITY OF THE STAFF
-PROJECT TURNOVER
- % OF PROJECTS DRILLED (THE
“DEFINITIVE TEST”)
-PROJECTS WITH ORE HOLES
The successful staff has a broad range of
experience, a love of the profession,
takes part in professional activities, and
shows no 8-to-5 tendencies. The group
can be judged by the way it turns over
projects: they do not drag on and on.
This staff aims for the “definitive test”
as early as possible so as to keep or
drop projects quickly, thus being able to
concentrate on projects with highest
potential. This group concentrates on
projects where there are ore holes.
Finally, given a dedicated staff and
adequate support, the single most im -
portant characteristic of the successful
exploration group is that it drills lots of
holes.
IQ gets you there, but…. NQ finds it.
Letter to the Editor
Dear Editor,
Professor Jebrak’s article, “Innovation in
mineral exploration: Successes and challenges”
(SEG Newsletter, July 2011, p. 12–
13) is a good contribution to the discussion
of how to improve the rate of mineral
resource discovery. However, one
aspect of the challenge facing the mining
industry and exploration geologists that
is not covered in the article, and which I
believe is crucial, is the psychology of the
discovery process, or, to put it another way,
of how the crucial decisions that result in
discovery are made. Steve Enders obliquely
touches on the brain aspect of discovery,
in terms of learning, in the same issue,
“Discovery, innovation, and learning in
the mining business—new ways forward
for an old industry.” However, there is
EPILOGUE
The above discussion assumes that the
exploration group operates effectively
in a corporate environment in which it
is not hobbled by a heavy bureaucracy.
Unfortunately, this is generally not the
case. As organizations grow, rules, regulations,
and cumbersome operation
procedures tend to multiply and
increasingly hamper the relatively free,
but disciplined, open operating environment
needed by the exploration
group. (This is distinctly different from
the environment that fosters an engineering
group, for example.)
At Getty Oil the activities of the
operating groups were governed by
written, concisely worded policies and
procedures that allowed them to function
relatively unburdened by bureaucracy.
Each operating group had a brief
written Charter, periodically negotiated
with executive management. Each
charter assigned specific functions
within specific geographic areas,
thereby obviating the frequent need to
“go upstairs” to clear up uncertainty.
Further, there was a detailed Sched -
ule of Authorities for officers and
managers, covering different types of
actions, involving, for example, expenditures,
personnel, agreements, and the
many other types of activities and transactions
needed to function. Prominent in
the language was the term “discretion”,
another element to the brain/science side
of discovery. I think that it would be useful
to the discussion on innovation if SEG
members who have been associated with
mineral resource discoveries would communicate
their experiences with decision
making that have resulted in discovery. If
my experiences in this regard are typical,
I expect that this is a fertile field for study
which could significantly influence how
exploration is conducted.
As an example, the discovery history
of the Ridgeway porphyry Au-Cu deposit
at Cadia in Australia (Holliday et al.,
1999, Discovery of the Cadia Ridgeway
gold-copper deposit: New generation gold
mines—case histories of discovery: Perth,
Australian Mineral Foundation, p. 101–
107) outlines the evidence that was available
to enable the decisions to be made
within well described limits or actions,
of approved programs and budgets.
Additionally, it was well known that we
were expected to test our authorities.
Final annual approvals of programs
and budgets were achieved by intimate
across-the-table discussions between
executive management and managers,
followed by detailed written approvals
for each program. The procedures were
designed to promote and give operating
freedom and foster entrepreneurship.
As well, other simple policies promoted
the same aims. For example,
whenever a manager left the office for
more than a day, a “delegation authority”
letter was issued. There was no lapse
in the operation due to the lapse of
authority, a lapse common in many
organizations. Further, when a request
went “upstairs”, there was an unwritten
rule that the recipient was to respond
within the week. Also, everybody answered
their own phones.
The policies, written and understood,
created a culture that nourished operations
that were free of all but the bare
minimum of bureaucracy needed to
guide complex corporate operations.
Getty Mining’s outstanding success in
the 18 short years of our existence was
catalyzed by our being a member of
Getty Oil, a remarkable company. 1
that led to the discovery of a blind deposit
at a depth of 500 m below the surface.
Having been involved with this decisionmaking
process, I can attest to the psychology
involved of having to force oneself
to step outside one’s comfort zone
and take very real risks, even though
there was evidence to support the decisions,
no matter how tenuous the evidence
may have appeared to others. An
interesting aspect was that the unconventional
decision-making was never seriously
questioned or challenged because of
the culture of open thinking within the
exploration team. If more conventional
decision making had been applied, I
think that the Ridgeway discovery is
unlikely to have been made.
Dan Wood (SEG 2010 F) 1

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 13
SEG is pleased to announce that the
Short Course on Phosphorites and Potash Evaporites
will be held at the
AME BC Mineral Exploration Roundup, January 2012
Dates: Saturday, January 21 & Sunday,
January 22, 2012
Time: 8:30 am to 5:00 pm (subject to change);
Maximum Capacity: 100
Location: The Westin Bayshore – Stanley Park
Ballroom, Salon 2 (subject to change)
PRESENTERS:
Tim K. Lowenstein, Professor, Department of Geological Sciences,
State University of New York at Binghamton, USA
Peir K. Pufahl, Associate Professor, Department of Earth and Environmental
Science, Acadia University, Canada
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
Sedimentary Phosphorites and Evaporites and Associ ated Brines are resources of phosphate, potassium, sodium carbonate,
lithium, CaCl2, and road salt that are used for fertilizers, batteries, de-icers, and many other products. This short
course will present an overview of the origin of these deposits, with emphasis on their geochemistry, sedimentology and
petrology, and modern analogs. Knowledge of the sedimentological and geochemical features of the deposits provides the
guidelines necessary for their exploration and assessment.
Sedimentary phosphorite typically forms when francolite, a highly substituted carbonate fluorapatite (Ca10-a-bNaaMgb(PO4)6-x
(CO3)x-y-z(CO3·F)x-y-z(SO4)zF2), precipitates in organic-rich sediment beneath sites of active coastal upwelling. Most economic
deposits are Phanerozoic in age and created when shelf currents hydraulically concentrate early formed carbonate fluorapatite
into granular beds. The thickest beds are amalgamated, tabular units recording changes in upwelling intensity and
storm frequency through time. The largest sedimentary phosphorites occur in the Cretaceous South Tethyan Phosphogenic
Province of north Africa and the Middle East. Other economic deposits occur in the United States, China, and South Africa.
Potash deposits occur primarily in Phanerozoic marine evaporites. They record rare closed-basin conditions in which brines
evolved to the concentrations needed to precipitate K-bearing salts such as sylvite (KCl) and carnallite (KCl . MgCl2.6H2O).
Potash evaporites occur as primary bedded deposits and as diagenetic overprints that have varied in mineralogy in rhythm
with secular variations in the chemistry of ancient seawater. Sodium carbonates form in alkaline closed-basin lakes, commonly
in areas with magmatic activity. Economic sodium carbonates occur in Cenozoic lake deposits in the United States
(Green River Formation) and China, and the Pleistocene and Modern of Lake Magadi, Kenya. Elevated concentrations of
Li are found in unusual brines from salars in Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia.
COURSE REGISTRATION FEES:
“Potash evaporite hand
sample image”
Amalgamated phosphorite bed from the
Upper Cretaceous Alhisa Formation, Jordan.
One of the thickest economic phosphorites in
the world. (Pufahl, 2010. Facies Models.
Geological Association of Canada)
Early registration deadline December 2, 2011 After December 2, 2011___________
SEG members: $588 SEG members: $700
Non SEG members: $700 Non SEG members: $812
SEG member students: $280 SEG member students: $336
Non SEG member students: $336 Non SEG member students: $392
Register through AME BC Roundup 2012 at http://www.amebc.ca/
SEG reserves the right to cancel this event should minimum attendance numbers not be met by December 31, 2011.

14 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
... from 1
10°S
20°S
30°S
0
10°E 20°E
GEOLOGIC SETTING
The Kalahari Copperbelt in Central Namibia: Controls on Copper Mineralization (Continued)
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
CONGO CRATON X
X X X X X X X X
X X
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X
X
DAMARA MOBILE
BELT
500 km
This review focuses on the Klein Aub
area in central Namibia, where most
copper occurrences are hosted by strata
of the Kagas Member of the Klein Aub
Formation. The absolute age of this
unit is uncertain. It is assigned to the
Tsumis Group, which unconformably
overlies Paleoproterozoic to Mesopro -
terozoic rocks of the Rehoboth Inlier
and is disconformably overlain by
Neoproterozoic strata of the Damara
sequence (Kent and SACS, eds., 1980;
Hoffman, 1989; Becker and Schalk,
2008).
The Tsumis Group contains, at its
base, the Doornpoort Formation, a
thick (locally over 4,000 m) continental
red-bed clastic unit consisting of conglomerate
and quartzite with some siltstone
and with minor basalt toward the
base.
According to Borg (1988), the Klein
Aub Formation, consisting mainly of
medium to fine clastic sedimentary
rocks and subordinate carbonates, represents
a sag phase of basin development.
The Kagas Member consists of
X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X X
X ZIMBABWE X
X X CRATON X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X XKALAHARI X X X X X
X X CRATON X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X
NAMAQUA NATAL
MOBILE BELT
30°E 40°E
X X
X X
MOZAMBIQUE
MOBILE
BELT
INDIAN
OCEAN
Mobile belts
Cratons
Kalahari Copperbelt
FIGURE 1. Location and tectonic setting of the Kalahari Copperbelt (after Borg, 1988)
quartzite and green slate, overlain by
argillite, sandstone, marl, and limestone,
with beds of dark-colored
dolomitic argillite which host the copper-silver
deposits at the Klein Aub
Mine (Borg and Maiden, 1986a). The
unit varies in thickness up to 1,000 m
0
Sand cover
Karoo Group
Nama Group
Damara Sequence
Kagas Member
Tsumis Group
Basement
Klein Aub
20 km
Groendraai
Syncline
17°00'E
in the vicinity of the Klein Aub Mine.
The lithological term “argillite” has
been used extensively in southern
African geological literature to
describe variably dolomitic siltstone
and slate, generally with poorly developed
slaty cleavage.
In the Klein Aub area, the strata of
the Tsumis Group dip generally southward,
away from the basement rocks
of the Rehoboth Inlier. Unpublished
structural interpretation of remote
sensing data indicates a near beddingparallel
system of faults (perhaps
thrusts) near the base of the Kagas
Member (Figure 2).
The rocks of the Klein Aub
Formation have undergone lower
greenschist facies metamorphism, but
protoliths and even delicate sedimentary
structures, such as algal mats and
shrinkage cracks, are well preserved.
As a consequence, we use the names
of lithotypes without the prefix “meta,”
although all rocks are—strictly speaking—metasedimentary
and metavolcanic
rocks.
COPPER MINERALIZATION
In the study area, copper-bearing
argillite beds crop out intermittently
over at least 60 km strike of the Kagas
Member (Figure 2).
Klein Aub Mine
In the mine area, copper mineralization
is roughly strata-bound in up to
seven beds of dark argillite, separated
Kojeka
FIGURE 2. Simplified geologic map of the study area.
N
22°30'S
Copper occurrences
Former mine
Faults

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 15
by beds of pyritic quartzite. Geologic
mapping (e.g., Handley, 1965) showed
that copper concentrations are related
to the Klein Aub fault, a strike-parallel
reverse structure which postdates cleavage.
De tailed study on the nature of the
fault structure and ore petrological
work on the mineralogically zoned orebodies
demonstrated a reverse oblique
slip sense of movement for the fault
(Borg et al., 1987). Regionally, the fault
is part of a positive flower structure, and
the mineralization occurs in a zoned
fashion upward from the root zone of
the fault from an oxidized core through
the main chalcocite orebodies toward
narrow chalcopyrite-bornite fringes. The
orebodies terminate abruptly downdip
where the host strata are cut by the
Klein Aub fault, and copper concentrations
decrease updip and more distal
from the controlling fault (Figure 3).
Macroscopically, copper mineralization
at Klein Aub and in most other
parts of the Namibian segment of the
Kalahari Copperbelt is strata-bound. In
detail, some chalcocite is stratiform as
disseminated grains in coarser laminae
of dolomitic siltstone and quartzite, but
much of the sulfide mineralization
occurs in cleavage-parallel lenticles,
quartz-carbonate veins (both parallel
NNW
200m
400m
600m
Conglomerate
Sandstone
Shale & quartzite
Cu - Ag orebody
Drill holes
Klein Aub
main fault
Main shaft
centre line
SSE
FIGURE 3. Schematic section through the
Klein Aub Mine (after Borg, 1988). The lithological
subdivisions are all part of the
Kagas Member.
and transgressive to bedding), brittle
fractures, and tectonic breccia zones.
Within the Klein Aub deposit, chalcocite
is the main sulfide mineral, making
this mineralization economically
particularly attractive due to the high
copper content (58% Cu) of the sulfide
concentrate. The updip fringe, with its
rapid gradation into bornite, then chalcopyrite,
constitutes only a minor portion
of the total ore.
Even farther updip, the copper mineralization
grades into diagenetic
pyrite. Pyrite also occurs as cubes, up to
10 mm across, in the arenites that are
intercalated with the argillite bands.
Here the (diagenetic) pyrite cubes show
quartz-calcite-filled pressure shadows
from regional tectonometamorphism
(Borg and Maiden, 1989). Locally, the
“hard” pyrite has been replaced by
“soft” chalcocite, perfectly pseudomorphing
the original pyrite cubes with
blurred hematite halos from iron liberated
from the replaced pyrite lattice.
This ore texture documents the post-
(ductile-)deformational origin of the
copper mineralization at Klein Aub,
since “soft” chalcocite would have been
deformed or smeared out during ductile
deformation under greenschist facies
conditions (Borg and Maiden, 1989).
Other copper occurrences
Along strike from Klein Aub, outcropping
copper mineralization occurs as
oxide assemblages (malachite, etc.)
hosted not only by argillite but also by
slate, calcareous siltstone, and, in
places, quartzite. As at Klein Aub, copper
mineralization in these showings is
partly disseminated in coarser laminae
but occurs mainly as cleavage-parallel
lenticles and veinlets and in quartz-carbonate
veins both parallel and transgressive
to bedding. Field mapping
shows an apparent association with
calcite, chlorite, and/or quartz alteration
in some exposures.
At the Kojeka Prospect (Figure 2),
copper mineralization is strata-bound
in beds of slate and phyllite of the
Doornpoort Formation, with much of
the copper in transgressive veins and
breccia zones.
In the deposits of the Witvlei area,
there are multiple bands of copperbearing
slate and fine quartzite. In
detail, the textures of the copper occurrences
are similar to those of the Klein
Aub deposit. Similar observations apply
in the Botswanan segment of the
Kalahari Copperbelt, as reported in a
number of unpublished company
reports (e.g., Smalley, 1998) and by
Sillitoe et al. (2010). Some drill core
shows copper associated with zones of
carbonate, quartz, sericite, chlorite, and
possibly albite alteration (Smalley,
1998; Sillitoe et al., 2010).
A NEW EXPLORATION
PARADIGM
Genetic models for the
Kalahari Copperbelt
Ruxton (1986) proposed a variant of
syngenetic models, which were prevalent
in the 1960s and 1970s, driven by
research on sediment-hosted copper de -
posits in the Zambian Copperbelt (e.g.,
Garlick, 1961) and the Kupferschiefer of
central Europe (e.g., Wedepohl, 1971).
The syngenetic models were gradually
replaced by diagenetic models, which
generally envisaged that copper was
leached from oxidized basin sediments
and/or basalts into heated saline basinal
fluids. In these models, basinal
brines were driven toward basin margins
during sediment compaction, precipitating
copper in sulfur-bearing,
reduced beds marginal to basement
highs (see, for example, Brown, 1978,
1984; Hitzman et al., 2005).
The evidence from Klein Aub, both
macroscopic and mesoscopic, supports
a model different from those described
above in that the copper orebodies are
related to a reverse fault and copper
mineralization was emplaced late in
the deformational history of the region,
i.e., postcleavage formation.
In an attempt to reconcile the evidence
for late epigenetic fault-related
orebodies with regionally extensive lowgrade
strata-bound mineralization,
Borg and Maiden (1986b, 1987) and
Borg (1988, 1995) proposed an initial
diagenetic phase of copper emplacement
to provide the regionally extensive
(but subeconomic, low-grade) copper
concentrations, followed by a later
phase of syn- to early post-deformational
copper emplacement to provide
the ore-grade copper concentrations
(Figure 4). Current exploration work by
New Hana Mining (2011) also favors a
two-stage process for deposits in the
Botswana segment of the Kalahari
Copperbelt.
However, the evidence for diagenetic
concentration (or preconcentration) is
scanty. It rests with two
to page
lines of evidence: firstly, 16 ...

16 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
... from 15
X
The Kalahari Copperbelt in Central Namibia: Controls on Copper Mineralization (Continued)
A B
X
X
X
X
X
V
X
X
X
X
V
V
X
V V
V
C D
Cu
V
V
X
V
Cu
V V
the mineralization is regionally extensive;
secondly, while much of the copper
is in cleavage-parallel lenticles and
post-cleavage veins and breccia zones,
some is disseminated in stratiform
bands. The disseminated copper sulfides
are not in fine-grained (muddy)
laminae, but are predominantly concentrated
in coarser-grained (silty and
fine sandy) laminae.
This style of stratiform mineralization
has previously been attributed to
permeability control on early diagenetically
emplaced copper mineralization.
However, it is important to note that
there is no mineralogical or geochemical
difference in composition between
the stratiform mineralization and the
nonstratiform mineralization, as
pointed out by Sillitoe et al. (2010) for
the deposits of the Central African
Copperbelt (Botswana and Namibia
included). The stratiform copper could
equally represent copper in reactive
laminae, replacing precursor minerals
such as sulfides, carbonate, and/or
feldspar. There is no evidence that the
cleavage-parallel lenticles and the veinand
breccia-hosted copper have been re -
mobilized from the stratiform laminae.
In summary, there is overwhelming
evidence that all the copper was
emplaced late in the geologic history,
most likely during basin inversion,
V
Cu
Cu
Cu
V
V V
V
V
X
X
X
X
V
V
X
V
X
V
X X
V
Cu
V
V V
V
Cu
Cu Cu
Cu
FIGURE 4. Evolution of the Klein Aub deposit (after Borg and Maiden, 1986b). A.
Deposition of Doornpoort Formation; B. Deposition of Klein Aub Formation; C.
Diagenetic emplacement of strata-bound copper; D. Epigenetic emplacement of
Klein Aub orebodies.
V
metamorphism, and even during
terminal stages of orogeny (see Sillitoe
et al., 2010).
Analogy with Mount Isa—
a fault-controlled epigenetic
copper system
An analogy can be drawn with the
Mount Isa copper system in northwest
Queensland. There are clear differences—the
Mount Isa orebodies occur
as breccia- and vein-hosted deposits
surrounded by extensive zones of “silica-dolomite”
alteration (Perkins, 1984,
1990)—but there are also similarities in
that the orebodies are broadly stratabound
within dolomitic siltstone.
For many years, the Mount Isa copper
orebodies had been considered to
have formed as synsedimentary
deposits, substantially reconstituted and
partly remobilized during subsequent
deformation and metamorphism to
produce the textural and structural features
now seen (see, for example,
Stanton, 1962; Bennett, 1965; Mathias
and Clark, 1975). Such syngenetic models
formed the theoretical basis for mineral
exploration of the region. This is
evident in the exploration strategies
adopted, as the companies focused on
perceived “favorable horizons.”
However, during the 1980s, geologic
research at Mount Isa provided data
Cu
V
V
V
which challenged the validity of the
syngenetic concepts. It is now generally
recognized that the Mount Isa copper
deposits formed from a hydrothermal
system which was active during compressive
deformation subsequent to
peak metamorphism and cleavage
development (see, for example, Perkins,
1984, 1990; Swager, 1985; Bell et al.,
1988; Heinrich et al., 1989).
Late in the 1620 to 1550 Ma Isan
Orogeny (Blake et al., 1990), deep
crustal fluids, percolating through the
rock sequence, reacted with basalts,
leaching copper and other metals and
generating metal-bearing hydrothermal
fluids. Active faults tapped these deeply
circulating hydrothermal fluids and
pumped them to higher crustal levels.
Fault movement fractured and brecciated
the surrounding rocks, permitting
penetration by hydrothermal fluids.
These metalliferous fluids reacted
with the dolomitic host rocks, creating
alteration zones of quartz-dolomite
(-chlorite-talc) (Swager et al., 1987;
Heinrich et al., 1989).
Multiple overprinting hydrothermal
events, related to intermittent fault
movement, successively upgraded the
metal concentration through repeated
brecciation and metal introduction. The
highest ore grades (+3% Cu) are generally
associated with the most intensely
brecciated and altered (“silicadolomite”
in the mine nomenclature)
rocks adjacent to the controlling faults.
The resulting breccia-hosted copper
deposits consist of chalcopyrite and
associated sulfide minerals (mainly
pyrite, pyrrhotite, and cobaltite) within
complexly brecciated and altered rocks,
occurring both as strata-transgressive
deposits along fault zones and as
broadly strata-bound deposits extending
away from the faults along permeable
and reactive zones (Perkins, 1984;
Bell et al., 1988).
Variations on this theme are found
in other copper deposits in the Western
Succession of the Mount Isa block (see,
for example, Richardson and Moy,
1998). Deposits are located along or
adjacent to major faults. On a deposit
scale, copper is concentrated in brecciated
and altered rocks in dilatant sites
such as fault intersections, fold zones,
and “jogs” in fault planes (Figure 5).
The host rock type varies also. Whereas
most deposits in the western Mount Isa
block are hosted by dolomitic siltstone,

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 17
Copper in
shear zone
Stratabound copper
in reactive beds
0 50m
(Notional scale)
at the Mammoth Mine the main host
rock is feldspathic quartzite.
Exploration implications of a
syndeformational model for
the Kalahari Copperbelt
Early 20 th century prospecting resulted
in discovery of copper at Klein Aub and
elsewhere in the Kalahari Copperbelt
where malachite was visible on surface.
Regional exploration programs during
the 1960s and 1970s confirmed the
widespread distribution of copper in the
belt. In general, though, this phase of
copper exploration was disappointing;
Klein Aub was the only mine developed.
During the 1960s and 1970s, exploration
programs, underpinned by the
theoretical framework provided by syngenetic
models, focused on identifying
the “favorable horizon.” Drill holes
were sited to test stratigraphy along
strike from outcropping copper showings.
Features such as copper sulfides in
breccia zones and quartz-carbonate
veins were interpreted as the result of
remobilization of preexisting syngenetic
Copper in
fault splay
Alteration
zone
Copper in brecciated
silicified rock at bend
in fault zone
FIGURE 5. Copper deposit styles in the western Mount Isa
block. Sketch section based on sources including Bell et al.
(1988) and Richardson and Moy (1998).
stratiform copper mineralization
(e.g., Ruxton
and Clemmey, 1986).
Metallogenic concepts
changed with the
development of diagenetic
models during
the 1980s. But the ex -
ploration implications
of such models are not
significantly different
from those of synsedimentary
models: ex -
ploration focuses on
testing strike-extensive
favorable stratigraphy
at redox interfaces.
By contrast, the
exploration implications
derived from syndeformational
models
are profound:
1. Copper deposits
are structurally controlled.
At Klein Aub,
the orebodies are
related to a postcleavage
reverse fault (Borg
et al. 1987). Elsewhere in the belt,
recent studies have also highlighted the
association with structures (e.g., Sillitoe
et al., 2010).
2. Copper deposits are associated
with zones of alteration. Descriptions of
alteration assemblages are available
for the Zambian Copperbelt (e.g., Selley
et al., 2005). There has been no systematic
study of alteration related to copper
concentrations in the central
Namibian sector, although field observations
show an association of oxide
copper mineralization with chlorite,
carbonate, and quartz.
3. Copper concentrations are hosted
by a range of rock types. Whereas the
argillite of the Kagas Member is lithologically
important as a chemically
receptive rock type, copper occurrences
that are not located in “favorable horizons”
might remain untested.
4. Many previous exploration programs
were, in retrospect, poorly
directed. Drill holes were commonly
sited to intersect strata-bound mineralization,
not to test structurally controlled
targets.
5. Minor copper-bearing veins and
breccia zones, intersected in drill holes,
may have been dismissed as remobilization
from precursor minor stratiform
copper, but should be considered
as possible halos to larger epigenetic
copper systems.
6. Geologic mapping along the
strike extent of the Kagas Member has
shown several parallel copper-bearing
bands, generally less than 2 m thick.
Substantial structurally related thickening
may be required for an economically
viable deposit. Such thickening
could occur in zones of structural complexity,
such as fold hinge zones, fault
and thrust splays, and dilatant zones at
bends in faults.
CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that copper accumulations
within the belt are epigenetic,
emplaced probably by a series of
hydrothermal events accompanying
deformation of the rock sequence or fluids
pumped by seismic fault reactivation.
The textural evidence is that copper
has been emplaced both during
and subsequent to the main cleavageforming
event. This is in agreement
with the proposal by Sillitoe et al. (2010)
for the Central African Copperbelt.
An analogy may be drawn with the
epigenetic, structurally controlled copper
deposits of the western Mount Isa
block in Queensland, where, although
the chemical conditions are different, a
series of deformation-related hydrothermal
events has produced widespread
fault-related copper mineralization,
forming deposits which are mostly
broadly strata-bound but also locally
transgressive to bedding. Although
most deposits are hosted by reactive
dolomitic siltstone, other deposits are
hosted by feldspathic quartzite and slate.
Epigenetic models may be applicable
to other well-studied strata-bound copper
districts. Another analogue for late
epigenetic, fault-controlled strata-bound
copper mineralization is the German
Kupferschiefer at Sangerhausen. Here
the mineralization has traditionally
been regarded as synsedimentary
(Wedepohl, 1971) to early diagenetic
(Rentzsch, 1974; Wedepohl and
Rentzsch, 2006) and is closely related to
a major redox front and pyritic organic
carbon-rich shales with a sedimentation
age between 258 ± 2 Ma (Menning
et al., 2006) and 247 ± 20 Ma (Pašava
et al., 2010).
However, recent high-resolution
paleomagnetic dating of the mineralization
has produced a much younger,
late tectonic age (Symons et al., 2010).
The age, or rather two possible ages at
either 149 ± 3 Ma or 53 ± 3 Ma, is relatively
young in the geo-
to page
logic history of the
18 ...

18 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
... from 17
region. However, the opening of the
North German Basin coincides with the
older paleomagnetic age, whereas the
younger age coincides with the opening
of the Rhine and Oslo grabens (Symons
et al., 2010).
In the Namibian study area, previous
exploration focusing on stratigraphic
controls on ore localization has had
limited success. The exploration implications
of epigenetic models are that
copper concentrations are controlled
partly by chemically reactive rocks, but
more particularly, and specifically on
an orebody scale, by structurally controlled
dilatant sites. The search for
copper deposits should focus on zones
of structural complexity, where such
dilatant sites are likely to occur.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Kalahari Copperbelt in Central Namibia: Controls on Copper Mineralization (Continued)
Our interest in the Kalahari Copperbelt
was aroused in the early to mid-1980s.
At that time, both of us were at the
University of the Witwatersrand and
had many stimulating discussions with
Trevor Tregonning, then a mine geologist
at Klein Aub. KJM thanks James
Macdonald for prodding him to rewrite
an internal company report as an article
for the Society of Economic Geology
and for an initial review of the article.
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OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 19
Rentzsch, J., 1974, The Kupferschiefer in comparison
with the deposits of the Zambian
copper belt, in Bartholome, P., ed., Gise -
ments stratiforms et provinces cuprifères:
Liège, Centenaire de la société geologique
de Belgique (Belgian Geological Society), p.
395–418.
Richardson, S.M., and Moy, A.D., 1998,
Gunpowder copper deposits, in Berkman,
D.A., and Mackenzie, D.H., eds., Geology
of Australian and Papua New Guinean
mineral deposits: Melbourne, The Australa -
sian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, p.
743–752.
Ruxton, P.A., 1986, Sedimentology, isotopic
signature and ore genesis of the Klein Aub
copper mine, South West Africa/Namibia,
in Anhaeusser, C.A., and Maske, S., eds.,
Mineral deposits of Southern Africa, vol II:
Geological Society of South Africa, p.
1725–1738.
Ruxton, P.A., and Clemmey, H., 1986, Late
Proterozoic stratabound red bed-copper
deposits of the Witvlei area, South West
Africa/Namibia, in Anhaeusser, C.A., and
Maske, S., eds., Mineral deposits of
Southern Africa, vol II: Geological Society
of South Africa, p. 1739–1754.
PAID ADVERTISEMENT
Register now at:
www.nhm.ac.uk/cercams
Organizer:
Natural History Museum
Mining Consultancy
Presenter:
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Date:
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Schneider, G.I.C., and Seeger, K.G., 1992,
Copper, in The mineral resources of
Namibia: Windhoek, Republic of Namibia,
Ministry of Mines and Energy/Geological
Survey, p. 2.3-1–2.3-118.
Selley, D., Broughton, D., Scott, R.J., Hitzman,
M., Bull, S.W., Large, R.R., McGoldrick, P.J.,
Croaker, M., Pollington, N., and Barra, F.,
2005, A new look at the geology of the
Zambian Copperbelt: Economic Geology
100 th Anniversary Volume, p. 965–1000.
Sillitoe, R.H., Perello, J., and Garcia, A.,
2010, Sulfide-bearing veinlets throughout
the stratiform mineralization of the
Central African Copperbelt: Temporal and
genetic implications: Economic Geology, v.
105, p. 1361–1368.
Smalley, T., 1998, A preliminary examination
of selected sections of diamond drill
core from the Ngamiland copper prospect,
Botswana: Unpublished report, Botswana
Gold and Copper (Pty) Ltd.
Stanton, R.L., 1962, Elemental constitution
of the Black Star orebodies, Mount Isa,
Queensland, and its interpretation:
Transactions of the Institution of Mining
and Metallurgy, v. 72, p. 61–144.
Swager, C.P., 1985, Syndeformational carbonate-replacement
model for the copper
mineralization at Mount Isa, northwest
Queensland: A microstructural study:
Economic Geology, v. 80, p. 107–125.
Swager, C.P., Perkins, W.G., and Knight, J.G.,
1987, Stratabound phyllosilicate zones
associated with syntectonic copper orebodies
at Mount Isa, Queensland: Australian
Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, p.
463–476.
Symons, D.T.A., Kawasaki, K., Walther, S.,
and Borg, G., 2010, Paleomagnetism of the
Cu-Zn-Pb–bearing Kupferschiefer black
shale (Upper Permian) at Sangerhausen,
Germany: Mineralium Deposita, v. 46, p.
137–152.
Wedepohl, K.H., 1971, The Kupferschiefer as
a prototype of syngenetic sedimentary ore
deposits: Society of Mining Geologists of
Japan, v. 3, p. 268–273.
Wedepohl, K.H., and Rentzsch, J., 2006, The
composition of brines in the early diagenetic
mineralization of the Permian
Kupferschiefer in Germany: Contributions
to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 152, p.
323–333. 1
Senior Exploration
Management Course
Western Mining Services (WMS) are pleased with the tremendous success of their
Senior Exploration Management Course during the last two years at venues in Perth (CET)
and Denver (SEG). They have now joined with the Natural History Museum (CERCAMS)
to offer the same course in London in April 2012.
SCOPE
This four-day training course concerns the principles and practices of effective exploration
management. The curriculum covers the spectrum of mineral exploration technical and
business issues that typically confront senior exploration managers.
The course format utilizes both lecture and workshop and stresses interactive thinking
and problem solving. Participants will work in teams to design solutions to exploration
management challenges and will present their results to the larger group.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
This course is ideal for regional and country exploration managers, for senior project
managers and for geoscientists and commercial managers who are involved with
management of mineral exploration programs, people and projects.
The London course will be limited to 40 participants.
FACULTY
The course faculty is comprised of three WMS Principals: Bart Suchomel, Jon Hronsky
and Jeff Welborn. All three are former senior managers at WMC Resources Ltd and have
taught the components of this course on numerous occasions. More information about the
faculty is available on the WMS website: www.wesminllc.com

SEG NEWS
20 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
SEG GEOMETALLURGY FORUM
Geometallurgy is about the drivers of
metallurgical response that lie in the
geology and mineralogy of the ore.
Thus, geometallurgists look for roots of
metallurgical response that relate to
geological or mineralogical rock properties.
One of the key deliverables of a
geometallurgical investigation is a
model that has some independent
parameters that can be used to forecast
a metallurgical response. A very simple
example of this would be using the Au
head grade in some nonlinear mathematical
equation to forecast Au recovery
from cyanidation leaching. In this
case, the geological parameter (specifically
a geochemical parameter) is the
Au head grade.
If we have independent parameters
that can be readily and widely determined
(such as using geochemical
assays), then we have sufficient data
density, which means we can apply
geostatistics to these parameters and
obtain meaningful output. Thus, an
output from a model that would use
such parameters can also be manipulated
with geostatistics. So using our
example, we could also apply geostatistics
to the Au recovery from cyanidation
and obtain a rich spatial view of
the Au recovery to cyanidation.
Metallurgical response has classically
been defined by metallurgical test
work. Some examples of this are a
Bond ball mill work index test, a flotation
test, or a bottle roll cyanidation
test. Many of these tests have been
around for a long time, but the tests
were designed without consideration of
geometallurgy. Consider the Bond ball
mill work index test. The test uses
about 10 kg of sample prepared to –6
mesh. Execution of the test consumes a
lot of time and labor, and it is therefore
a relatively expensive test when compared
with a geochemical assay. Yet
the test is fundamental and critical in
terms of defining the grindability of the
rock, and in particular for the design of
comminution circuits. The Bond ball
mill work index is almost universally
used for this. So, when considering the
grindability of a deposit and the variability
that may exist in that deposit
Proxies and Bridges
STEVE WILLIAMS (SEG 2010 M), GMT GeoMet Tech Ltd.
for grindability, one would want to
underpin this analysis with Bond ball
mill work index results (together with
other key parameters for grindability
such as the SAG mill rock size grindability).
However, due to the problem of
sample size required for the test and
test cost, no project will run the multiple
thousands of tests that would ultimately
be required to apply (meaningful)
geostatistics to this parameter.
Similar problems exist for most classical
metallurgical tests. So, what should we
do about this problem? We would definitely
like to know about the spatial
distribution of metallurgical response
throughout the deposit.
The strategy utilized in geometallurgy
is to look for simple, measureable
parameter(s) that may indicate a particular
metallurgical characteristic. An
example of this is the use of point load
tests or Equotip hardness testers as possible
indicators of SAG mill rock size
grindability. Both of these are simple,
field-based tests that are carried out on
core and can indicate rock hardness.
Because these are field-based tests, it is
possible to conduct multiple thousands
of these tests and then apply geostatistics
to this data. These are called, in
some circles, “proxies” in that they are
a parameter that approximates
another rock characteristic that we
want to know about. In our example,
the point load test or the Equotip hardness
test would be a possible proxy for
SAG mill grindability.
The use of proxies is essential for the
characterization of many metallurgical
parameters. However, this strategy also
requires the geometallurgist to build a
mathematical model that relates the
proxy parameter to the parameter of
real interest. In the example above, the
geometallurgist would look at the relationships
between either the point load
test or the Equotip hardness test and
the selected SAG mill grindability test
(such as the SMC or the SPI tests). This
process is referred to as “building
bridges” back to the parameter of real
metallurgical interest.
Geochemical assays and mineralogical
data can often be some of the basic
proxies for
metallurgical
response. An
example of
this may be
where a STEVE WILLIAMS
porphyry
Cu deposit
flotation metallurgy performance is
shown to be dependent on Cu head
grade, Cu sulfide mineralogical species,
and pyrite content. These key parameters
can be clearly defined by geochemical
assays [Cu, Fe, S(t)] and modal
mineralogy, and it is possible to get sufficient
data density with these independent
variables to apply meaningful
geostatistics.
The possible proxies that may exist
for key metallurgical response need to
be thought about at an early stage of
project development to permit the routine
gathering of proxy data as exploration
drilling continues. This would
cover incorporation of routine unique
tests, such as the Equotip hardness test,
inclusion of routine modal mineralogy,
and selection of key geochemical analyses.
Geometallurgical investigation of
a sulfide mineral deposit will often utilize
S(t) analyses, but this particular
geochemical assay is frequently overlooked
in routine geochemical analysis
suites used in exploration. So, with
prior planning, it is possible to anticipate
key parameters that may reflect
some component of metallurgical
response and incorporate these into
routine exploration program data
collection. 1
Continuing with our desire to
bring a broad range of views on
Geometallurgy to the SEG readership,
in this issue we present an
article from Melissa Gregory,
describing the methodology used
at Mineral Deposit Research Unit
(MRDU), BC, Canada, for
geometallurgical studies. ;

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 21
Geological models form the starting
point of successful geometallurgical
studies, a point discussed by Steve
Williams (SEG Newsletter, April 2011)
and Karin Hoal (SEG Newsletter, July
2011). Most importantly, geological
models consist of domains with similar
characteristics, whether that be rock
type or hydrothermal alteration type,
that provide a framework for the geo -
metallurgical characterization of an
ore deposit. Conversely, improved ore
deposit models should be the end point
of geometallurgical studies. Only when
the geometallurgical parameters can be
fully explained in terms of the geological
process(es) responsible for their variability
can the model be considered
successful.
Contributions to the rapidly expanding
area of geometallurgy are often
focused on the definition of the term
“geometallurgy,” with discussion concentrated
on the aims, benefits, and
importance of geometallurgical studies.
However, the planning, designing and,
more importantly, the execution of
geometallurgical studies are of considerably
more importance. Many of the
current approaches to geometallurgy
involve the analysis of bulk samples to
produce data sets that combine mineralogy
and whole-rock major and trace
element geochemistry with automated
core logging and rock scanning technology
to quantify rock texture. In such
studies, sample selection is driven by
geostatistical modeling and requires a
Geometallurgy—The Simple Approach
MELISSA GREGORY, Mineral Deposit Research Unit, University of British Columbia
large number of samples to satisfy the
statistics.
Our approach to geometallurgy at
the Mineral Deposit Research Unit
(MDRU), University of British
Columbia, differs from the methodologies
presented by other research groups
and industry partners. The in situ study
of metal deportment is the key input to
geometallurgical modeling in this
approach. By this we mean using
fewer, carefully selected samples prepared
as thin sections to understand
the associations of the economic metals
of interest with other minerals by integrating
traditional petrographic studies
with advanced SEM-based mineral
mapping. This approach has significant
advantages in that the distribution
of metals is understood both spatially
and temporally, i.e., in terms of the
paragenetic position of the metals
within the evolution of the mineralizing
system. Using this method, the
major controls on metal deportment,
such as alteration assemblage, rock
type, or structural fabric, can be clearly
identified, and a geometallurgical
model can be constructed based on a
combination of drill core logging with
assay data or other large and easily
accessible (or obtainable) data types
such as short-wave infrared spectral
data. This method requires only tens of
carefully selected samples that represent
average material and are distributed
evenly throughout geological
domains.
This approach has been used for the
past three years at the Pebble porphyry
Cu-Au-Mo deposit in Alaska, driven by
the geology and metallurgy teams of
the Pebble Partnership. The key finding
from this work is that the host mineral
for gold varies with changes in the
alteration assemblages, and that each
association requires a different metallurgical
approach to optimize metal
recovery. Three-dimensional modeling
of the alteration domains provides a
direct input to the metallurgists, allowing
volumes of each geometallurgical
material type to be estimated, and this
is then used to guide metallurgical test
work sample selection. The metallurgical
test work results feed back into the
geometallurgical study, validating the
results and allowing for continuous
improvement in the models. Currently
at MDRU, we are applying this
approach to other deposit types, including
volcanogenic massive sulfide and
epithermal deposits.
This simple and effective methodology
for geometallurgical characterization
using the in situ approach not
only has the ability to contribute to
improved process design but also identifies
some of the key geological controls
on metal deportment at the
deposit scale, which helps develop
improved ore deposit models. Both of
these outcomes have economic benefits
by providing increased metal recoveries
and by contributing to improved exploration
program design. 1
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SEG NEWS

SEG NEWS
22 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
Students and professionals gathered for
five days to attend the UNESCO-SEG-
SGA Curso Latinoamericano de
Metalogenia in Colombia on June
8–19. They listened to excellent lectures
and took part in discussions that led
well into the evening hours. Topics
included the basics of hydothermal systems
and intensive reviews of specific
system types, such as porphyry, epithermal,
and orogenic, and IOCG deposits.
Break-out sections covered research
techniques in fluid inclusion,
petrography, and stable isotopes
that brought the theory
of the principal lectures into a
laboratory-applied perspective.
Poster sessions allowed for
one-on-one mentoring of students
by distinguished lecturers.
The field trip through the
Ibagé region and the Cocoa
River Valley from Bogota
enhanced the attendees’ experience
by providing classic
examples of porhyry (La
Colosa, LA Cumbre, La Mina),
porphyry-epithermal
(Marmato) and orogenic (Las
Animas) gold deposits, along
with a stunning regional picture
of an of an 8 Ma epithermalporphyry
belt. The trip was an exceptional
opportunity for students and
young professionals to learn from
senior mentors and host company personnel
about the mineralization in
Central Colombia.
All in all, the UNESCO-SEG-SGA
Metallogeny Course, in its XXX edition
The UNESCO-SEG-SGA Metallogeny Course
June 8–19th, 2011
LLUÍS FONTBOTÉ (SEG 1990 F) and ERIN MARSH (SEG 2007)
and on its first visit
to Colombia, was
memorable. A record
number of attendees
(198) enjoyed the
organizational
expertise of Juan
Carlos Molano and
his collaborators
from Bogotá Univer -
sity and other Colom -
bian institutions.
To read more about the conference, please go to the website,
http://www.unige.ch/sciences/terre/mineral/seminars/bogota11/bogota11.html
Enthusiastic students of the Bogotá
SEG student chapter were an important
part of the success of the course.
International instructors Jeff Heden -
quist, Richard Goldfarb, Larryn
Diamond, Erin Marsh, and Lluís
Fontboté, as well as local instructors
Luis Carlos Mantilla, Oswaldo
Ordóñez, Analia del Valle, and
Mauricio Alvarán, interacted with
participants from Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
Costa Rica, México,
Nicaraga, Peru, and
Uruguay. Generous
sponsorship by mining
companies and
Ingeominas allowed
for 27 fellowships to
students coming
from outside Colom -
bia as well as free
registration to nu -
merous Colombian
students.
The 2012 edition
of the UNESCO-SEG-
SGA course will take
place in Lima, Peru immediately
before (lectures)
and after (field trip) the
2012 SEG Conference (Sep -
tember 23–26 th, 2012). 1

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 23
Doug Kirwin Lectures on Oyu Tolgoi
and Korean Au-Ag Deposits
Douglas Kirwin (SEG
1997 F), SEG Vice
President for Regional
Affairs and SEG
Honorary Lecturer,
spoke in Quezon City,
Philippines, on July 28,
2011. Doug, who is Executive
Vice President of Ivanhoe Mines, gave
talks entitled “Exploration History and
Updates on Oyu Tolgoi Deposit,
Mongolia” and “Au-Ag Deposits in
Korea.” An enthusiastic group of students,
professionals, and investors
attended the lectures at offices of event
cosponsor, the Mines and Geosciences
Bureau. 1
Regional Vice-President Lecturer in China
SEG Lecturers
Visit Toronto
At a meeting of the Toronto Geological Discus -
sion Group held on July 28, Glenton Masterman
(SEG 1998 F), left, SEG 2011 Thayer Lindsley
Lecturer, Ivo Vos (SEG 2006), organizer of the
event, and Jeffrey W. Hedenquist (SEG 1986 F),
2010 SEG President, pose for a photo. SRK
Consulting,
Ivo’s em -
ployer, sponsored
Glen
and Jeff, who
both gave presentations
to
the gathering
of about 90
persons. 1
Chusi Li (SEG 1997 F), SEG Regional Vice-President Lecturer for 2011, spoke in China in June. In the photo taken at the
Institute of Geology, Langzhou University, Chusi stands just right of center, next to Dr. C-Y Wang, who holds the SEG banner.
Chusi plans to return to China and continue his lecture tour in November. 1
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SEG NEWS

SEG NEWS
24 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
Gold of the North Pacific Rim, Magadan, Russia
September 3–5, 2011
SEG was a co-organizer of the
Second International Geology
and Mining Forum on Gold of
the North Pacific Rim, which
was held in Magadan in the
Russian Far East on September
3–5, 2011. The main organizers
were the Magadan Oblast Ad -
ministration, Magadan Branch
of the Russian Geological Society,
and the North East Interdisci -
plinary Scientific Research
Institute of the Far East Branch
of the Russian Academy of
Sciences (NEISRI FEB RAS). The
forum was dedicated to the 110 th
anniversary of Yuri A. Bilibin,
the USSR government geologist
whose expedition in the late 1920s discovered
the great Kolyma placer gold
occurrences inland from Magadan.
These have since yielded more than
100 Moz of gold and represent the
largest Phanerozoic secondary gold
accumulation on Earth.
The meeting was opened by Nikolay
Dudov, governor of the Magadan
Oblast, who stressed the value of mining
to the region. The opening technical
session of the meeting included a
series of plenary talks that began with
overviews on global and circum-Pacific
gold provinces. More specific talks in
the session included a comparison of
epithermal ores on the Chukchi Penin -
sula with those of Central America
(Antonov), description of new mining
districts in northeast Russia (Volkov
and Sidorov), clay alteration and ex -
ploration at the Kupol epithermal
deposit (Golden et al.), and recovery of
NIKOLEI GORYACHEV (SEG 1996 F) and RICHARD GOLDFARB (SEG 1989 F)
Rich Goldfarb (seated), Nikolei Goryachev, and Erin
Marsh greet Forum attendees who stopped by the
SEG booth to visit and examine publications available
for purchase at the event.
low-grade waste from past placers of
the Kolyma region that may exceed
800 t Au (Pruss). Subsequent sessions
included groups of talks on the geology
and genesis of orogenic gold, epithermal
gold, and placer deposits, as well
as others on the relationships between
granitoids and gold, problems associated
with mining in arctic regions, and
resource and economic issues unique to
the Russia northeast.
The meeting was attended by 132
delegates and 49 exhibitors. Attendees
came from all parts of Russia, and also
included SEG members from Canada,
USA, Aus tralia, New Zealand, China,
Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.
SEG’s involvement in the conference
was facilitated by SEG Regional Vice
President-N. Eurasia, Nikolei Goryachev,
who also was the driving force behind
most of the forum organization. Glen
Masterman, SEG Thayer Lindsley lecturer,
and Rich Goldfarb, SEG Honorary
A rapt audience listens to talks in the excellent venue provided by the
Magadan Convention Center.
Lecturer, each presented talks on topics
related to gold metallogeny and exploration.
A highlight of the forum was the
pre- and post-meeting field trips to the
Pavlik-Natalka-Vetrenskoye orogenic
gold deposits, the Julietta epithermal
gold-silver deposits, and the Kupol-
Dvoinoye epithermal gold-silver
deposits. Natalka has historic underground
production of 3 Moz Au, as
well as 5 Moz of associated placer Au,
and has a low-grade resource minable
by open pit of >40 Moz Au. Russia’s
Polyus Gold plans to begin mine development
at Natalka in 2013, although
an improved road from Magadan into
the Kolyma region and development
of a fly-in work force of perhaps 3,000
people remain two key infrastructure
problems that must be solved. The
Kupol mining district in the Chukotka
region began yielding gold and silver
from Kinross’ high-grade Kupol deposit
in 2008, and has since produced >2
Moz Au and >20 Moz Ag, with at least
equal amounts of ore remaining at
10.66 g/t Au and 135 g/t Ag within
the low sulfidation epithermal veins.
Julietta is a much smaller low sulfidation
epithermal gold deposit (700,000
oz Au averaging 23 g/t), much closer
to Magadan, which began production
in 2001 and is operated by Northern
Mines Ltd. Participants on all three of
the field trips were able to learn about
important new gold discoveries in
each of the Cretaceous gold districts,
which certainly will to lead to further
resource development in the Russian
northeast. 1
Glen Masterman, SEG 2011 Thayer Lindsley Lecturer, promotes
SEG during his presentation at the Forum.

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 25
Rio Tinto – SEG Special Publication
Geology and Genesis of
Major Copper Deposits and Districts of the World:
A TRIBUTE TO RICHARD SILLITOE
(Anticipated publication in the second quarter of 2012)
Major deposits
Geology and exploration progress at the Resolution porphyry
Cu-Mo deposit, Arizona: C. Hehnke (Rio Tinto) et al.
Updated geology of the Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Au-
Mo system, Utah: J. Porter (Rio Tinto) et al.
Geology, alteration and metal deportment of the Pebble porphyry
Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Alaska: J. Lang (HDI Mining) et al.
Updating the geologic setting and Cu-Mo mineralization
features of the Chuquicamata district, northern Chile:
S. Rivera (CODELCO) et al.
Geologic overview of the Escondida porphyry copper district, northern
Chile: M. Hervé (Minera Escondida Ltda.) et al.
Regional tectonic setting and evolution of the Los Pelambres porphyry Cu-
Mo and Cu-Au deposits, central Chile: J. Perelló (Antofagasta Minerals) et al.
Protracted magmatic-hydrothermal history of the Rio Blanco-Los Bronces
district, central Chile: Development of world’s greatest known concentration
of copper: J.C. Toro (Anglo American), P. Cuadra (CODELCO) et al.
Geologic overview of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits,
Mongolia: D. Crane (Ivanhoe Mining) et al.
Geologic update of Ertsberg district porphyry and skarn Cu-Au deposit, Indonesia: G. MacDonald (Freeport) et al.
Geology and geochemical zonation of the Olympic Dam iron oxide Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, South Australia: K. Ehrig
(BHP Billiton) et al.
Geology of the Tenke-Fungurume sediment-hosted stratabound
Cu-Co district, DR Congo: W. Schuh (Freeport) et al.
Geology of the Kamoa copper deposit, Western Katangan Basin,
DR Congo: D. Broughton (Ivanhoe Nickel and Platinum) et al.
Dzhezkazgan and associated sandstone copper deposits in Kazakhstan:
S.E. Box (US Geological Survey) et al.
Premier provinces
Tectonic setting of giant porphyry copper deposits of the Chilean
Province: Linking mineralization and Andean orogenesis: C. Mpodozis
(Antofagasta Minerals) et al.
Geologic setting and hypogene mineralization of the Laramide porphyry
Cu province, southwestern North America: R. Leveille (Freeport) et al.
Magmatic and tectonic framework of porphyry Cu deposits in the Altaid orogen,
central Asia: R. Seltmann (British Natural History Museum) et al.
Geochronology of the eastern Gawler craton copper-gold province: evolution of
mineral deposit styles through a Mesoproterozoic mineralizing event: A. Reid
(PIRSA, Adelaide) et al.
Mineral deposits and metallogeny of the Central African Copperbelt: D. Broughton
(Ivanhoe Nickel and Platinum) et al.
An overview of the European Kupferschiefer deposits: G. Borg (Halle University) et al.
The iron-oxide copper-gold systems of the Carajás mineral province, Brazil:
R. Perez Xavier (Universidade Estadual de Campinas) et al.
Genetic themes
Cu-rich magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE deposits: D. Burrows (Vale) et al.
Magmatic controls on porphyry Cu genesis: A. Audetat (University of Bayreuth) et al.
Hydrothermal controls on Cu and Au distribution in porphyry systems: K. Kouzmanov (University of Geneva) et al.
Photos courtesy of Rio Tinto.

STUDENT NEWS
26 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY STUDENT CHAPTER
Field Trip to Peru ·
October 2010
In October 2010, 17 students
from the Australian
National University
(ANU) SEG student chapter
embarked on a twoweek
field trip to Peru.
The country was chosen
because its convergent
margin setting provided
the most comprehensive
array of high quality
deposits that corresponded
with our studies—in
particular skarn,
MVT, high sulfidation
gold, and porphyry
systems.
Our trip commenced with a visit
to the San Vincente mine near La
Merced, 200 km NE of Lima, an
MVT deposit producing lead and
zinc. Next we visited Barrick’s
Lagunas Norte mine, a high sul -
fidation gold deposit located on the
Alto Chicama property in northcentral
Peru. The final mine visited
was Antamina, one of the world’s
largest polymetallic skarn deposits.
We capped off our trip with a visit
to the extraordinary ancient Inca
ruins of Machu Picchu.
Major funding for the trip was
from Barrick, Newcrest, and SEG. 1
PAID ADVERTISEMENT
SEG STUDENT CHAPTER NEWS
At San Vincente, the group poses in hard
hats and reflective vests before going
underground with mine personnel.
Welcome New SEG
Student Chapters
2011 New Student Chapters,
July–September:
University of Bucharest,
Romania
Universidade Federal da
Bahia, Brazil
Their work done, the group takes a turn as
tourists on a well-deserved trip to Machu Picchu.
For more news on Student Chapters, please go online to
http://www.segweb.org/students/
JOSEPH R. ANZMAN
Exploration Geophysicist
consulting
interpretation
project management
geophysical surveys
domestic & foreign
P.O. Box 370526
Denver, Colorado 80237 Office: 303-337-4559
geophjoe@comcast.net Cell: 303-519-0658
Field trip participants gather again, this
time on the viewing platform at the
Antamina open pit mine.
PAID ADVERTISEMENT

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 27
Field Trip to Middle and Lower
Yangtze Mineral Belt
May 14–25, 2011
The destination for this year’s CODES
SEG student chapter geology field
excursion was the Middle and Lower
Yangtze mineral belt of China. The 12day
trip started with a porphyry,
epithermal vein, skarn, and IOGC
workshop at the Hefei University of
Technology, Anhui Province. The workshop
was presented by Dave Cooke,
Zhaoshan Chang, and Huayong Chen,
all from CODES. It was followed by an
overview of the geology of the Middle
and Lower Yangtze mineral belt by
Prof. Taofa Zhou of Hefei University.
All participating students from CODES
presented and discussed their research
projects at the workshop.
The field trip began with a visit to
the developing Fushan National
Geopark. Following this, the group ventured
west to Jinzhai to visit the
Shapinggou Mo deposit. The next day
began with a visit to the Nihe Fe skarn
deposit of the Luzong volcanic basin
and the Shaxi porphyry Cu-Au deposit.
Other highlights included trips to
Field Trip to Poland
CODES SEG STUDENT CHAPTER
Group photo of field trip participants at the Shapinggou molybdenum deposit: Back row
(left to right): Yu Fan, Yong Zhang, Dan Gregory, Huayong Chen, Wendong Liang, Jeff
Steadman, Dave Cooke, Bruce Whittaker, Chris Large, Yuejin Hao, Dongfang Shi, Taofa
Zhou, Bo Wang, Shigui Shang, Feng Yuan, Junjun Zhou; Front row (left to right): Selina Wu,
Lejun Zhang, Chun-Kit Lai, Takayuki Manaka, Yuzhuo Lu, Roisin Kyne, Huaidong Zhang,
Guoxiong Zhong, Jie Xie, Cun Yu, Shuo Wang.
Longqiao Fe skarn mine, the
Dafanshan mine, the Xinqiao Cu-Au-
Pb-Zn-S mine, a stop at the Makou iron
workings, a visit to view of drill core
from the Yaojialing Cu-Au-Pb-Zn
deposit, and a tour of Huangshan
geopark, which is a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. The final location visited
ETH-ZURICH SEG STUDENT CHAPTER
May 21–30, 2011
This field trip started in
Wroclaw, southwest of
Poland, with 21 participants
from ETH-
Zürich, the University
of Geneva, and the
University of Wroclaw.
The first stop was
Zlotorvia, at the worldfamous
North Sudetic Basin, host of
Kupferschiefer deposits. We visited classic
outcrops of copper-bearing sedimentary
rocks and received a general over -
view of the stratigraphy of the Zechstein
basin of southwest Poland, guided by
Wojciech Sliwinski, of University of
Wroclaw. The trip included visits to see
the Variscan crystalline rocks of the
Fore-Sudetic Block, the outcrops in the
Siedlimowice quarry (led byAdam
Szuszkiewicz), and a tour of the Miner -
alogy Museum at the University of
Wroclaw. Participants had the opportunity
to view the world-class Cu deposits
Field trip participants pose at the
Vari scan Granitoid Quarry.
of the Kupferschiefer,
at the Rudna mine,
with a descent of more
than 1,000 m to view
the typical ore profile
of the Kupferschiefer
mineralization, anhydritic
sandstones, and
structural features
associated with basin
topography. Local
geologists Joanna
Kostylew and Stanislaw Burliga, graduates
of the University of Wroclaw, led
this tour.
The group also visited the Klodawa
salt mine, the Belchatów brown coal
mine (guided by Grzegorz Misiek), and
the Pomorzany Pb-Zn mine (to study
MVT mineralization). For the last visit
of the field trip, we visited the UNESCO
heritage, 18 th century Wieliczka salt
mine.
Joanna Kostylew is thanked for organizing
the trip, as are the local guides
and, especially, Christoph Heinrich, for
sharing his geological knowledge. 1
was the Taocun apatite-magnetite mine
of the Ningwu volcanic basin.
Financial support was provided by
AngloGold Ashanti, Gold Fields, Rio
Tinto, and Oz Minerals, SEG, CODES,
and Data Metallogenica.
Selina Wu, Treasurer,
CODES Student Chapter 1
www.segweb.org
SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS
Active Geothermal Systems
and Gold-Mercury Deposits in
the Sonoma-Clear Lake
Volcanic Fields, California
SEG Field Trip
Guidebook Series, vol. 16
Original print date: 1993
by the Society of Economic Geologists, Inc
ISBN 978-1-934969-33-5
ISSN 1547-3107
© 2011, Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
Editor:
James J. Rytuba
Classic
Guidebook
Available Now on CD
Guidebook 16, Active
Geothermal Systems and
Gold-Mercury Deposits in the
Sonoma-Clear Lake Volcanic
Fields, California (1993),
edited by James J. Rytuba, is
available at the SEG online
bookstore.
Retail Price: $30.00
Member Price: $24.00
STUDENT NEWS

STUDENT NEWS
28 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
August 23–26, 2011
OLIVIER POURRET (SEG 2010 F),
Institut Polytechnique
La Salle Beauvais
The 3 rd European SEG Student
Chapter Conference took place
at the Institut Polytechnique
LaSalle Beauvais, France, from
August 23 to 26. This meeting
occurs every two years in a different
country, gathering several
European SEG student
chapters for one week. The
event provides an opportunity
for the student chapter members
to get acquainted, create
links, exchange their experiences,
and share participants’
geological knowledge on a specific
theme chosen in advance by the organizers.
This year, the central theme was
“Rare metals and magmatism.”
This program was divided in two
stages. The first consisted in a day of
lectures for which Drs. Olivier Pourret
(Institut Polytechnique LaSalle
A photo taken inside the lithium-rich pegmatite mine.
PROPERTY EVALUATIONS — PROJECT GENERATION
GEOCON, INC.
REGIONAL STUDIES — U.S. AND FOREIGN
PAID ADVERTISEMENT
RICHARD L. NIELSEN, CONSULTANT
Exploration and Mining Geology
13741 Braun Drive E-mail: RLNGeocon@aol.com
Golden, CO 80401 Phone/FAX (303) 279-3118
EUROPEAN SEG STUDENT CHAPTER CONFERENCE
Lecturers and participants gather for a group photograph.
Beauvais, academic advisor) and
Johann Tuduri (ENAG-BRGM, former
academic advisor) invited the following
speakers, whose talk titles follow their
affiliations:
Mark Hannington of the University of
Ottawa, SEG 2011 International
Exchange Lecturer, “The Metallogeny
of Western Pacific
Sub marine Volcanic
Arcs”;
Philippe Boulvais
of the University of
Rennes, “New
Approaches of Iso -
tope Geochemistry
in Metallogeny”;
Eric Gloaguen,
BRGM, “Rare Metals
Pegmatites of the
North Limousin”
(an introduction to
the field trip).
The talks were followed by a two-day
field trip in the French region of the
Limousin or, more precisely, in the
North Massif Central, where rare metal
pegmatites can be studied. The first
day, the group visited two outcrops of
lepidolite-columbite-tantalite subtype
pegmatites, the Chabannes and
Margnac. The second day, two outcrops
of another subtype with totally different
structures were observed. The first was
the Chédeville, with its lepidolite-petalite
aplitic zone surrounding a coarse
pegmatitic core. The trip finished with a
trip to the rhyolitic dike of Richemont.
The conference was a great success;
members of the LaSalle chapter were
able to network with other European
student chapters, including Lausanne,
Zurich, from Switzerland, Budapest
from Hungaria, and Kiev from
Ukraine. 1
Mineral Occurrence and
Land Status Databases
in GIS format (MapInfo or ArcGIS) for:
Colombia, the Greater Antilles, Central America
www.cbmap.net for more information
PAID ADVERTISEMENT

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 29
September 2011
Mark Hannington (SEG 1991 F), SEG
International Exchange Lecturer for
2011, visited Peru in September as part
of his lecture tour. Mark, who is former
Editor of Economic Geology and currently
a professor at the University of Ottawa,
spoke at the Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos. Photos show
him with students and faculty, including
poses with the SEG-UNMSM student
chapter banner and the poster advertising
Mark’s lecture, “Metallogeny of
Western Pacific Submarine Volcanic
Arcs.” 1
PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT
SEG Foundation Student-Dedicated Field Course
Iberian Pyrite Belt
May 14 – May 21, 2012
Field Course Leaders: Dr. William X. Chávez, Jr., New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology and
Dr. Erich U. Petersen, University of Utah
This is the ninth in the series of SEG Foundation-sponsored student field courses and will emphasize the geology and ore
deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, spanning the Iberian Peninsula of southern Portugal and southwestern Spain. Mine
visits will include Neves Corvo, Aljustrel, Rio Tinto, Aznalcollar, São Domingos, Aguas Teñidas, and Las Cruces near
Sevilla. The geologic setting, alteration and mineralization in each of the mine areas will be reviewed in outcrops, drill
cores, open pits and underground. A detailed itinerary will be posted in due course on the SEG website:
www.segweb.org/students/SEGF-SFT-Itinerary.pdf.
The field course will begin on Monday evening, May 14, in Lisboa, Portugal and conclude in Lisboa on Monday evening,
May 21 st . Travel throughout the duration of the course will be via charter bus (mobile classroom).
The course is open to students worldwide. Course participation is limited to a maximum of 20 students; selection of participants
is competitive with strong preference given to SEG Student Members. The application form and instructions for
students will be available in due course at: www.segweb.org/students/SEGF-SFT-AppForm.pdf.
Up to four professionals may participate in the course; those interested should contact Borden Putnam of the SEG
Foundation for further information: bputnam@mionecapital.com
Application Deadline: March 15, 2012 Inquiries may be directed to studentprograms@segweb.org
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS SEG STUDENT CHAPTER
STUDENT NEWS

STUDENT NEWS
30 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
Mining Districts of the
São Francisco Craton,
SEG Brazil-Colombia
August 8–19, 2011
The student chapters of
the National University of
Colombia-Medellin
Campus and Brazilia
University had a first field
trip to Brazil and
Colombia from August 8
to 19, 2011. In addition to
11 chapter students and 1
ex-chapter member (geological
engineer Oswaldo
Ordoñez), six members of the Brazilia
University student chapter participated.
The field trip
was to the mining
districts of
the São Francisco
craton, in the
Bahia state,
Brazil, and its
most important
mineral deposits.
Visits were to
view the follow-
ing deposits:
Paleoproterozoic
Rocky Mountain Field Trip
May 15–29, 2011
Seven members of the University of
Arizona student chapter spent two
weeks traveling across the Rocky Moun -
tain states of the Western United States,
visiting a variety of geologically significant
sites in the region. Trip participants
first spent the spring semester
researching the various localities to be
visited on the trip and sharing their discoveries
with classmates in an informal
seminar. Based on this research, the students
assembled a field trip guide with
summaries of all of the stops on the trip.
After leaving Tucson and traveling
north into central Utah, the students
toured the Bingham Canyon Mine near
Salt Lake City. A cold night’s stay at
Craters of the Moon National
Monument in Idaho was followed by a
trip to the Continental Pit (part of the
large and historic Butte porphyry copper
system) and the Golden Sunlight
SEG STUDENT CHAPTER MEDELLIN
Field trip participants gather in front of a sign, by Mirabela
Nickel, welcoming SEG student chapter members.
ore in Teofilândia (Yamana Gold),
Brauna kimberlite in Andorinha
SEG student chapter members at the Brauna kimberlite project.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA SEG STUDENT CHAPTER
mine (a breccia pipe-hosted gold
deposit) in the vicinity of Butte,
Montana. A visit to Stillwater mine followed,
and several days were spent in
and around Yellowstone and Grand
Teton National Parks. After a stop in
Thermopolis to enjoy the hot springs
and paleontology museum, the next
leg took students to the partially
reclaimed Atlantic City iron mine and
the spectacular Laramide geology of
the Wind River Mountains. The following
day was spent learning about rollfront
type uranium deposits and
in situ uranium production in
the Great Divide Basin.
Next, participants visited
Colorado—first through the
State Line diamond district to
collect samples from kimberlite
pipes, then to a tour of the
Denver Museum of Nature and
Science, and finally a trip
through the mountains to
Great Sand Dunes National
(Vaaldiam), stratiform chromite in
Campo Formoso (Ferbasa), stratiform
chromite of the Bushveld type in
Jacobina (Ferbasa), ore in conglomerates
in Jacobina (Yamana Gold), Fe-Ti-
V magmatics (Largo Resources), magnesite-talc
in Caitité (Magnesita S.A.),
Fe BIF-type ore in Caitité (BML), uranium
in albitite in Lagoa Real (INB),
and nickel (Mirabela). It was a great
opportunity to view deposits of types
not seen in Colombia or, due to the different
tectonic environment, are difficult
to visit in our country. We plan to
host Brazilian students in Colombia.
We received funding from the participating
companies. In addition to the
SEG, we thank ADIMB, CPRM, Brasil
Explore, Gold Fields,
Largo Resources, Yamana
Gold, Vaaldian, Ferbasa,
Magnesita, INB, Bahia
Mineraçao, Mirabela,
Universidad Nacional,
Gerencia Minera y
Ambiental, Geoxplore,
MPX, AUX, and CBMP.
Special thanks go to
Reinaldo Brito of the
Brazilian Geological
Service (CPRM). 1
Park. The Harding Pegmatite was the
final stop on the trip.
A big thanks to all of the staff at the
mines we visited on this trip. We’d like
to thank SEG for contributing to the
funding for this trip, and for all their
support for economic geology students.
Thanks to Mark Barton, of the
University of Arizona, for financial support
and valuable assistance in planning
and researching this trip, and to
Whitey Hagadorn, for his hospitality
and tour of the Denver Museum. 1

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 31
Field Trip to Sardinia
June 11–18, 2011
Seven members of our
student chapter visited
the sunny island of
Sardinia to study the
geology and metallogeny
of this Mediterranean
island. The field trip was
organized by Johannes
Mederer and Cyril
Chelle-Michou, who put
together an excursion
guidebook with chapters
written by each participating
student member.
After landing in
Cagliari, we joined
Maria Boni of the University of Naples,
who guided us during three days in the
Iglesiente region. Mining in this area
dates back to pre-Roman times, and it
once was one of the most important
zinc, lead, silver and barite districts in
Europe. After an introduction to the
regional geology, we visited several
The Goldschmidt Conference was held
in Prague in August. This was the first
Goldschmidt meeting that had one of
its themes related to mineral resources,
“Earth’s Resources: Ores.” Co-organizers
Jan Pasava and Keiko Hattori arranged
seven sessions within this theme, including
black shales and metal accumulation
(convened by B. Lehmann and J.
Pasava), the role of lithospheric mantle
in ore deposits (W.D. Maier, S.K. Mondal,
T. Oberthür, M. Fiorentini), metal solubility
in geofluids (J. Hanley, Z. Zajacz,
A.E. Williams-Jones, J. Webster), dating
John Jamieson with a
sample of sea-floor massive
sulfide.
UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA STUDENT CHAPTER
SEG 2011 Regional Vice President-Europe Maria Boni (SEG
1991 F), in a blue helmet, with trip participants and Silius
mine staff, returning from their underground tour.
former mines where stratiform MVTand
SEDEX-type ores and their related
supergene “calamine” nonsulfide zinc
products were exploited. One highlight
of the trip was our visit to the deepest
level of the underground fluoritegalena-barite
Silius mine (Fluorite di
Silius S.p.a), where we saw beautiful
of mineral deposits (R. Creaser, K.
Hattori), geomicrobiology of ore deposits
(G. Southam), platinum group minerals
(O. Thalhammer, F. Zaccarini, A. Vyma -
zalova), and rare earth element deposits
(M. Bau, U. Schwartz-Schampera, J.R.
Hein). Following the success of these
well-attended sessions, the next two
Goldschmidt conferences, in Montreal
and Florence, will again include a mineral
resource theme. To help student
participation at the conference, the SEG
awarded travel grants to the SEG students
listed (and pictured) below.
banded textures of these minerals, typical
of this lode deposit. The mine is
currently closed and undergoing reevaluation
and maintenance. We stopped
at the high sulfidation epithermal Au
deposit of Furtei to examine supergene
kaolinization. The following day, Mar -
cella Palomba (University of Cagliari)
led us during a day dedicated to industrial
minerals. Together, we visited the
Ispaduleddas mine (Maffei Sarda S.R.L.)
and the epithermal kaolin district of
Tresnuraghes. Mine geologist Antonello
Aversano (Silver and Baryte Ores Min -
ing Company S.A.) gave us an excellent
tour in the underground Olmedo
bauxite mine.
Many thanks to all who made this
field trip possible. Please visit our website
to have a closer look at our field
guidebook and some pictures of the
trip:
http://www.unige.ch/sciences/terre/
mineral/studchap/Activities/fieldtrips/
Sardinia.html 1
FOUR STUDENTS SPONSORED AT THE 2011 GOLDSCHMIDT CONFERENCE IN PRAGUE
Erin Adlakha holding scoria in
Herculaneum, Italy.
KEIKO HATTORI (SEG 1995 F)
Karla Leslie collecting sulfide
samples for geomicrobiological
experiments.
John Jamieson (University of Ottawa)
discussed the venting history of hydro -
thermal sulfide from the Endeavour
Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge;
Karla Leslie (University of Kansas)
talked about microbe-enhanced ore
weathering;
Thomas Aigsperger (University of
Barcelona) reviewed platinum group
minerals from Falcondo Ni-laterite
deposit, Dominican Republic;
Erin Adlakha (Saint Mary’s Univer -
sity) examined hydrothermal processes
beneath the Merensky Reef
and UG2 chromitite
in the Bushveld
Complex. 1
Thomas
Aigsperger of
Barcelona.
STUDENT NEWS

STUDENT NEWS
32 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
Viburnum Field Course Report
The NMT student chapter organized a
field course to visit the Viburnum Trend
in Missouri, under the direction of Dr.
William X. Chávez, Jr., from April 10 to
14, 2011. The Viburnum Trend hosts
world-class examples of MVT deposits,
and our series of visits were led by the
mine geologist or metallurgist at each
mine or mill. This field course was a
great opportunity for student members
to make industry contacts as well as to
participate in the daily tasks of mine and
exploration geologists. Financial assistance
was provided by the Doe Run Com -
pany, the SEG, and New Mexico Tech.
After having a tailgate safety meeting,
we shadowed the Fletcher mine
geologist, Chris Hogan, for the day to
assist him in his daily assignments at
the mine. Next, we toured the Fletcher
Mill, where the workers demonstrated
how different ore types are blended to
ensure optimal recovery, walking us
through every step of the process. Later,
at the Buick Resources Recycling
Division, we learned how they transformed
a secondary smelter into the
largest battery recycling center in the
United States. The team also took us to
their exploration targets to illustrate
NEW MEXICO TECH STUDENT CHAPTER
Waiting their turn to enter the underground
Fletcher mine are James Adu (student), Chris
Hogan (Fletcher mine geologist), Maureen Moore-
Roth (student), and Francis Dick (student).
the difficulties they face during their
exploration process in an area with
very little surface expression of the
MVT deposit, below, and they shared
some of the current techniques used
to identify additional resources.
Under the direction of Glen
Adams, our group toured the Buick
and Casteel mines. Later, Chris gave
us a tour of the current exploration
drill sites in the area.
Over the four-day field course, students
gained an understanding of
Viburnum Trend geology, as well as
the daily tasks and challenges for geologists.
We learned how to assess the
grade of faces using the Doe Run
Francis Dick (student) assessing Pb and
Zn grades in faces at the Fletcher mine.
Students James Adu, Maureen Moore-Roth,
and Francis Dick pose with Tom Schott and
other Doe Run co-workers.
underground method, identify the different
types of and controls on mineralization,
and we learned some basic
exploration techniques. 1

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 33
AFRICA
Regional Vice President Africa
Paul A. Nex (SEG 2005 F)
Umbono Financial Services
E-mail: pnex@umbono.co.za
Contribution from
Judith A. Kinnaird (SEG 2002 F)
School of Geosciences
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
E-mail: Judith.kinnaird@wits.ac.za
As the developed world economy
appears to be entering a double dip
recession according to some financial
analysts, metal prices are holding
steady as investors move to the safe
haven of gold and platinum amid fears
of another U.S. recession and the euro
zone’s debt crisis. Although for many
companies there has been a slow down
in exploration with the current focus on
projects that are already in hand, as
commodity demand soars, many of the
world’s mining companies are turning
to Africa to deliver resources to growing
economies such as those of India and
China. However, the rising gold price,
although re-vitalizing some projects, is
not all good news as jewelry purchases
in India, the world’s biggest gold buyer,
has softened, at least until demand is
likely to rise with the onset of the traditional
festival and wedding seasons.
Ernst & Young reported earlier in the
year that foreign direct investment into
Africa over the last decade had
increased by 87% with a concomitant
increase from 338 projects on the continent
to 633 projects in 2010. Although
there has been a drop in investment
since the peak in 2008, Africa remains
an attractive investment destination.
Exploration and investment are particularly
focussed on countries that are
geologically prospective, fiscally responsible
with foreign debt under control,
and with appropriate governance and
legislation covering the mining sector
and encouraging of mining developments.
Ten countries have attracted
around 70% of the new investment projects
between 2003 and 2010. These are
South Africa, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria,
EXPLORATION REVIEWS
Notice: Views expressed in the Exploration Reviews do not necessarily reflect those of the Society of Economic
Geologists, Inc., and columnists are solely responsible for ascertaining that information in this section is correct.
To read additional exploration reviews for individual countries, please go to the online SEG Newsletter supplement.
Tunisia, Nigeria, Angola, Kenya, Libya,
and Ghana. However, there has been a
certain nervousness with regard to
South Africa and Namibia as increased
taxes and potential nationalization
have been mooted, although Namibia
has backed down on taxes, and nationalization
in South Africa is more the
Youth league’s policy than stated government
intention. Further, Canada
has surpassed South Africa as the
cheapest global provider of electricity,
adding further to concerns about new
mining projects in South Africa.
Although in the last decade there
has been a focus on gold, with new
mines being opened or under construction,
such as the Syama gold mine in
Ghana and the Bonikro gold mine in
Cote d’Ivoire, there are also other commodities
that have been developed, such
as the Perkoa zinc mine in Burkina Faso
and the Mbalam iron ore project in
Cameroon. In addition, although the
output of platinum, diamonds, manganese
iron ore, and coal continues,
exploration and development are also
underway to evaluate new resources
such as the Mmamantswe coal project
in Botswana, which is estimated to
have a reserve with 200 Mt of export
coal and 150 Mt of domestic coal. In
addition, construction is about to start
on South Africa’s newest black-owned
Northern Cape manganese mine,
Tshipi é Ntle (Tshipi). The first coal
from Vale’s Moatise coal project has
reached the port of Beira and export of
the coal is expected soon. Also, in
Mozambique, Rio Tinto completed its
purchase of Riversdale Mining and
expects to produce its first coal by the
end of the year. It will be interesting to
see if further consolidation takes place
in the southern African coal mining
industry, particularly in the Waterberg
coal field of South Africa, where a
number of junior exploration companies
are developing projects.
A measure of investment into Africa
comes from the Australian Department
of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The estimate
of Australia’s investment into the
African resources sector has tripled in
size since 2005, and currently stands at
~$20 billion. Delegates were told at a
recent mining conference in Johannes -
burg that China, currently the third
biggest investor in Africa, is also ex -
pected to increase investments in Africa
over the next 18 to 24 months, as it
seeks to plug its resource gap. The
major talking point regarding acquisitions
on the continent has probably
been the proposed acquisition of
Metorex by Jinchuan, an event which
will probably result in the Chinese company
extending its influence in Africa
and securing some significant copper
assets.
Energy resources, particularly coal
and uranium, also remain a focus with
Kalahari Minerals. Initially, at least,
the company resisted a bid from
CGNPC Uranium Resources with an
interest in Kalahari’s stake in Extract
Resources and its Rossing South project
in Namibia. Similarly, the Sichuan
Hanlong Group put in a bid for
Bannerman Resources.
Zimbabwe, in spite of the wealth of
resources especially for platinum,
chrome, and gold, still remains largely
underfunded and exploited because of
legislative issues. These include an ultimatum
in August that foreign companies,
including miners and banks, submit
plans to transfer stakes to local
owners or risk losing their permits.
ALASKA
Regional Correspondent:
Curtis J. Freeman (SEG 1996)
Avalon Development Corp.
P.O. Box 80268
Fairbanks, AK 99708
Tel.: 907-457-5159, Fax 907-455-8069
Email: avalon@alaska.net
Website: www.avalonalaska.com
While attending a recent college orientation
program with my daughter, I
noticed a Latin quotation on one of the
campus building walls: “Esse quam
videri” which means that it is better to
be than to seem.
to page
Twisted as it may be, 34 ...
EXPLORATION REVIEWS

EXPLORATION REVIEWS
34 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
... from 33
Exploration Reviews (Continued)
I immediately thought of a recent trend
in the mining industry that turns this
phrase back to front, the trend by
which companies strive to make the
mediocre seem wonderful and the dismal
seem bright, where it is better to
seem to be, than to actually be.
I could talk about this subject in specific
terms but, to protect the guilty
(and part of my anatomy), I will present
it in general terms. The trend
about which I am speaking is oftentimes
referred to as putting lipstick on a
pig, a trend where raw data are twisted,
contorted, and then wordsmithed to
make the results sound promising,
encouraging, or downright fantastic! To
be sure, this trend is not new by any
stretch and usually intensifies during
every industry up-cycle, only to fade a
bit during every down-cycle. Rewards,
in the form of higher stock prices, are
doled out to those more adept at applying
the lipstick. For some reason, the
lipstick seems extra thick this cycle, the
color more garish and the public evermore
eager to kiss the lipstick and
ignore the pig.
Oddly enough, most of the abused
terminology that comes to mind is composed
of valid terms with real meanings
in this industry. It is the context in
which that terminology is abused that
makes the words misleading. Some of
the earmarks of a lipstick covered pig
include phrases such as “values ranging
from….to,” which usually leaves
the public remembering only the highest
value quoted after the word “to”
and says nothing about the average
grade. Or how about the phrase “high
grade” in reference to drill intercepts
that barely top 1 g of gold per tonne?
One of my personal favorites is the
overused expression, “aggressive
drilling program”—as if some companies
purposely set out to conduct
“timid” drilling programs while others
manage aggressive drill programs! And
then there is the polymetallic deposit,
for which the average grade is quoted
in whatever metal is most in vogue that
day, sometimes leaving out the priceto-grade
conversion used or neglecting
to mention that maximizing recovery
of the primary metal may mean
depressing recovery of one or more of
the secondary metals.
I could cite other examples, as I am
sure you could, but the one common
denominator of all of these catchy
phrases is the desire to seem to be rather
than to actually be. Not surprising,
given the economic benefits that are
heaped on that one purple pig in a field
of pink pigs. And woe to the poor pig
that is presented warts and all, for he
shall be ignored at best, openly scorned
at worst. So the next time you read a
news release or a technical report,
watch out for terminology abuse and
think about what is being implied versus
what really is. By the way, there is
also a Latin phrase that cures the malady
described above: caveat emptor!
AUSTRALASIA
Regional Correspondent:
Russell Meares (SEG 1996)
Malachite Resources Limited
P. O. Box 5218
West Chatswood, NSW 1515
Tel. +612 9411 6033
E-mail: rmeares@malachite.com.au
Website: www.malachite.com.au
With contributions from
Roger Thomson (SEG 1983) –
Western Australia
Tony Christie (SEG 1992) – New Zealand
Vladimir Lisitsin (SEG 2009) – Victoria
Geoff Green (SEG 2000) – Tasmania
Bianca Pietrass-Wong – NSW
Steve Russell (SEG 2010) – NT
Peta Abbot – South Australia
Lucy Chapman (SEG 2000 F) – Queensland
Access to land has always been a fundamental
aspect of the exploration and
mining process around the world, and
due to Australia’s rich mining heritage,
in the past farmers have generally welcomed
the mining industry. This is
partly because here the minerals are
owned by the nation (not the farmers),
which then issues licences for exploration
and mining, with those holding
the licences paying fees/rents and royalties
back to the state.
In recent months, land access has
become a major issue for mineral
explorers in Australia as we have been
caught up in emerging conflicts
between farmers and energy companies.
Australia has extensive resources
of coal and coal seam gas (CSG), particularly
in eastern NSW and eastern
Queensland, and in recent years exploration
for additional resources of these
commodities has extended into prime
farming areas leading to land use conflicts.
For example, the Liverpool Plains
(near Gunnedah in NSW) is one of the
country’s richest agricultural areas and,
recently, BHP Billiton and Chinese
company Shenhua have delineated
large resources of coal at shallow depths.
The local farmers formed a very active
lobby group with a “lock the gates”
strategy that has received widespread
publicity and has kick-started an antimining
movement among some sections
of the general farming community.
In parallel with this, exploration
for CSG in eastern Australia’s coal
basins has accelerated, and due to the
intensive nature of the drilling involved
in the exploration stage, some farmers
are strongly opposing such activities on
their land. As a consequence of these
issues, various state governments have
commenced urgent reviews of the value
of all agricultural land so as to identify
“prime value” farming land and to
potentially ban exploration and mining
in these areas. Although these conflicts
do not currently directly relate to
mineral explorers and miners, they are
having anegative impact, with some
farmers now questioning the rights of
mineral explorers to be on their land.
Watch this space for further news.
On a brighter note, a new iron ore
province is taking shape on the NSW/
South Australian border, to the west of
Broken Hill. This is based on the magnetite-rich
Braemar Iron Formation
which extends over 250 km from Peter -
borough to Broken Hill. The iron potential
of this unit has been recognized
since the 1960s, but only with the in -
creasing price of iron ore in recent years
have explorers commenced resource
drilling programs to unlock the potential
of the region. ASX-listed companies
working toward exploiting this opportunity
include Carpentaria Exploration,
Royal Resources, Havilah Resources,
Minotaur Exploration, and U308, with
the Carpentaria and Royal announcing
resource estimates. These companies
(together with three private companies)
have established an alliance to advance
their common interests and to promote
infrastructure development. They see
combined potential for 20 to 40 billion
tonnes of iron ore resources in their
Braemar projects, with preliminary
metallurgical tests confirming that
high-grade concentrates can be produced
with few impurities.
Also it is worth noting that six new
gold mines were opened in Western

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 35
Australia last year, and these will no
doubt be enjoying the soaring gold
price. See the online version of the SEG
Newsletter for more details, including a
new VMS copper-gold discovery by
Straits Resources in NSW.
LATIN AMERICA
Regional Correspondent:
Mark I. Pfau (SEG 2004)
Tellurian Exploration, Inc.
E-mail: markpfau@fastmail.fm
Country Correspondents:
Erme Enriquez (SEG 1997 F) – Mexico
E-mail: eenriquez@canasil.com.mx
Regina Baumgartner (SEG 2008) – Peru
E-mail: regina.baumgartner@gmail.com
Walter Soechting (SEG 2000 F) –Argentina
E-mail: wsoechting@Yamana.com
The SEG notes that Mr. Walter
Soechting, Argentina Exploration
Manager for Yamana, will now be the
country correspondent for Argentina.
We welcome Argentina coverage again
each quarter in this column.
South America continues to wrestle
with leftist-socialist governments interfering
with the free flow of mining
investment, drug cartels, and the
attempts to terrorize the population
into submission to a criminal-based
state, as indigenous peoples increase
their claims to the benefits of resource
development.
Mexico will fight next year to maintain
the rhythm of the recovery after a
deep recession in 2009, and it will face
growing challenges in the war against
the powerful drug cartels. The government
of President Felipe Calderón has
confiscated approximately 90,000
weapons and has captured a number of
important drug traffickers. But investors
and the companies are concerned that
the attacks, often showing decapitated
bodies hanging off bridges and women
and children murdered in parties, are
ruining the reputation of Mexico as an
attractive market for foreign investments
and an outstanding tourist destination
for Americans and Europeans.
Although President Calderón has
solid popularity, it is expected that he
won’t obtain the approval of labor and
tax reformations in Congress, and the
political parties are positioned to face
off in the next presidential election of
the 2012. According to the Mexican
Constitution, Calderón cannot be a
candidate again and his Party National
Action is behind in the opinion polls.
The absence of the reforms could affect
growth in the long term. However, since
the terrorist tragedy in Monterrey, the
political parties have agreed to move
forward on the reforms that will benefit
industry and workers alike.
The Peruvian government has
announced that it will increase royalty
taxes for mining companies. This tax
will be applied to operating profits
instead of sales, a change that mining
companies are supporting. These taxes
will amount to ~USD 1 billion/year.
The government says that the tax will
not affect investment or the competition
between companies. It is believed
that the final tax will be ~3 to 5%
higher than the current taxes that
mining companies are paying.
According to some analysts, this statement
makes the government more
transparent and clarifies the policy
of the new government.
Canadian mining companies are
studying the possibility of giving shares
of their companies to communities
in Peru where they are exploring.
Currently, about 85 Canadian mining
companies are engaged in exploration
activities in Peru. Some executives have
proposed a new mechanism in order
to improve the relationships with communities,
which is currently a major
issue. Apparently, Canada has a plan
which would include some sort of share
participation.
The Peruvian Congress has passed a
statement on Free, Prior, Informed
Consent (FPIC) for indigenous people.
The goal is to protect the human rights
of indigenous people by requiring mining
companies to obtain consent from
them before starting any project development.
Media reports indicate that
the statement is very similar to the
International Labor Organization’s
convention169 (ILO169), adopted in
1989. Although the convention has
been strongly supported by the United
Nations, only Latin American countries
have taken the step to adopt it into
their national legal systems.
Mining activities in Argentina
are mainly restricted to the western,
Andean side of the country to the
Patagonian territory. Exploration activity
in the high Andes or in the Puna
plateau is limited to the warmer times
of the year, between November and
March. However, the winter season
does not constitute a serious obstacle
in the Patagonian provinces.
NORTHERN
EURASIA
Regional Correspondent:
Alexander Yakubchuk (SEG 1999 F)
Orsu Metals Corp, London, UK
ayakubchuk@orsumetals.com
Detailed information can be found at
http://gold.prime-tass.ru
RUSSIA AND
CENTRAL ASIA GENERAL
Since July 2011, the Customs Union
between Russia, Kazakhstan, and
Belarus has become fully functional.
This essentially removes the tax barriers
between the three countries, allowing
free move of equipment and work
force.
President Medvedev has finally
signed a decree on incorporation of
OAO Rosgeologiya, a Russian government
corporation, which will be in
charge of early stage geological studies
in the prospective territories onshore
and offshore. The national company
must become fully functional within
next 2 years. It will include 37 enterprises
across Russia, which remained
under government control after massive
privatization in the 1990s.
The Russian Ministry for Natural
Resources has prepared draft amendments
to the existing mining law. The
proposed amendments are designed to
lift the limits for foreign participation
in the Russian projects. Lifting the limits
will be allowed in exceptional cases
and under jurisdiction of the Russian
federal government. Also, the amendments
will guarantee the rights of foreign
investors to develop a project
should they make a discovery through
exploration. These amendments, if
accepted, may become crucial for the
fate of the one of the world’s largest
undeveloped copper resources at
Udokan, in Chita. The project is currently
under control of Russian
investors (Baikal Mining Company),
but it may require foreign participation
in the future. SRK Consulting has
recently completed a maiden JORC
resource estimate, largely based on
Soviet and some new verification data,
stating that Udokan contains 25.7 Mt
of Cu in 2,700 Mt of ore grading 0.95%
Cu in M+I+I categories.
On the corporate side, Polyus Zoloto,
Russia’s largest gold
to page
producer, completed 36 ...
EXPLORATION REVIEWS

EXPLORATION REVIEWS
36 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
... from 35
Exploration Reviews (Continued)
an RTO of Kazakh Gold and received
full listing on London Stock Exchange.
The company was subsequently
renamed Polyus Gold International.
The other seeker of the full London listing
is Polymetal, which hopes to finalize
in 2011, with incorporation of headquarters
in London. Polymetal is
currently developing several new gold
projects, with specific emphasis on
refractory ores to be treated at the POX
plant, currently under construction in
Khabarovsk region in the Russian Far
East. POX becomes more and more
popular, as opposite to bioleaching,
with recent announcement from
Petropavlovsk plc to start construction
of the POX plant for its Malomyr,
Pioneer, and Pokrovskoye gold mines
in the Amur region, also in the Russian
Far East.
The other corporate news includes
statements of Norilsk Nickel’s intentions
to diversify the company internationally
and more into copper business.
In Central Asia, major operational
news came from Uzbekistan. The Navoi
Mining Combine has started development
of underground gold reserves at
Muruntau, one of the world’s largest
producing gold mines. The current pit
has a depth of 550 m and will be further
extended to a depth of 630 m, with
additional underground resources to be
developed to a depth of 800–1200 m.
This is expected to extend the life of
mine for additional 40 years. From the
start of production in 1967, the operation
has extracted some 700 Mt of ore.
SEG 2010
Keystone Guidebooks
Available Now on CD
Guidebook 40: Gold and Base Metal
Deposits in the Mexican Altiplano,
States of Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí,
Central Mexico (Erme Enriquez, Ed.)
Guidebook 41: Tops and Bottoms of
Porphyry Copper Deposits: The Bingham
and Southwest Tintic Districts, Utah
(Ken Krahulec and Kim Schroeder, Eds.)
Guidebook 42: Northern Sierra Madre
Occidental Gold-Silver Mines, Mexico
(Guillermo Gastelum, Ed.)
Retail Price: $30.00 Member Price: $24.00
CONTIGUOUS
UNITED STATES
Regional Correspondent:
Roger C. Steininger (SEG 1978 F)
COO & Director, Acquisitions & Exploration
NuLegacy Gold Corp.
4790 Caughlin Parkway #765
Reno, NV 89519-0907
Tel.775-742-6333
E-mail: audoctor@aol.com
Nevada is not all about gold; there is a
mini-copper exploration boom going on,
mostly in the Yerington mining district.
Quaterra Resources purchased the old
Anaconda mine at Weed Heights to add
to the MacArthur resource. As part of
the transaction they also ob tained the
nearby the Bear copper deposit. Nevada
Copper is working on production plans
for Pumpkin Hollow, and Entrée Gold is
moving the Ann Mason and Blue Hill
deposits forward. Separately, Quaterra
acquired the Butte Valley copper property
in White Pine County.
Pilot Gold reports a new gold discovery
at the Brik property (Lincoln County)
near the Utah border. One to 2 g of gold
over 10 to 30 m in drill holes is hosted
in Tertiary felsic volcanic rocks. This is
yet another example of someone else
stepping off the known gold trends to
find significant gold mineralization, talk
about “thinking outside of the trend.”
Silver Predator is actively exploring
the Taylor silver mine and initial reports
indicate that drill holes have identified
mineralization north of the historic pit.
The Nevada Division of Minerals
released some interesting summaries of
the 2010 exploration and production
activities in Nevada. The best estimate of
exploration expenditures is about $214
million, since not all companies report
their activities this is an approximation.
There were slightly less than 200,000
PAID ADVERTISEMENT
active mining claims in the state. Total
mineral production had a value of
about $7.5 billion, of which about $6.5
billion was attributed to gold. Total gold
production was 5,338,559 oz, which represents
73% of the U.S. total and 7% of
the world’s total. Last year there was a
slight uptick in gold production over the
yearly declines from 1998 through 2009.
Some of the past decline can be
attributed to mining lower grades as a
result of increasing prices, but the disturbing
underlying reason is the decrease
in the discovery rate. There is some en -
couragement that this trend is reversing.
Barrick Gold announced the discovery
of at least 3.5 Moz of gold with an
average grade of 0.123 opt Au at Red
Hill/Goldrush in Horse Canyon (Eureka
County). Barrick Gold has an aggressive
drilling program at Spring Valley (Persh -
ing County), which has an announced
resource of over 2 Moz. There have also
been significant expansions at several
existing deposits that may add to future
production. The lower gold prices at the
turn of the century caused several mid -
level gold producers to cease operation.
This void may be filled soon by companies
moving smaller deposits toward
production, such as Midway Gold and
Atna Resources.
Not all was golden in 2010; Nevada
also produced 500,000 barrels of heavy
oil, which accounts for the increased
tanker traffic on the Humboldt River.
Last year, 72 geothermal exploration
wells were drilled and an additional
119 were permitted, and 16 production
wells were completed. Our “green
energy” friends are now getting a dose
of what we have been living with all
these years. The BLM is now having
them jump through more of the permitting
hoops, including closure plans and
bonds. How can this be? Do the same
rules apply to “green energy”? 1

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 37
PAID ADVERTISEMENT

MEMBERSHIP
38 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
The Society Welcomes
The Following
NEW1FELLOWS:
Buhov, Valentin V., Yambol, Bulgaria;
Christie, Michael H., Perth, Australia;
Finlayson, Eric J., London, United
Kingdom; McIver, Donald A., Lima,
Peru; Naidoo-Ameglio, Pamela,
Sandton, South Africa; Rota, Joseph C.,
Kiowa, Colorado; Ruxton, Peter A.,
Tonbridge, United Kingdom; Webster,
Jim D., New York, New York.
SEG MEMBERSHIP NEWS
CANDIDATES FOR 1 FELLOWSHIP
To All SEG Fellows:
Pursuant to the Society’s Bylaws, names of the following candidates, who have been recommended for Fellowship by the Admissions
Committee, are submitted for your consideration. Each applicant’s name and current position are followed by the names of their
SEG sponsors. If you have any comments, favorable or unfavorable, on any candidate, you should send them, in writing prior to
December 5 th . If no objections are received by that date, these candidates will be presented to Council for approval.
Address Comments To
Chair, SEG Admissions Committee
SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS 7811 Shaffer Parkway Littleton, CO 80127-3732 USA
Ciceron, Angeles GGG Resources PLC, Cainta, Philippines:
Douglas J. Kirwin, Yasushi Watanbe;
Black, John E. Double Black Diamond Resources LLC,
Castle Rock, Colorado: Barton J. Suchomel, G. Bradford
Margeson;
Bowden, Christopher D. ASCOM Precious Metals, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia: Bradley Drabsch, Petter Pollard;
Brown, Warick M. Nedlands, Australia: Nigel H. Maund,
T. Campbell McCuaig;
Campbell, Michael D. 12M Associates, LLC, Houston,
Texas: Stephen M. Testa, A. R. Renfro;
Carroll, Jeffrey I. AREVA Resources Canada, Inc., Saskatoon,
Canada: S.R. McCutcheon, Jeffrey W. Hedenquist;
Chen, Huayong CODES, University of Tasmania, Hobart,
Australia: Noel C. White, David Cooke;
Cisternas, Maria Eugenia Universidad de Concepcion,
Concepcion, Chile: Bernhard Dold, Jose Perello;
Deiparine, Leo S. Ivanhoe Philippines, Inc., Taytay,
Philippines: Douglas J. Kirwin, Sukmandaru Prihatmoko;
Doggett, Michael D. HanOcci Mining Advisors, Vancouver,
Canada: Jeffrey W. Hedenquist, M. Stephen Enders,
Harmer, Robin ‘Jock’ E. Southern Crown Resources Ltd.,
Pretoria, South Africa: Paul A. M. Nex, Judith A. Kinnaird;
Harris, Lyal B. Institut National de la Recherche
Scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environment, Quebec,
Canada: Benoit Dube, Patrick Mercier-Langevin;
The Society Welcomes
The Following
NEW1MEMBERS:
Mauricio Alvaran, Universidad de
Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; Jhon W.
Alzate Ramirez, Touchstone, Medellin,
Colombia; Jesus E. Amambal Guevara,
Minera Yanacocha SRL, Lima, Peru;
Anna G. Andrzejewski, Hunter
Dickinson Inc., Vancouver, Canada;
Miguel F. Aparicio Jaimes, Gramalote
Colombia Lto., Bucaramanga,
Colombia; Brent J. Barley, The Lincoln
Electric Company, Cleveland, OH; Luis
E. Bernal Vargas, INGEOMINAS,
Bogota, Colombia; Stephen Boakye
Yiadom, Coffey Mining Pty. Ltd. West
Africa, Kumasi, Ghana;
Henrichsen, Michael Newmont Mining Corporation,
Westminster, Colorado: Dale R. Finn, Richard J.
Goldfarb;
McIntosh, Stephen M. Rio Tinto Exploration, Melbourne,
Australia: Michael Harris, George Steele;
Nude, Prosper M. University of Ghana, Legon-Accra,
Ghana: Dale R. Finn, Richard J. Goldfarb;
Roberts, Stephen University of Southampton, Southampton,
United Kingdom: Robert P. Foster, Richard J. Herrington;
Ruelo, Hernulfo “Nonoy” GTS Consultants, Cainta,
Philippines: Douglas J. Kirwin, Yasushi Watanabe;
Sheehan, Michael P. Eurasian Minerals, Inc., Arvada,
Colorado: Douglas J. Kirwin, Keith A. Laskowski;
Simon, Armando A. AMEC, Santiago, Chile: Harry M.
Parker, Ted L. Eggleston;
Spadafora, Michael J. Consultant, San Juan, Philippines:
Douglas J. Kirwin, Yasushi Watanabe;
Tainton, Kenneth M. Rio Tinto Exploration, London,
United Kingdom: Michael O. Harris, Brian G. Hoal;
Taningco, Jose Ramon Freeport-McMoRan Exploration
Corp. – Philippines Branch, Surrey, Canada: Douglas J.
Kirwin, Sukmandaru Prihatmoko;
Zhou, Mei-Fu The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
China: Francesco Pirajno, Zhou Taofa.
Ross C. Brown, Inca Minerals Ltd.,
Subiaco, Australia; Caroline J. Bush,
Anglogold Ashanti Australia,
Scarborough, Australia; Juan Carlos
Caicedo Andrade, Geostudios Ltda.,
Bogota, Colombia; Fabio Caratori
Tontini, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New
Zealand; Victor M. Carrillo, MININ-
COL SAS, Bogota DC, Colombia;
Angela M. Castaneda, Minerales
Andinos de Occidentes S.A., Medellin,
Colombia; Julian Ceballos Tabares,
Mineros Nacionales S.A.S., Manzales,
Colombia; Wenbin Chen, Eldorado
Gold Corporation, Guiyang, China;
Donald T. Chinyuku, First Quantum
Minerals Ltd., Solwezi, Zambia; Scott A.
Craig, Kinross Gold Corp., Reno, NV;
Matthew Crawford, Gold Fields, West
Perth, Australia; Mauricio J. Cruz

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 39
Sanchez, Continental Gold, Manizales,
Colombia; Shirley R. Custodio Pazos,
Minera Gold Fields Peru SA, Lima, Peru;
Diego Fernandez, Minera Teck S.A. de
C.V., Quadalajara, Mexico; Franco G.
Ferreyra, Corriente Argentina S.A.
(Lumina Copper Corp.), Sampacho,
Argentina; Matthew Fifield, The Cline
Group, Palm Beach Gardens, FL; Henry
E.C. Floyd, S.C.M. Comet Exploration
Chile, Las Condes, Chile; Lauren C.
Foiles, Entree Gold Inc., Yerington, NV;
Jose L. Gallardo, Yamana Gold, La
Serena, Chile; Hannah E. Goswell, First
Quantum Minerals, Ndola, Zambia;
Paola Gress, Hochschild Mining S.A.,
La Plata, Argentina; Juan P. Guerrero
Bazalar, Votorantim Metals, Lima,
Peru; Angela Halfpenny, CSIRO,
Kensington, Australia; Brendan W.
Hardwick, AngloGold Ashanti, Perth,
Australia; Lyal B. Harris, INRS-ETE,
Quebec, Canada; Pedro H. Herrera
Duque, AUX Colombia, Floridablanca,
Colombia; Quentin S. Hill,
Carpentaria Exploration Limited, Camp
Hill, Australia; Sven Honig, First Point
Minerals, Brno, Czech Republic; John
B. Hooper, Prolithic Resources Pty. Ltd.,
Kingston, Australia; Chris Jackson,
Newmont Ghana Gold Ltd., Cape
Town, South Africa; Nicole M. Jacques,
QuadraFNX, Sudbury, Canada; Ajeet K.
Johnson, Newmont Mining Corp., Elko,
NV; Geoffrey S. Kakati, Newmont
Ghana Gold Limited, Accra, Ghana;
Kenneth A. Kelley, K2 Services, Apollo
Beach, FL; Jean-Francois Kielt,
Manhattan Corporation Limited, West
Perth, Australia; Mark Stephen King,
BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc., Toronto,
Canada; Alexey Kirmasov, Polyus
Gold, Moscow, Russia; Thomas A.
Krebs, Remote Exploration Services,
Capetown, South Africa; Mark
Lamoureux, Scotia Capital, Toronto,
Canada; Kyle E. Larson, Barrick Gold
Corp., Elko, NV; Steve D. Lea, LON-
MIN, Dunnottar, South Africa; Jimmy
P. Limaymanta Gomez, Minera
Yanacocha SRL, Lima, Peru; Dottie
Lofstrom, CAL/EPA Dept of Toxic
Substances Control, Sacramento, CA;
Jack P. Lunnon, Bellzone Mining,
Princes, United Kingdom; David H.L.
Mahon, DIGIROCK, Bateman,
Australia; Paty V. Mamani Condori,
ALS Peru S.A., Lima, Peru; Carlos R.
Mamani Huisa, Minera Yanacocha
SRL, Lima, Peru; Mark J. McCulloch,
Golder Associates (NZ) Ltd., Nelson,
New Zealand; Stephen M. McIntosh,
Rio Tinto Exploration, Melbourne,
Australia; Isabelle McMartin,
Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa,
Canada; Dean M. McMinn, Rio Tinto,
Bondi Beach, Australia; Bruce
McMonnies, BEM Geoscience Inc.,
Toronto, Canada; Julien Mercadier,
G2R Laboratory, Laxou, France;
Narendra K. Mishra, Tungabhadra
Minerals Pvt. Ltd., Hospet, India; Jaime
Mojica Buitrago, Extracon S.A., Cali,
Colombia; Paulo M. Monteiro, Gold
Fields do Brazil, Brasilia DF, Brazil;
Maria del Carmen Munoz Lizarve,
Laguna Resources Chile Ltda.,
Arequipa, Peru; Prosper M. Nude,
University of Ghana, Legon-Accra,
Ghana; Leandro Rocha de Oliveira,
Yamana Gold Inc., Sao Paulo, Brazil;
Karyn S. Olschesky, Encana, Dallas,
TX; Jose J. Ordonez Zambrano,
Medoro Resources, Bogota, Colombia;
Karin Orth, CODES University of
Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Nasser
Dine Ould Mohamed Yeslem,
Mauritanian Office of Geological
Research, Nouakchott, Mauritania; L.
Fernando Panca Martinez, Geovectra
Chile, Lima, Peru; Gilberto F.
Paniagua Aguirre, Atico Mining
Corporation Colombia, Buga,
Colombia; Javier R. Pari Mamani,
Minera Yanacocha SRL, Lima, Peru;
Pablo A. Parra Almarlo, B2 Gold, La
Dorada, Caldas, Colombia; Alex L.
Pataray, San Nicolas, Philippines;
Dhiren R. Patel, Newmont Mining
Corporation, Elko, NV; Ruben Pina,
University Complutense of Madrid,
Madrid, Spain; Ryan K. Preece, Anglo
American Exploration, Hereford, United
Kingdom; Marcelo O. Ramirez
Mellado, Pan Pacific Copper Company,
Ltd., Santiago, Chile; Ada I. Ramos,
Cia de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A.,
Lima, Peru; Martin M. Reich,
Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;
Juan F. Restrepo, Minera Ophir S.A.S.,
Medellin, Colombia; Juan D.
Rodriguez Torres, Carboandes S.A.,
Bogota, Colombia; Emmanuel Rojas,
Compania Minera Dominicuna, San
Joaquin, Costa Rica; Tiago Eloi Santos,
Yamana Gold Inc., Cuiaba, Brazil;
Budi Santoso, Freeport McMoRan
Copper and Gold, Sleman, Indonesia;
Carolin S. Seeburger, Fortescue Metals
Group, Fremantle, Australia; Ruben D.
Sepulveda Villada, Yamana Gold,
Medellin, Colombia; Behnam Shafiei,
Golestan University, Gorgan, Golestan,
Iran; Thimotius A.Y. Sinyal, PT
Sumber Alam Bagus Energi (SABE),
Bogor, Indonesia; Jozef M. Story,
Eldorado Gold Corporation, Northcote,
Australia; Kenneth M. Tainton, Rio
Tinto Exploration, London, United
Kingdom; Craig D. Towery, Coeur
d’Alene Mines/Coeur Rochester Inc.,
Lovelock, NV; Ana Juliana Villa,
Sociedad Soratama, Medellin,
Colombia; Mandy Yao, Eldorado
Gold—China, Baishan City, China.
The Society Welcomes
The Following
NEW1STUDENT MEMBERS:
Thomas H. Aiglsperger, Universitat de
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Evelyn B.
Amoako, University of Ghana, Accra,
Ghana; Ramon M. Arouca,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador, Brazil; Samantha K. Bristol,
Iowa State University, Ames, IA;
Stefano Caruso, University of Western
Australia, Verbania, Italy; Marco A.S.
Castoldi, Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil;
Sarah A. Collins, University of
Queensland, Tarragindi, Australia;
Daniel Corrales Perez, Universidad
Nacional Autonoma Mexico, Mexico,
Mexico; Jesse L. Cotterill, University of
Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Miguel
A. Cruz Perez, Universidad Nacional
Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico;
Tao Cui, University of Windsor,
Windsor, Canada; Luan C. Dattoli,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador, Brazil; Joao Rodrigo Dias,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Maria del
Pilar Escobar Lopez, Universidad
Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Mexico, Mexico; Piaoer Fu, Lanzhou
University, Lanzhou, China; Maria C.
Gallard Esquivel, Universidad
Nacional de San Luis, Potrero de los
Funes, Argentina; Ronei G. Giusti
Osorio, Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil;
Kian Chee Goh, University of
Tasmania, Hobart, Australia;
Pengyuan Guo, Lanzhou University,
Lanzhou, China; Maria Guse, TU
Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg,
Germany; Guilherme Sonntag
Hoerlle, Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Jan
Huch, Technical University Munich,
Munich, Germany; Ilian Iliev,
University of Western Ontario,
Burlington, Canada; Silvandira Jesus,
Universidade Federal da
Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; to page 40 ...
MEMBERSHIP

MEMBERSHIP
40 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
... from 39
New Student Members (Continued)
Deborah D. Koomson, University of
Ghana—Legon, Tema, Ghana; Erwann
Lebrun, University of Western
Australia, Crawley, Australia; Karla L.
Leslie, University of Kansas, Lawrence,
KS; Marcelo Lindenberg, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto
Alegre, Brazil; Stephanie Lohmeier,
Technical University of Clausthal,
Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; Jacob
Longridge, Imperial College,
Winchester, United Kingdom; Rodrigo
W. Lopes, Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil;
Erika J. Lozano Rubio, Universidad
Nacional de Colombia—Sede Bogota,
Bogota, Colombia; Eder Luis M.
Medeiros, Universidade Federal da
Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Fernando H.
Michels, Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil;
Amberley L. Murray, Australian
National University, Canberra,
Australia; Roberto J. Noll Filho,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Caleb K.
Nsarful, University of Ghana—Legon,
Accra, Ghana; Marisca G. Obeng,
University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana;
Marcos J. Osorio Arenas, Universidad
Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellin,
Medellin, Colombia; Sandra Patino
Rojas, Universidad Nacional de
Colombia-Sede Medellin, Medellin,
Colombia; Rafael S.D. Reis,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Joao Paulo
Ribeiro, Universidade Federal da
Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Maria Camila
Rojas Trujillo, Universidad Nacional
de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia;
Nicolas J.D. Saintilan, University of
Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Michele
Cassia P. Santos, Universidade Federal
da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Maiko Sell,
McGill University, Montreal, Canada;
Kurnia Setiawan Widana, BATAN,
Jakarta, Indonesia; Valentina S.
Shchetilnikova, Universidad Nacional
Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico;
Christian Staeb, Technical University
Munich, Germany; Qingyan Tang,
Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China;
Lisard Torro i Abat, Universitat
Politecnica de Catalunya, Valencia,
Spain; Geila U. Uzeda, Universidad
Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia;
Johan Vandaele, Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Belgium; Darwin
Vergara Parra, Universidad Nacional
de Colombia, Colombia; Zoja
Vukmanovic, University of Western
Australia - CSIRO, Perth, Australia;
Daniel Waibel, Ludwig-Maximillans
University of Munich, Germany; Luwen
Wang, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou,
China; Marc Waugh, University of
Western Australia, Perth, Australia;
Mildred del C. Zepeda, Universidad
Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Mexico, Mexico; Maochao Zhang,
Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China;
Cheng Hai Zhao, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Guiyang, China. 1
The Australian Institute of Geoscientists
with Geoscientists Symposia
present
Resource Evaluation and Mining 2012
Perth, Western Australia
29th and 30th March
Applied Structural Geology in Mineral
Exploration and Mining 2012
Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
24th to 28th September
Exploration Technologies 2013
Perth, Western Australia
8th and 9th April
For details: www.aig.org.au
Presenting a paper or sponsorship:
Julian Vearncombe - julian@sjsresource.com.au
Trade booths and registration:
Jocelyn Thomson - jaytee@iinet.net.au
PAID ADVERTISEMENT PAID ADVERTISEMENT

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 41
Announcements
SEG & Deadlines
Membership Recognition — 2011
The Society and SEG Foundation congratulate the following members who have received certification commemorating 50
years of SEG membership:
Allen F. Agnew, Paul B. Barton, Philip M. Bethke, Gerald M. Friedman, George S. Koch, Spencer R. Titley
We also extend our congratulations to those members who received certificates in recognition of 25 years of membership:
William C. Bagby
Mark E. Barley
Georges Beaudoin
Harvey E. Belkin
Leigh F. Bettenay
Theodore J. Bornhorst
Ariadna Chernavska
John F. Childs
Allan R. Chivas
Mark D. Cocker
Douglas E. Crowe
Geoffrey M. Derrick
John E. Dreier
Edward A. du Bray
Lindsay G. Dudfield
Pamela Dunlap
David L. Emmons
Clive E. Feather
Robert L. Foster
Thomas E. Gesick
Mark L. Griswold
David A. Groves
James R. Guilinger
Martin J. Gunn
Gregory A. Hahn
Boies Hall
Peter A. Harrison
Jeffrey W. Hedenquist
John W. Hertel
Eiji Izawa
Ernest W. Kendall
Coming in December to the SEG Bookstore
SEG Compilation 4:
Gold (-Silver) Ores in Epithermal Deposits
100 years of classic papers from 1905 to 2010, taken from
Economic Geology, Reviews Volumes, Special Publications,
Economic Geology Monographs, SEG Newsletters, SEG Field
Trip Guides, and Anniversary Volumes.
This DVD, edited by Stuart F. Simmons, covers gold (-silver)
in epithermal deposits:
10 sections with review papers and studies of ore deposit
models;
6 sections that represent studies on specific deposits and
districts subdivided by geographic region; and
3 sections that include papers on hydrothermal processes
and modern environments, research methods, remote
sensing, and exploration, and studies of historical interest.
This is the second of three planned gold compilations. The
first, Gold in Metamorphic Terranes (Rich Goldfarb, ed.), was
released in 2010 and is available at the SEG bookstore
http://www.segweb.org/store. A third compilation, focusing
on the Carlin Trend (John Muntean, ed.), will be released
in 2012.
Joseph J. Kowalik
Eduardo A. Ladeira
Peter B. Larson
Fred W. Limbach
Daven H. Mashburn
Neil McLean
W. David Menzie
John H. A. Mill
Graham C. Miller
Robert H. Page
Erich U. Petersen
Franco Pirajno
Warrick J. Rafferty
Michael H. Rauschkolb
Walter C. Riese
G. Todd Ririe
Kohei Sato
Robert W. Schafer
Albrecht Schneider
Klaus J. Schulz
Tom V. Segalstad
Edward T. C. Spooner
Ralph J. Stegen
David C. Tucker
Edwin Ullmer
Luis A. Vega
William H. Wilkinson
W. D. Bruce Winfield
William H. Wulftange
Abdolmajid Yaghubpur
Publications Board Appointments
RICHARD J. GOLDFARB (SEG 1989 F) has been named
Chairman of the Publications Board, beginning January 1,
2012. He replaces outgoing Chairman STUART F. SIMMONS
(SEG 1985 F), who will remain on the board to serve the
remainder of his second term, through 2012.
ZHAOSHAN CHANG (SEG 2004 F) and JOHN F.H. THOMPSON
(SEG 1983 F) have been appointed to the Publications Board
of the Society for a three-year term beginning January 1,
2012. DAVID KELLEY (SEG 1990 F) and ANTONIO ARRIBAS
(SEG 1994 F) will be stepping down. Dave has completed
two three-year terms and Antonio, after serving on the
board for one year, has been named President-elect of the
Society. Dave and Antonio are thanked for their valuable
contribution to the board.
Please Renew Early!
Changes in SEG dues policy will affect many members in
January. Those who renew their membership after the first
week in December will receive the first issue of Economic
Geology later in January than those who renew before.
Members who renew after the 15th of January will not
receive a print copy of the journal unless they pay for special
shipping! This is a direct result of the timeliness of publication,
which affects how the mailing lists are generated.
Go online and renew through the link on the homepage,
www.segweb.org.
MEMBERSHIP

MEMBERSHIP
42 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
personal notes & news
CAREER-RELATED
CHANGES
BRIAN ARKELL (SEG 1993 F) has been
appointed senior vice-president of
exploration and corporate development
for Novo Gold.
ROBERT FELDER (SEG 1983) has been
named president and CEO of Kinetic
Gold Corp.
THOMAS HART (SEG 2005) has been
appointed vice-president of exploration
by Transition Metals.
GREGORY T. HILL (SEG 1993) has been
appointed vice president, exploration,
for Kinetic Gold Corp.
DOUGLAS J. KIRWIN (SEG 1997 F)
recently resigned from the board of
Ivanhoe Australia Ltd.
STEPHEN M. MCINTOSH (SEG 2011) was
appointed head of exploration for Rio
Tinto.
MARK J. PRYOR (SEG 1992 F) has been
named vice-president of exploration
with Laurentian Goldfields, replacing
outgoing Patrick Lengyel.
PETER THIERSCH (SEG 2004) was
appointed vice-president of exploration
with Gold Mountain Mining.
REGINA M. BAUMGARTNER (SEG 2008),
senior geoscientist, Minera Gold Fields
Peru SA, received the Best Poster award
at the First AUSIMM International
Geometallurgy Conference in Brisbane
for her work, with other Gold Fields scientists,
entitled “Building a geometallurgical
model for early-stage project
development—a case study from the
Canahuire epithermal Au-Cu-Ag
deposit, southern Peru.”
KEIKO H. HATTORI (SEG 1995 F),
Department of Earth Sciences, Univer -
sity of Ottawa, is one of four earth scientists
elected in 2011 to the Royal
Society of Canada. Her nomination
notes that she is “a leading geochemist
who has made seminal contributions to
our understanding of Earth’s atmospheric
and mantle evolution, the formation
of arc volcanoes, and the generation
of metal-fertile volcanic arcs.”
EDITOR MEINERT APPOINTED TO USGS LEADERSHIP POSITION
Lawrence D. Meinert, Editor-in-Chief of Economic Geology, has been appointed
Program Coordinator for the USGS Mineral Resources Program, effective
January 2012. The press announcement describes Larry as “a distinguished, well
respected, and world-recognized scientific leader in the field of economic geology
and mineral resources. Dr. Meinert comes to the USGS from an accomplished
career, which includes experience in academia, service to the professional
community, as a consultant to the mining industry and, most recently,
in working with Congress.” In addition to publications research and peer
review, he is a former co-editor of Mineralium Deposita.
After completing his Ph.D. degree at Stanford University, Larry was professor
at Washington State University for 22 years, then took a position as Professor in
Residence at Smith College. In 2010, he was asked to serve as Geological Society
of America/USGS Congressional Fellow. He worked in the offices of Congress -
woman Gabrielle Giffords and Senator Chris Coons, advising on natural resource
issues at a national level. Larry is the recipient of the SEG Silver Medal (2010)
and has served as Fulbright Senior Specialist, National Science Foundation
Senior Visiting Scientist, and for Logan Lecture-Geological Survey of Canada.
He was on the 1992 National Review Panel for Mineral Resources Policies and
in 1994 participated in the White House Office of Science and Technology’s
National Forum on Environmental and Natural Resources Research and
Development.
AWARDS
PETER K.M. MEGAW (SEG 1982 F) to
Receive Robert M. Dreyer Award
The Society for Mining, Metallurgy,
and Exploration (SME) will recognize
Peter K.M. Megaw with the 2012
Robert M. Dreyer Award. The Dreyer
Award was established in 2000 and
recognizes outstanding achievements
in applied economic geology. Dr.
Megaw will accept the award at the
SME/AIME Awards Dinner on Febru -
ary 22, 2012, in Seattle, Washington.
In conjunction with this award, Peter
will deliver a lecture, “Undercover
Exploration in Mexico.”
Peter, who is SEG Foundation Vice
President for 2011, is president of
IMDEX/Cascabel, and cofounder of
Minera Cascabel and MAG Silver. He
has 30 years involvement in Mexican
geology and is a frequent speaker at
international academic and technical
symposia.
HARRISON H. SCHMITT (SEG 2001 F) is
the 30th recipient of the Ian Campbell
for Superlative Service to the
Geosciences Medal. The award was presented
at the Geological Society of
America Presidential Address Cere mony
in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on October
9, 2011. Dr. Schmitt received his B.S.
from the California Institute of
Technology in 1957; Ian Campbell was
his faculty advisor during his undergraduate
years at Cal Tech. Dr. Schmitt
received his Ph.D. in geology from
Harvard University in 1964. His work
experience includes being project chief
for lunar field geological methods for
the USGS Astrogeology Center at
Flagstaff, Arizona. He was selected as a
scientist-astronaut by NASA in June
1965 and was instrumental in providing
Apollo flight crews with detailed
instruction in lunar navigation, field
geology, and feature recognition. In
December 1972, he was the lunar module
pilot for Apollo 17. In August of
1975, Dr. Schmitt resigned from NASA
to run for U.S. Senator for his home
state of New Mexico; he won and
served for one term. For years he has
served as adjunct professor at the
University of Wisconsin.

OCTOBER 2011 No 87 SEG NEWSLETTER 43
ROBERT J. GUNTHORPE (SEG 1987 F) died on April
20, 2011. No additional information is available.
THOMAS U. JOHN (SEG 1961 LF) died in November
2010. No additional information is available.
JAMES BRUCE HARLAN
(SEG 1984 F) of Castle Pines,
Colorado, died August 3,
2011, after a year-long struggle
with cancer. Bruce was an
integral part of the New mont
Mining Corporation exploration
program for nearly 25
years.
He received his bachelor of
science degree from Northern Arizona University
and a master’s degree from Colorado State
University, both in geology. After working for
seven years as a contract geologist in Colorado,
Nevada, South Dakota, and Alaska, Bruce joined
Newmont Exploration Ltd as a senior geologist in
1991 and moved to Helena, Montana. In 1996,
he moved to Spring Creek, Nevada, as senior
mine geologist on the Carlin Trend, managing
all aspects of mine geology, near-mine exploration,
and resource development for the Mike
project, the 30 Moz Gold Quarry open pit mine,
the Tusc open pit, and the Rain underground
mine.
In 2000, Bruce moved to Sumbawa, Indonesia,
to work at the newly commissioned Batu Hijau
porphyry copper-gold mine for PT Newmont
Nusa Tenggara, focusing on deposit development
and on the Elang exploration project. Following
this assignment, he moved to the Denver,
Colorado, area but continued to travel back and
forth to Indonesia for the next two years, to work
on the Martabe project in Sumatra.
Beginning in 2006, Bruce returned to exploration
of the western United States, overseeing
advanced projects while looking for opportunities
in Alaska and western Canada.
Bruce is survived by his wife, Karin, and their
three sons, Phillip, Samuel, and Alexander.
PAUL K. SIMS (SEG 1954 Hon F) died in October.
His obituary will appear in the next edition of
the Newsletter.
Online
Catalog
Available!
DEATHS
JOHN MICHAEL MOORE (SEG 1998 F)
Contributed by J.S. Marsh, H. Tsikos, and S. Prevec
John Moore was born in Cape Town, South
Africa. He received a BSc (Honours) degree in
geology from the University of Cape Town
(UCT) in 1969, and shortly afterward took a
job as assistant geologist for operations with
Cape Portland Cement. In 1972, John began
working as an exploration geologist with
Phelps Dodge of Africa, initially as project
geologist at the Broken Hill Zn-Pb-Cu deposit
at Aggeneys (in the Northern Cape), and later at the Zandrivierspoort
iron ore deposit in the then northern Transvaal. Phelps Dodge supported
John’s research work in the Namiesberg, southwest of
Pofadder, and he was awarded an M.Sc. degree by UCT in 1977.
After receiving his degree, John moved with Phelps Dodge to the
United States to carry out grassroots exploration in Arizona and
Nevada. In 1979, he returned to UCT as a Research Associate in the
Precambrian Research Unit, and he was awarded a Ph.D. in 1986.
Prior to this, John had already been appointed to the position of
Research Officer in Economic Geology at UCT; he was appointed as
Senior Research Officer in 1990.
The same year, John accepted a position as Professor of
Exploration Geology and Director of the M.Sc. Programme in
Exploration Geology at Rhodes University, a position he held for 20
years, until 2010. During this time, the program produced more than
100 graduates, in addition to over 20 research M.Sc. and Ph.D. students.
In spite of John’s very busy schedule of teaching and field trip,
he also published over 30 papers in the peer-reviewed geologic literature,
with emphasis on economic geology. His research covered
diverse topics; the genesis and alteration characteristics of precious
and base metal deposits in Proterozoic metamorphic belts; stratigraphy,
geochemistry, and ore genesis in the Transvaal Supergroup of
southern Africa; and geomorphological studies with emphasis on
African landscape evolution and diamond placer provenance. His
immense contributions were recently recognized with the award of
the Pretorius Medal of the Geological Society of South Africa in 2009.
John was a lifelong member of the Mountain Club of South Africa
and, in addition to membership of a number of geology-related societies,
he was a member of the Botanical and Ornithological Societies
of South Africa. He pioneered a number of rock-climbing routes in
the western Cape with fellow geologists and enjoyed playing soccer
and cricket. He also had a formidable collection of Rock music.
John was diagnosed with cancer in late 2008. He will be remembered
fondly by many as an inspiring teacher, colleague, supervisor,
collaborator, and mentor, both in the classroom and in the field. He
is survived by his wife, Madeleine, and their two children, Caron and
Jesse.
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Integrated Methods for Discovery
Abstracts of Oral and Poster Presentations.
Predictive Mineral Discovery Under Cover:
$10.00 $ 8.00
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Forum: Controversies on the Origin of World-Class
$20.00 $16.00
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Wealth Creation in the Minerals Industry:
$20.00 $16.00
Abstracts of Oral and Poster Presentations.
COMPILATIONS SERIES:
$35.00 $28.00
Comp. 1. CD-ROM ONLY. Diamonds & Kimberlites: 1905–2007. $75.00 $60.00
Comp. 2. CD-ROM ONLY. Uranium 1905-2007.
Comp. 3. CD-ROM ONLY. Gold Ores in Metamorphic Terranes
$75.00 $60.00
1905-2009. $85.00 $68.00
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS SERIES:
SP 1: CD-ROM ONLY. Geology and Metallogeny of Sulfide
Deposits, Noril’sk Region, USSR. 1988; rev.1992.
SP 3: CD-ROM ONLY. Ore Reserve Estimates in the Real World.
$36.00 $28.80
Third Edition, 2002, 121p. $37.00 $29.60
SP
4: Carbonate-Hosted Lead-Zinc Deposits.
1996, hard cover. ADDITIONAL SHIPPING
SP 5: CD-ROM ONLY. Andean Copper Deposits: New
$60.00 $48.00
Discoveries, Mineralization, Styles and Metallogeny. 1996.
SP 6: CD-ROM ONLY. Southwest Pacific Rim Gold-Copper
$36.00 $28.80
Systems: Structure, Alteration, and Mineralization. 1998.
SP 7: CD-ROM ONLY. Geology and Ore Deposits of the
$36.00 $28.80
Central Andes. 1999, 368p.
SP 8: New Mines and Discoveries in Mexico and
$38.00 $30.40
Central America. 2001, 362p.
SP 9: Integrated Methods for Discovery: Global Exploration
$68.00 $54.40
in the 21st Century. 2002, 392p.
SP 10: Volcanic, Geothermal and Ore-Forming Fluids: Rulers
$59.00 $47.20
and Witnesses of Processes within the Earth. 2003, 360p.
SP 11: Andean Metallogeny: New Discoveries, Concepts,
$59.00 $47.20
and Updates. 2004, 358p.
SP 12: Wealth Creation in the Minerals Industry: Integrating
$59.00 $47.20
Science, Business, and Education. 2006, 329p.
SP 13: Nickel Deposits of the Yilgarn Craton: Geology, Geo-
$75.00 $60.00
chemistry, and Geophysics Applied to Exploration. 2006, 210p.
SP 14: Supergene Environments, Processes, and Products.
$59.00 $47.20
2009, 149 p. $55.00 $44.00
SP 15: The Challenge of Finding New Mineral Resources. Single Vol: $60.00 $48.00
Vol. 1: Au, Ag, Cu-Mo; Vol. 2: Zn-Pb, Ni-PGE, U. Set (Vol 1 & 2): $100.00 $80.00
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LIST MEMBER
TITLE PRICE PRICE
SEG DVD LECTURE SERIES:
Vid. 1: 1) Genesis of Magmatic Ni-Cu (PGE) Sulfide Deposits
2) Volcanology, Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of
Komatiite Basalt, Cape Smith Belt, New Quebec:
C. Michael Lesher, 1998 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 2: 1) Worldwide Exploration: Can We Afford It?,
2) Exploration Strategic Planning: Michael J. Knuckey, 1998 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 3: 1) The Porphyry to Epithermal Continuum,
2) Epithermal Gold Deposits in the Circum Pacific:
Jeffrey W. Hedenquist, 1999 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 4: 1) Epithermal Gold Deposits 2) Convergent Evolution
and Ore Deposits: Noel C. White, 1999 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 5: 1) Cordilleran Metallogeny of Western Canada
2) Intrusion-related Mineral Deposits: John Thompson, 2000 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 6: 1) Geology and Genesis of the Irish Zn-Pb-Ag Ore Field
2) The Lisheen Deposits, Ireland: Discovery and Delineation:
Murray W. Hitzman, 2000 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 7: 1) How Orebodies are Found 2) The Arequipa Resources
Pierina Project: David J. Lowell, 2001 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 8: 1) Tectonic & Structural Controls in Eocene-Oligocene
Porphyry Copper Deposits of N. Chile 2) Late Cenozoic
Mineralization and Crustal Evolution in a Thickening Arc:
Maricunga & El Indio Mineral Belts: Constantino Mpodozis, 2001 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 9: 1) Mineral Resources and Mining 2) Supergene Oxidation
of Copper Deposits: William X. Chavez, Jr., 2001 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 10: 1) Reflections on the Bre-X Saga
2) Pioneering Mining in the Arctic: Graham Farquharson, 2001 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 11: 1) Mississippi Valley-type Lead-Zinc Deposits
through Earth History: David L. Leach, 2002 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 12: 1) Discovery & Geology of the Cannington
Ag-Pb-Zn Deposit 2) Advances in Micro-Analytical
Technologies: Steve Walters, 2002 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 13: 1) Lode Gold Deposits through Earth History
2) Metallogeny of Gold Deposits in China: R.J. Goldfarb, 2003 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 14: 1) Copper Exploration in the Context of Mineral Supply
2) Why Continue to Explore? Michael D. Doggett, 2006 $25.00 $20.00
Make Check Payable To:
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Vid. 15: 1) Characteristics of Lode Gold Deposits in Greenstone
Belts 2) Gold Deposits in the North Carlin Trend, Nevada:
François Robert, 2004 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 16: 1) Characteristics & Genesis of Carlin-type Gold
Deposits 2) Upwelling Hot Water at a Proposed
Nuclear Waste Repository: Jean Cline, 2005 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 17: 1) Breccias in Epithermal and Porphyry Deposits:
Life of Magmatic-Hydrothermal Systems
2) The Giant Sediment-Hosted Zn-Pb-Ag Deposits of
Northern Australia: David R. Cooke, 2005 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 18: 1) Unidirectional Solidification Textures, Miarolitic
Cavities, and Orbicules 2) Discovery of the Giant Oyu
Tolgoi Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposits: Douglas J. Kirwin, 2007 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 19a-b (2 DVDs): 1. Application of
Failure Mode Diagrams in Pore Fluid Factor 2.
Dynamics of Coupling Between Deformation and Fluid
Flow: Stephen F. Cox, 2007 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 20: 1) Greenfield Exploration: The Newmont Story
2) R&D Opportunities Across the Life Cycle of a Mine.
Steve Enders, 2008 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 21: A) Self-Organised Critical Systems and Ore Formation:
The Key to Spatially Predictive Targeting B) The Case for a
Greenfields Renaissance: Jon Hronsky, 2009 $25.00 $20.00
Vid. 22: Remote Sensing in Mineral Exploration:
Alvaro P. Crósta, 2010 $25.00 $20.00
SEG Ball Cap .............................................................................. $20.00 $16.00
SEG Beanie................................................................................. $15.00 $12.00
2006 Conference DVD: Wealth Creation in the Minerals Industry (2006)
PowerPoint presentations-audio/posters/extended abstracts (2Gb); PC Only
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9/11

46 SEG NEWSLETTER No 87 OCTOBER 2011
SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS
2011
Nov. 28–Dec. 2. Northwest Mining Associ ation’s 2011 Annual
Meet ing — Reno/ Sparks, Nevada, USA. Website URL: . See inside front cover.
H Dec. 2. Mini-Symposium on Rare Earth Element (REE) Geology,
CSM, Golden, CO USA. See p. 32.
2012
Jan. 23–26. AME BC Mineral Explora tion Roundup 2012. Van -
couver, BC, Canada. SEG Short Course on Phospho rites and Potash
Evaporites. See p. 13 for details.
H Mar. 4–7. PDAC 2012, Toronto, Canada. SEG Short Course—Gold in
Precam brian Shields. Website: . See back cover for course details.
H Mar. 12–18. UNESCO-SGA-SEG Course, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
Africa entitled “Precious and not-so-precious metals in old cratons”.
H May (early). CODES SEG Student Chap ter field trip to Southern
Africa. See p. 32 for details.
H May 14–21. SEG Foundation Student-Dedicated Field Course,
Portugal and Spain. See p. 29 for details.
H May 20–23. SIMEXMIN 2012, Ouro Preto/Minas Gerais/Brazil. V
Brazilian Symposium on Mineral Exploration. The Agency for the Tech -
nological Development of the Brazilian Mining Industry (ADIMB) will
sponsor, in co-promotion with the Society of Economic Geologists (SEG).
Look for details and up dates at .
Short Courses & Field Trips
Geology of Ore Deposits, Aug 6-10, 2012
Ore Mineralogy & Microscopy, Aug 13-17
Black Hills, SD Field Trip, Sept 20-23, 2012
Offered by:
Prof. John L. Lufkin
Metro State College, Denver, CO
lufk3@comcast.net
Geoffrey C. Oldroyd PhD
Mining & Mineral Resources Advisor
• Strategic Analysis
• Mine Engineering
G.C. OLDROYD & ASSOCIATES PTY LTD
31 Lyndale Road, Pullenvale, Brisbane, QLD, Australia 4069
Phone: +61 7 3374 4457 | Email: oldroyd@gil.com.au
Mobile: +61 412 030 273 | www.oldroydmining.com.au
PAID ADVERTISEMENT
• Project & Mine Evaluation
• Corporate Governance
Star (H) indicates new entry. Send entries to the SEG Office,
attn. SEG Production Director: 7811 Shaffer Parkway, Littleton, CO 80127 USA
Tel. +1.720.981.7882 /Fax +1.720.981.7874.
PAID ADVERTISEMENT
Jul. 15–20. The Geochemistry of Min eral De posits Gordon
Research at Proctor Academy, Andover, New Hamp shire, USA. Chair:
John Muntean (Univer sity of Nevada, Reno, email: munteanj@unr.edu);
Co-chair: Jon Hronsky (Western Mining Services, email: jon.hronsky@
wesminllc.com); Vice chair: Robert Moritz (Uni versity of Geneva, email:
robert.moritz@unige.ch).
Aug. 5–10. 34th International Geological Congress — Brisbane,
Australia. Website:
H Sept. 19–22. XXXI Curso Latinoameri cano de Metalogenia —
UNESCO-SEG-SGA Meet ing, Universidad Católica, Lima, Peru. When
available, look for updates and information at
H Sept. 23–26. SEG 2012 Conference, Lima, Peru. See p. 9 for First
Announcement and Call for Papers.
H Nov. 4–7. GSA 2012 Annual Meeting, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
OTHER EVENTS
2012
Feb. 6–11. 10th International Kimberlite Con ference — Bangalore, India.
Website URL: .
H Apr. 2–5. Western Mining Services and Natural History Museum Senior
Exploration Management Course, London, UK. See p. 19 for detals.

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Contact SEG
Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
Society of Economic Geologists Foundation, Inc.
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PUBLICATIONS Tel. Extension E-mail Address
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SEG
NEWSLETTER
7811 SHAFFER PARKWAY
LITTLETON, CO 80127-3732 USA
SEG COURSE AT PDAC 2012 – TORONTO, CANADA
Gold in Precambrian Shields
Friday March 2, 2012 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Saturday March 3, 2012 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Organizer: Society of Economic Geologists (SEG)
The course has been designed to: provide an overview of the global
endowment of gold in the Precambrian shields and of the time-space
distribution of gold deposits, districts and belts within them;
describe the geology and geological settings of major gold deposits,
illustrating both diversity and recurring themes with examples from
the Canadian, Baltic, East African, West African, Guiana, Indian and
Western Australia Shields; illustrate modern approaches to understanding
the geology of the world’s shield areas and the continental
lithosphere beneath them in the context of relative gold endowment;
and, evaluate the validity of geological criteria commonly used to
target regional gold exploration in Precambrian shields worldwide.
The course will consist of eight two-hour modules including questions
and breaks. The course will be aimed at exploration geologists
and exploration managers who possess some geological background.
Presenters:
Howard Poulsen, Consultant, Ottawa, Canada
Graham Begg, Minerals Targeting International, Perth, Australia
Marc Bardoux, Newmont Gold Corporation, Montreal, Canada
Register online through PDAC
(Prospector & Developers Association of Canada)
Website: http://www.pdac.ca/pdac/conv/index.aspx